Le développement des activités industrielles et agricoles du siècle dernier a eu pour conséquence le rejet de substances chimiques dans l’environnement, qui contaminent les écosystèmes, et peuvent s’accumuler dans les plantes, les sédiments, et le long des chaînes alimentaires. Il apparait primordial d’effectuer une évaluation du risque écologique associé à la présence de ces composés dans les milieux naturels et les espèces sentinelles sont des outils judicieux pour déterminer l’exposition des individus et évaluer les conséquences sur les organismes. Les amphibiens et les reptiles possèdent des caractéristiques écologiques et biologiques qui les rendent potentiellement intéressants en tant qu’espèces sentinelles. L’objectif des études présentées dans cette thèse est de déterminer la disponibilité de certaines substances dans l’environnement, et d’évaluer les effets de la contamination environnementale sur les organismes en utilisant plusieurs espèces de reptiles et d’amphibiens, (i) en mesurant les niveaux de polluants accumulés dans les tissus d’espèces de reptiles ; (ii) en évaluant l’influence d’un habitat contaminé sur la morphologie d’adultes de crapaud commun (Bufo bufo) ; (iii) en mesurant de manière expérimentale l’impact d’une molécule fréquemment retrouvée dans l’environnement sur le développement de têtards de crapaud commun. Nos résultats montrent d’une part que les reptiles accumulent efficacement les polluants organiques et les éléments traces métalliques dans leurs tissus, et permettent d’évaluer efficacement la contamination globale d’une zone, mais aussi de mettre en évidence des pollutions ponctuelles localisées. D’autre part, nos travaux montrent une influence de l’habitat agricole sur la morphologie du crapaud commun, potentiellement causé par la présence de contaminants dans ces milieux. Enfin, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet de concentrations faibles d’AMPA, métabolite principal du glyphosate, sur le développement de têtards de crapaud commun. Les amphibiens constituent donc des organismes efficaces pour étudier l’impact de la contamination de l’environnement sur les caractéristiques individuelles. Nos travaux montrent ainsi l’utilité de certaines espèces de reptiles et d’amphibiens comme espèces sentinelles de la présence de contaminants dans l’environnement et de leur impact potentiel sur les organismes. Les travaux en écotoxicologie qui portent sur ces organismes restent trop rares, et il est impératif de développer la recherche dans ce domaine, pour participer de manière efficace à l’évaluation du risque environnemental. / The development of industrial and agricultural activities over the last century has resulted in the release of chemicals into the environment, which contaminate ecosystems and can accumulate in plants, sediments and across food webs. As such, it is essential to conduct an assessment of the ecological risk associated with the presence of these compounds in natural environments. Achieving this can be aided through the study of sentinel species, which can be used to determine exposure rates of individuals and assess how these subsequently impact wildlife. Amphibians and reptiles display ecological and biological characteristics that may make them particularly attractive as sentinel species. The collection of studies presented in this thesis aims to determine the availability of contaminants in the environment and estimate the effects of this on individual traits of living organisms. Across several species of reptiles and amphibians we, (i) measured levels of pollutants accumulated in the tissues of several reptile species ; (ii) assessed how contaminated habitats impact the morphology of adult common toads (Bufo bufo) ; and (iii) experimentally measured the influence of a molecule frequently detected in the environment on common toad tadpoles’ growth. Results show that reptiles efficiently accumulate organic pollutants and metal trace elements in their tissues, and thereby allow efficient evaluation of the global contamination of an area, as well as the occurrence of localized pollution events. In addition, our work shows an influence of the agricultural habitat on the morphology of adult common toads, which is potentially a consequence of the presence of chemicals in these environments. Finally, we were able to demonstrate an effect of low concentrations of AMPA, the main metabolite of glyphosate, on the development of common toad tadpoles. Amphibians are therefore efficient organisms to study the impact of environmental contamination on individual characteristics. Our work shows the usefulness of certain species of reptiles and amphibians as sentinel species for the presence of contaminants in the environment, and their potential impact on organisms. Ecotoxicological studies on these organisms remain too scarce, and it is imperative to develop research in this field, to participate effectively in the assessment of environmental risk.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline_Vanelli.pdf: 1144817 bytes, checksum: 3acef081fe52fca56c446ce79341e765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The succession of crop plants can influence the soil microbial community, with direct effects on plant production. This work aimed to evaluate the microbial diversity of fungi, bactaria and nematode of soil for different species of green manure (Avena strigosa, Urochloa ruziziensis, Pisum sativum and Lupinus albus) of winter and sampling time as well as 60 days after the cultivation of soybeans and corn in succession. To evaluate the population density of these organisms and estimate the carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, an experiment was conducted in two stages. In the first one there was the planting of different species of green manure, and in the second the sowing of two crops: soybean and corn in succession. The experiment in the cultivation of green manure was completely randomized (DBC). For the experiment of summer crops was used a randomized complete block design (DBC) with split plots. The principal plot consisted of green winter fertilizers, and the subplots the corn and soybean. Samples were collected at 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of cultivation of winter crops. In the area with soybean and corn the samples were performed 60 days after sowing the crop. The results showed that Brachiaria had the less production of dry biomass among green manures. The nematode density, mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria and pathogenic fungi; as well as microbial biomass and nitrogen were not affected by the species of green manure. There was a significant effect of sampling time to non-pathogenic nematodes with the highest population in 90 days. The cultivation of soybean and corn did not influence the number of non-pathogenic nematodes, but influenced the number of mycorrhizal fungi. The highest total number of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita were found under corn crop. The estimated values of carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass were not affected by the species of green manures, and also had no effect on crops in succession. There was no statistical difference between fungi and bacteria to any of the variables. There was the constant presence of fungi of the genus Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium / A sucessão de culturas de plantas pode influenciar a comunidade microbiana do solo, com efeitos diretos sobre a produção vegetal. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a diversidade microbiológica do solo para fungos, bactérias e nematoides em função de diferentes espécies de adubos verdes de inverno (Avena strigosa, Urochloa ruziziensis, Pisum sativum e Lupinus albus) e épocas de amostragem, bem como aos 60 dias após o cultivo de soja e milho em sucessão. Para avaliar a densidade populacional desses organismos e estimar o carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foi realizado um experimento em duas etapas. Na primeira realizou-se a semeadura das diferentes espécies de adubos verdes, e na segunda a semeadura de duas culturas: soja e milho em sucessão. O delineamento experimental no cultivo dos adubos verdes foi inteiramente casualizado (DBC). Para o delineamento experimental das culturas de verão foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com parcelas subdivididas. A parcela principal consistiu de adubos verdes de inverno, e as subparcelas as culturas de milho e soja. As coletas foram realizadas aos 0, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias do cultivo das plantas de cobertura de inverno. Na área com soja e milho foram realizadas amostragens aos 60 dias após a semeadura dessas culturas. Os resultados mostraram que a menor produção de biomassa seca dos adubos verdes foi da braquiária. A densidade de nematoides de vida livre, fungos micorrízicos, bactérias e fungos patogênicos; quantidade de carbono da biomassa microbiana, bem como de nitrogênio, não foram afetadas pelas espécies de adubos verdes utilizados. Houve efeito significativo do tempo de amostragem para nematoides de vida livre, com a maior população em 90 dias. O cultivo de soja e milho não influenciou o número de nematoides de vida livre, mas influenciou o número de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O maior número total dos fungos micorrízicos Glomus macrocarpum e Gigaspora margarita foram constatados na cultura do milho. Os valores da biomassa microbiana do carbono e nitrogênio não foram afetados pelas espécies de adubos verdes utilizadas, e também não influenciaram nas culturas em sucessão. Não houve diferença estatística entre fungos e bactérias para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Houve a presença constante dos fungos dos gêneros Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. e Fusarium sp.

La Réunion est une île volcanique du Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien, située à 800 km à l’Est de Madagascar et appartenant à l’archipel des Mascareignes, avec Maurice et Rodrigues. Ce territoire est un département français d’outremer et par conséquent les lois européennes sur la qualité des eaux des cours d’eau s’y appliquent. La chimie de l’eau n’étant pas suffisante pour surveiller la qualité des eaux, les bio-indicateurs peuvent compléter le diagnostic. Dans cette thèse, les diatomées ont été choisies pour évaluer la qualité des eaux courantes. Les diatomées de La Réunion ne sont connues que par des articles épars avec la description de nouvelles espèces. Pendant quatre ans, six campagnes de prélèvements ont été menées sur les rivières pérennes. Ce travail a permis d’acquérir des connaissances sur la flore diatomique épilithique des cours d’eau pérennes de La Réunion et par conséquent sur la biodiversité de ces milieux. De plus, l’écologie des diatomées a été étudiée statistiquement, avec les arbres de régression multivariable (ARM), l’IndVal et ses extensions et les moyennes pondérées, ce qui a permis d’acquérir des connaissances sur l’écologie des communautés, l’autoécologie des espèces et donc sur la qualité de l’eau des rivières. Les résultats intégrés de cette thèse ainsi que les travaux réalisés dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec l’Irstea, ont abouti à une nouvelle méthode indicielle, l’Indice Diatomique Réunion ou IDR, permettant d’évaluer la qualité écologique des cours d’eau. / The volcanic Réunion Island is situated in the southwest Indian Ocean, 800 km to the east of Madagascar; it belongs to the Mascarene archipelago with Mauritius and Rodrigues. This territory is a French oversea department and therefore follows EU laws rivers water quality. The water chemistry is not enough to monitor the quality of water and bioindicators can complete the diagnosis. In this thesis, diatoms have been choosen to assess the quality of the running waters. The diatoms of Réunion Island are only known through scarce articles with bthe description of new species. During four years, six sampling campaigns were conducted on the perennial rivers. The gain of this work is the knowledge of the epilithic diatom flora of Réunion Island perennial rivers and therefore the biodiversity of these environments. Moreover, the study of the diatom ecology by statistics, like Multivariable regression trees (MRT), IndVal and these extensions, Weighted Average (WA) allows acquire knowledge about their community ecology, their autoecology and accordingly on the quality of the river water. The results included in this thesis as well as the work done in collaboration with Irstea, led to a new index method, the Diatomic Index Réunion or IDR, to assess the ecological quality of rivers.

Στην Ελλάδα γενικά, αλλά και στο Νομό Αχαΐας ειδικότερα, υπάρχουν αρκετές μονάδες παραγωγής χάρτου. Αρκετές από αυτές δεν βρίσκονται εντός των ορίων Βιομηχανικών Περιοχών (ΒΙ.ΠΕ.), με συνέπεια τα ακατέργαστα απόβλητά τους να συμβάλλουν σημαντικά στη ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος. Το μεγαλύτερο περιβαλλοντικό πρόβλημα που προκαλείται από τις συγκεκριμένες μονάδες είναι η εναπόθεση μεγάλων ποσοτήτων υγρών ακατέργαστων αποβλήτων κυρίως στα υδάτινα οικοσυστήματα. Τα απόβλητα αυτά περιέχουν μεγάλο οργανικό φορτίο, οργανοαλογονωμένες ενώσεις, υψηλά επίπεδα αιωρούμενων στερεών , φαινολών και λιγνινών, με αποτέλεσμα να προκαλούν δυσμενείς επιπτώσεις στους υδάτινους αποδέκτες, όπως τοξικότητα στους υδρόβιους οργανισμούς, ευτροφισμό και άνοδο της θερμοκρασίας. Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει ως βασικό σκοπό την εκτίμηση της τοξικότητας των αποβλήτων δυο μονάδων παραγωγής χάρτου, εγκατεστημένων στην ΒΙ.ΠΕ. Πατρών, με τη χρήση βιοδεικτών. Ως βιοδείκτες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τόσο ψάρια του γλυκού νερού (πέστροφες του είδους Oncorhynchus mykiss), όσο και μακροασπόνδυλα (των ειδών Daphnia pulex και Thamnocephalus platyurus) με τη μορφή των μικροβιοτέστ Thamnotoxkit F και Daphtoxkit FTM pulex. Συνολικά ελήφθησαν 16 δείγματα (τέσσερα διπλά δείγματα από την κάθε μονάδα). Στα τεστ τοξικότητας που εφαρμόστηκαν (Thamnotoxkit F, Daphtoxkit FTM pulex και πέστροφες), υπολογίσθηκαν τα L(Ε)C50 24h, 48h και 96h αντίστοιχα σύμφωνα με τα πρωτόκολλα εργασίας. Για το μικροβιοτέστ Thamnotoxkit F, τα απόβλητα και από τις δυο μονάδες δεν ήταν τοξικά. Μετά από την μετατροπή των τιμών αυτών σε τοξικές μονάδες, ευρέθη ότι στο Daphtoxkit FTM pulex κυμαίνονταν από 0,79 εώς 1,12 για την ΜΠΧ1 και 1,21 έως 1,38 για την ΜΠΧ2, ενώ στις πέστροφες μεταξύ 2,92 και 4,85 για την ΜΠΧ2. Τα απόβλητα της ΜΠΧ1 δεν ήταν τοξικά για την πέστροφα. Οι τιμές αυτές και για τους τρεις ελέγχους κατατάσσουν τα απόβλητα ως «τοξικά», εκτός από το δείγμα Β της ΜΠΧ1 που ταξινομείται ως «ελαφρά τοξικό». Τα προαναφερθέντα αποδεικνύουν ότι η μονάδα παραγωγής χάρτου με πρώτη ύλη ανακυκλωμένο χαρτί (ΜΠΧ2) είναι σε κάθε περίπτωση πιο τοξική από εκείνη που παράγει χαρτί από καθαρό χαρτοπολτό (ΜΠΧ1). Τέλος, θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι η παρούσα μελέτη είναι η πρώτη μελέτη εκτίμησης της τοξικότητας με βιοδείκτες των αποβλήτων μονάδων παραγωγής χάρτου που γίνεται στη χώρα μας, παρ’ ότι αυτά συμμετέχουν στην επιβάρυνση του περιβάλλοντος. Εκτιμάται ότι τα στοιχεία τοξικότητας που παρατίθενται στη παρούσα εργασία θα είναι χρήσιμα τόσο για την εκπόνηση διαχειριστικών μοντέλων, όσο και μοντέλων εκτίμησης της επικινδυνότητάς τους (risk assessment). / In Greece in general and subsequently in the Achaias Prefecture, several units of paper production exist. Many of them are not located in Industrial Areas and so they contribute significantly to the environmental pollution. The most adverse environmental problem caused by these manufacturing units, is considered to be the release of large quantities of raw liquid effluents, mainly into the aquatic ecosystems. These wastes contain a high organic load, chlorinated compounds (AOCl), high levels of suspended solids, as well as phenols and lignins resulting in hazardous effects on aquatic receivers, like toxicity and eutrophication. In this study, the toxicity of the wastewaters from two paper mills (PM1 and PM2) located in Achaias prefecture is estimated, firstly by using macroinvertebrates (Daphnia pulex και Thamnocephalus platyurus) in the form of microbiotests Thamnotoxkit F and Daphtoxkit FTM pulex, and secondly by using the trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) as a test organism. Sixteen samples were collected from both units overall (four duplicated samples from each mill). In the toxicity tests Thamnotoxkit F, Daphtoxkit FTM pulex and trout, the L(E)C50 in 24, 48 and 96 hours respectively were calculated according to the protocols. Thamnotoxkit F showed no sensitivity for the wastewaters from both mills. After the transformation of these values in toxic units, for Daphtoxkit FTM pulex ranged from 0,79 - 1,12 for PM1 and 1,21 - 1,38 for PM2. In the trout bioassay they varied from 2,92 - 4,85 for PM2, while the values for PM1 were zero. These values classify the tested paper mill effluents as “toxic”, except sample B from PM1 which was classified as “slightly toxic”. Therefore, it is shown that the paper mill which uses recycled paper as primary raw material (PM2) has more toxic waste for the environment than the paper mill which uses pre-treated paper pulp (PM1). Finally, it must be noted that the present study is the first toxicity evaluation study with bioindicators for paper mill wastewaters in our country, even though they contribute significantly to the environmental pollution. It is estimated that the measured toxicity parameters in the present study will be very useful for the designing of management plans, as well as for risk assessment models.

L'Ecrevisse à pattes blanches ou Austropotamobius pallipes est un des organismes sentinelles des rivières françaises dont le déclin accompagne la dégradation progressive des masses d'eau superficielle. Les programmes de repeuplement pour la conservation de l'espèce s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la restauration écologique et de la surveillance de la bonne qualité des milieux. Pour leur réussite, il est nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer le potentiel d'un site à être repeupler. En ce sens, le présent travail a proposé l'emploi des éphéméroptères et de la matière organique comme indicateurs. L'étude a été menée sur des ruisseaux de têtes de bassin des Deux-Sèvres qui constituent encore des sites à A. pallipes. La présence de certaines familles d'éphéméroptères (Leptophlebiidae) est corrélée avec la présence de cette écrevisse. Ces indicateurs biologiques ont prouvé leur efficacité dans le cadre de campagne de repeuplements réussis. Les propriétés de fluorescence de la matière organique expriment le fonctionnement des milieux et par extension leur qualité. Un modèle statistique bâti sur ces propriétés permet également de prédire la probabilité de présence ou d’absence d’A. pallipes pour un site donné. Les deux indicateurs proposés dans ce travail ont montré leur potentiel pour servir d'outil à la réintroduction de cette espèce. / White-clawed crayfish (Austopotamobius pallipes) is a sentinel organism in French rivers. Its decline follows the progressive degradation of the masses of water surfaces. Restocking programs for the conservation of this species take place in the frame of ecological restoring and monitoring of good environment quality. For their success, it is necessary to evaluate the potential of a site to be repopulated. In this sense, the present work proposes the use of Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae) and Organic Matter as indicators. This study was conducted in headwater streams of the Deux-Sèvres region (France), which are suitable sites for A. pallipes. The presence of certain species of mayflies is correlated with the presence of this white-clawed crayfish. This biological indicator had proven its efficiency under a succeeded restocking campaign. The fluorescence properties of the Organic Matter express the functionning of the sites and by expansion their quality. A statistical model built on these properties also allows to predict the probability of a site for the presence or absence of A. pallipes. Two indicators proposed in this work have shown their potential toserve as a tool for the reintroduction of this species.

Atualmente a maior ameaça à integridade de ecossistemas aquáticos reside nas ações antrópicas, que através de alterações na cobertura vegetal ripária, atingem todos os compartimentos dos sistemas lóticos, alterando a estrutura física, química e biológica do rio e os padrões de ligação entre ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. A importância dos macroinvertebrados fragmentadores ainda não é bem conhecida nos trópicos. Eles podem contribuir para a decomposição de folhas em córregos, que é um processo fundamental para o fluxo de energia em rios de pequeno porte. Os processos de decomposição e produção secundária de macroinvertebrados aquáticos nos ecossistemas lóticos são intimamente relacionados com o aporte da vegetação terrestre, e podem ser sensíveis às alterações na cobertura vegetal ripária. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar: (a) quais mudanças o desmatamento pode causar nos parâmetros físicos e químicos de rios; (b) os efeitos do desmatamento sobre a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos associados às folhas, (c) nos processos ecossistêmicos, como decomposição foliar e produção secundária, e (d) a associação entre produção secundária de fragmentadores e decomposição foliar. O estudo foi realizado em 27 locais distribuídos em quatro córregos (7-8 locais por rio) de segunda-terceira ordem e que apresentavam um gradiente de desmatamento. Para estimar a taxa de decomposição, cinco pacotes de folha foram imersos em cada um dos pontos. Um pacote de folha foi retirado de cada ponto após 2, 7, 15 e 28 dias de imersão. O quinto pacote de folha foi retirado no 37 dia de imersão para as estimativas de produção secundária, biodiversidade e a diversidade funcional de insetos aquáticos. As concentrações de amônio aumentaram e a riqueza de espécies de insetos aquáticos e de EPTs (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera) dos pacotes de folhas diminuíram com o aumento do desmatamento. As taxas de decomposição diminuíram com o aumento do desmatamento. Os dados sugerem que a perda de vegetação ripária pela conversão em agropecuária teve impacto em parâmetros químicos e bióticos, tanto na estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados quanto no funcionamento do ecossistema. Concluímos que a restauração e preservação da mata ripária deve ser um foco central das estratégias de gestão de ecossistemas lóticos para assegurar que os processos ecossistêmicos e a estrutura das comunidades em bacias hidrográficas estejam agindo como provedores dos serviços ambientais esperados. / Currently the biggest threat to the integrity of aquatic ecosystems lies in human actions, which through changes in riparian vegetation, reach all compartments of river systems by changing the physical structure, chemical and biological river and connecting patterns between terrestrial ecosystems and water. Macroinvertebrate shredders importance is not well known in the tropics. They can contribute to leaf decomposition in streams, which is a fundamental process for energy flow in small rivers. Leaf decomposition and aquatic macroinvertebrates secondary production processes in stream ecosystems are closely related to the contribution of terrestrial vegetation, and may be sensitive to changes in riparian vegetation. The objectives of this study were to assess: (a) what changes deforestation can cause the physical and chemical parameters of rivers; (B) the effects of deforestation on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure associated with leaves, (c) the effects of deforestation in ecosystem processes such as leaf decomposition and secondary production, and (d) the association between shredders secondary production and leaf decomposition. The study was conducted in 27 sites distributed in four streams (7-8 sites per river) from second to third order that had deforestation gradient. To estimate decomposition rates five leaf packs were immersed in each of the points. A leaf pack was removed from each after 2, 7, 15 and 28 days of immersion. The fifth leaf pack was removed on the 37th day of immersion to estimates of secondary production, biodiversity and functional diversity of aquatic insects. The ammonium concentrations increased and species richness of aquatic insects and EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) of leaf packs decreased with increase of deforestation. The decomposition rates decreased with increasing deforestation. The data suggest that the loss of riparian vegetation in the agricultural conversion impacted chemical and biotic parameters in both macroinvertebrate community structure and the functioning of the ecosystem. We conclude that the restoration and preservation of riparian vegetation must be a central focus of stream ecosystems management strategies to ensure that ecosystem processes and community structure in river basins are acting as providers of the expected environmental services.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / There are few studies related to soil fauna in coal mining area, mainly in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul state. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the composition of soil mesofauna and macrofauna in mined and not mined areas, with different land cover in a coal mine in the Candiota city. Six areas were chosen located within the mine, which have composed the following treatments: native pasture in not mined area (T1); native pasture in mined area (T2); Acacia mearnsii plantation in not mined areas (T3); Acacia mearnsii plantation in mined area (T4); Eucalyptus dunnii plantation in not mined area (T5) and Eucalyptus dunnii plantation in mined area (T6). For mesofauna were taken four samples with a circular soil probe 10 x 10 cm² and for macrofaunal were taken six samples at two depths, using a circular soil probe 10 x 5 cm². The samples were collected monthly during a period of 12 months and at random. In the laboratory, the mesofauna soil samples were placed in Berlese funnel and remained exposed for seven days under incandescent light. Macrofaunal samples were analyzed by the "manual scavenging" (visible specimens to the naked eye). Specimens collected by two methods were identified at the taxonomic groups level. The data of abundance, richness and diversity indices for mesofauna and macrofauna were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the mean to the Scott-Knott group test. Were collected a total of 25,953 specimens, distributed in 14 taxonomic groups for mesofauna. The T2 treatment had the lowest abundance, differing from the other. The richness of mesofauna did not differ between treatments and the greatest diversity was found in T2 treatment. For macrofauna were collected a total of 3,855 individuals in 12 taxonomic groups. The abundance and diversity of macrofauna did not differ between treatments. The T2 treatment had the lowest richness of macrofauna, differing from the other. Accordingly to the findings of this research it can be concluded that: a mesofauna and macrofauna in native pasture, Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus dunnii plantations, in mined and not mined areas, have a similar composition and that the mining process does not cause significant damage to biodiversity of mesofauna and macrofauna soil. / Existem poucos estudos relacionados a fauna edáfica em área de mineração de carvão, principalmente no sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a composição da mesofauna e macrofauna do solo em áreas mineradas e não mineradas, com diferentes coberturas vegetais em uma Mina de carvão, no município de Candiota, RS. Foram escolhidas seis áreas localizadas dentro da Mina, as quais constituíram os seguintes tratamentos: campo nativo em área não minerada (T1); campo nativo em área minerada (T2); plantio de Acacia mearnsii em área não minerada (T3); plantio de Acacia mearnsii em área minerada (T4); plantio de Eucalyptus dunnii em área não minerada (T5) e plantio de Eucalyptus dunnii em área minerada (T6). Para a mesofauna foram retiradas quatro amostras de solo com auxílio de uma sonda circular de 10 x 10 cm² e para a macrofauna retirou-se seis amostras em duas profundidades utilizando uma sonda circular de 10 x 5 cm². As coletas ocorreram mensalmente em um período de 12 meses e as amostras foram retiradas aleatoriamente. Em laboratório, as amostras de solo da mesofauna foram colocadas em funil de Berlese e permaneceram por sete dias expostas sob luz incandescente. As amostras da macrofauna foram triadas pelo método de catação manual (espécimes visíveis a olho nu). Os espécimes coletados pelos dois métodos foram identificados em nível de grupos taxonômicos. As médias de abundância, riqueza e dos Índices de Diversidade, para mesofauna e macrofauna, foram submetidas a análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de agrupamento de médias Scott-Knott. Foram coletados um total de 25.953 espécimes, distribuídos em 14 grupos taxonômicos para a mesofauna. O tratamento T2 apresentou a menor abundância, diferindo dos demais. A riqueza da mesofauna não diferiu entre os tratamentos e a maior diversidade foi encontrada no tratamento T2. Para a macrofauna coletou-se um total de 3.855 indivíduos distribuídos em 12 grupos taxonômicos. A abundância e a diversidade da macrofauna não diferiram entre os tratamentos. O tratamento T2 apresentou a menor riqueza da macrofauna, diferindo dos demais. Com os resultados desta pesquisa é possível concluir que: a mesofauna e macrofauna em campo nativo, plantio de Acacia mearnsii e plantio de Eucalyptus dunnii, em áreas mineradas e não mineradas de carvão, apresentam composição semelhante e que o processo de mineração não causa danos significativos na biodiversidade da mesofauna e macrofauna do solo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Crop Livestock Integration System (ILP) is based on diversification, rotation, intercropping and/or succession of agriculture and livestock activities within the rural property. The aim of the study was to evaluated if different grazing intensities applied in the ILP change soil fauna diversity and activity, thus identifying soil quality indicators in soils under ILP systems. The experimental area consisted of 14 plots, where treatments are based on four grazing intensities (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) regulated from the pasture height and distributed in an experimental design of randomized blocks. It was used three replicates, and two areas of ungrazed blocks as reference areas. Sampling was performed by five points to mites and nine points for the eartworms in each plot, pre-set by the use locations on a grid, with the same measurements, regardless of the size of plots, after grazing of cattle and after soybean harvest. Funnel Berleze-Tullgren Modified was assessed to verify the presence of edaphic mites. The Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility methodology (TSBF) was carried out to collected earthworms. The total mites density is favored by the 20cm height in after grazing of cattle in ILP system. In the assessment, there is a greater diversity of mites families (Upododidae, Pachilaelapidae, Nothridae, Phthiracaridae, Galumnidae, Oribatidae, Trombiculidae, Cunaxidae four unidentified) after soybean cultivation. The presence of earthworms were highest after soybean cultivation and of in 10-20cm deep layer on Integration Livestock System. The presence of two families of Glossoscolecidae and Ocnerodrilidae worms were verified in ILP area, with different grazing intensities. Moreover, the first occurrence of the species Eukerria michaelsen was recorded in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. / O sistema de Integração Lavoura Pecuária (ILP) é baseado na diversificação, rotação, consorciação e/ou sucessão das atividades de agricultura e de pecuária dentro da propriedade rural. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar influencia de diferentes intensidades de pastejo aplicadas na ILP, após colheita da soja e após saído dos bovinos, na ocorrência de ácaros edáficos e minhocas. A área experimental foi composta de 14 parcelas, onde os tratamentos baseiam-se em quatro intensidades de pastejo (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) reguladas a partir da altura da pastagem. As parcelas são distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e duas áreas entre blocos sem pastejo, como áreas de referência. A amostragem foi realizada em cinco pontos para os ácaros e nove pontos para as minhocas em cada parcela, em locais pré-estabelecidos pelo uso de um grid, com as mesmas medidas, independente do tamanho da parcela, após o pastejo dos bovinos e após a colheita da soja. Para avaliação da presença dos ácaros edáficos utilizou-se Funil de Berleze-Tullgren Modificado. Para as minhocas foram coletadas por meio da metodologia do Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF). A densidade total de ácaros é favorecida pela altura de 20cm no após pastejo dos bovinos no sistema ILP. Na avaliação, após o cultivo de soja, há uma maior diversidade de famílias de ácaros (Upododidae, Pachilaelapidae, Nothridae, Phthiracaridae, Galumnidae, Oribatidae, Trombiculidae, Cunaxidae e quatro morfotipos não identificados). Para a presença de minhocas há uma maior abundância após cultivo da soja na profundidade de 10-20cm no sistema estudado. Estas minhocas foram caracterizadas sendo de duas famílias, Glossoscolecidae e Ocnerodrilidae. Registro-se o primeiro relato da espécie Eukerria michaelsen, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Orientador: Fernando Leite Hoffmann / Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Banca: Walkíria Hanada Viotto / Banca: Roberto da Silva / Resumo: Alguns queijos frescos como o Minas frescal e a ricota, apresentam elevada atividade de água e diversidade nutricional, fatores que propiciam a proliferação e o desenvolvimento de microbiota oportunista, prejudicando a qualidade e a integridade destes produtos. Diversos microrganismos são propostos como bioindicadores de contaminação da matéria-prima e/ou do produto pronto para o consumo. Para evitar quaisquer fontes de contaminação é imprescindível a adoção de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), as quais podem ser avaliadas por meio da aplicação do formulário check-list. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e adequações quanto às BPF, em uma indústria de laticínios de pequeno porte, produtora de queijos Minas frescal e ricota, localizada em São José do Rio Preto - SP, por meio do monitoramento microbiológico, físico-químico, e aplicação de check-list. Foram realizadas análises, conforme o fluxograma de fabricação, nas seguintes etapas: água, leite pasteurizado, coalho, massa, soro, superfície palmar dos manipuladores e tanque de coagulação, e queijos Minas frescal e ricota logo após o processamento (t0) e com cinco dias de vida de prateleira (t5). Tais etapas foram monitoradas quanto à qualidade microbiológica, por meio da determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes; contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bactérias aeróbias mesófilas; pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. A contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas foi efetuada apenas nas amostras de água. As análises de determinação do NMP de coliformes totais, termotolerantes foram realizadas para todas as amostras. A contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, pesquisa de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp., foram efetuadas para todas as amostras citadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Some fresh cheeses as Minas frescal and ricota present high water activity and nutritional diversity, factors that permit the proliferation and the development of opportunist microrganisms, damaging the quality and integrity of these products. Several microrganisms are proposed as bioindicators of raw material and/or product ready for consumption contamination. To avoid any contamination source it's indispensable to adopt Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which may be evaluated by application of checklist form. According to the presented, this study had the objective of evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions and adequacies, in relation to the GMP, at a small dairy industry; which produces ricota and Minas frescal cheeses, located in São José do Rio Preto - SP by the physical-chemical and microbiological monitoring and check-list application. The analyses were done according to the following production stages: water, pasteurized milk, curd, mass, sour, manipulator hands, coagulation tank, ricota and Minas frescal cheese right after the processing (t0) and with five days of shelf-life (t5). Such stages were monitored in relation to the microbiological quality by the determination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms; mesophilic aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus counting; research of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The counting of mesophilic aerobic bacteria was done only in the water samples. The analyses of the determination of the MPN of total and thermotolerant coliforms were done for all samples. The counting of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. research were done for all samples except water. The analysis of Listeria monocytogenes was done only for Minas frescal and ricotta cheeses. For the water analysis it was verified that 3 samples (25%) presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_vaq_me_sjrp.pdf: 586910 bytes, checksum: ec20d7bdb371005191d77053bb2d959e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Alguns queijos frescos como o Minas frescal e a ricota, apresentam elevada atividade de água e diversidade nutricional, fatores que propiciam a proliferação e o desenvolvimento de microbiota oportunista, prejudicando a qualidade e a integridade destes produtos. Diversos microrganismos são propostos como bioindicadores de contaminação da matéria-prima e/ou do produto pronto para o consumo. Para evitar quaisquer fontes de contaminação é imprescindível a adoção de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), as quais podem ser avaliadas por meio da aplicação do formulário check-list. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e adequações quanto às BPF, em uma indústria de laticínios de pequeno porte, produtora de queijos Minas frescal e ricota, localizada em São José do Rio Preto – SP, por meio do monitoramento microbiológico, físico-químico, e aplicação de check-list. Foram realizadas análises, conforme o fluxograma de fabricação, nas seguintes etapas: água, leite pasteurizado, coalho, massa, soro, superfície palmar dos manipuladores e tanque de coagulação, e queijos Minas frescal e ricota logo após o processamento (t0) e com cinco dias de vida de prateleira (t5). Tais etapas foram monitoradas quanto à qualidade microbiológica, por meio da determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes; contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bactérias aeróbias mesófilas; pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. A contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas foi efetuada apenas nas amostras de água. As análises de determinação do NMP de coliformes totais, termotolerantes foram realizadas para todas as amostras. A contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, pesquisa de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp., foram efetuadas para todas as amostras citadas... / Some fresh cheeses as Minas frescal and ricota present high water activity and nutritional diversity, factors that permit the proliferation and the development of opportunist microrganisms, damaging the quality and integrity of these products. Several microrganisms are proposed as bioindicators of raw material and/or product ready for consumption contamination. To avoid any contamination source it`s indispensable to adopt Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which may be evaluated by application of checklist form. According to the presented, this study had the objective of evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions and adequacies, in relation to the GMP, at a small dairy industry; which produces ricota and Minas frescal cheeses, located in São José do Rio Preto - SP by the physical-chemical and microbiological monitoring and check-list application. The analyses were done according to the following production stages: water, pasteurized milk, curd, mass, sour, manipulator hands, coagulation tank, ricota and Minas frescal cheese right after the processing (t0) and with five days of shelf-life (t5). Such stages were monitored in relation to the microbiological quality by the determination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms; mesophilic aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus counting; research of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The counting of mesophilic aerobic bacteria was done only in the water samples. The analyses of the determination of the MPN of total and thermotolerant coliforms were done for all samples. The counting of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. research were done for all samples except water. The analysis of Listeria monocytogenes was done only for Minas frescal and ricotta cheeses. For the water analysis it was verified that 3 samples (25%) presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)