O presente estudo compreendeu a caracterização dos estuários de Santos/São Vicente e Cananéia quanto aos processos naturais e antrópicos; e o estudo de traçadores biológicos - foraminíferos. Estas regiões foram escolhidas, sobretudo devido ao antagonismo no que tange o impacto antrópico e, ainda, à sua complexidade ambiental. Os resultados hidrogeoquímicos, nutrientes e concentração de metais confirmaram a maior influência humana no estuário de Santos/São Vicente, principalmente na área mais interna do sistema, em comparação com a baixa influência antropogênica do estuário de Cananéia. A distribuição dos foraminíferos bentônicos como traçadores do gradiente de tensão ecológica (natural e antrópica) foi discutida a partir da análise de amostras coletadas nos sedimentos superficiais dos estuários, comparando-se a fauna, porém, sem desconsiderar as divergências espaciais das áreas em questão. Amostras foram coletadas para realização de análise qualitativa e quantitativa, além da análise micrométrica das testas dos foraminíferos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a distribuição das associações de foraminíferos refletiu o padrão natural em Cananéia, no que diz respeito tanto a abundância quanto ao tamanho específico. Os dados biométricos revelaram que a região de Cananéia concentra os maiores diâmetros médios, que estão sempre associados com as campanhas de inverno. Tal fato evidencia que a matéria orgânica elevada no verão contribui para o aumento da população e não de tamanho médio de organismos. Isso demonstra um esforço reprodutivo que provavelmente visa aproveitar a disponibilidade de alimento do verão. Outros resultados pertinentes foram: estabelecimento das espécies Buliminella elegantissima e Pararotalia cananeiaensis em locais que não são correspondentes no que diz respeito às características ambientais, denotando a plasticidade destas espécies em traçar uma rota de transporte e estabelecimento, que geralmente está relacionado à deposição da matéria orgânica. A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que os foraminíferos se comportam de maneira singular, de acordo com o tensor que está regendo seu estabelecimento, e através da análise de sua distribuição, foi possível inferir se um tensor antrópico ou ambiental influenciou o estabelecimento de espécies de foraminíferos nos estuários de Santos e Cananéia. / This study had as a goal to characterize two estuaries, Santos/São Vicente and Cananéia, regarding to natural and anthropogenic parameters. Besides that, the biological trace elements - foraminiferal assemblage. The study has been held along the two estuarine areas, and both of them have shown bio-geographical patternal patches. These study areas were chosen in accordance with their antagonist impact approach and their environmental complexity. Among the advantages on developing studies that uses bioindicators to evaluate na environmental quality patterns, it is evident the large amount of experiments on the water and sediments that these areas are constantly under over than three decades. The hydrochemical results, organic content and heavy metal confirm the human influence at Santos estuary, mainly in the internal áreas, in comparison with the low rate anthropogenic influence from Cananéia estuary. Foraminiferal distribution as a ecológical tracer, both natural and human made, was discussed from sediment samples from both áreas, but always concerning about the oceanographic differences. Samples were picked up aldo to biometric analysis on the foraminiferal shells. Results show that foraminiferal distribution follows the natural patterns as the first way, both relating to abundance and size. Biometric data revealed that the largest diameter average was always associated with the winter samples. It is such evidence that the high level of organic matter contributes incrising the population, but no longer raising its diameter size. This is a sight for a reproductive effort in order to not miss out food availability during the summer. Another relevant result is: Buliminella elegantissima and Pararotalia cananeiaensis establishment in areas where they wouldnt normally settle down, denoting they do not correspond with the same variable in both study areas. This fact evidences the plasticity of these species on fitting different environment characteristic in order to establish and to reproduce. This is generally associated with organic matter deposition and makes foraminiferal distribution a singular pattern that allows determining a natural or an anthropogenic influence.

Os Estudos de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) foram legalmente institucionalizados no Brasil durante a década de 1980. Estes são balizados a partir do Termo de Referência (TR) que define as diretrizes que o EIAs deverão seguir, mas não determina qual grupo faunístico e metodologias devem ser adotadas, o que fica a critério dos empreendedores e consultores contratados. Visando verificar se esse procedimento resulta ou não em ausência de padronização entre os TRs e os relatórios de EIAs, bem como em outros possíveis desajustes que resultem na menor eficácia dos relatórios de EIA, foram compararados nove relatórios de empreendimentos hidrelétricos das décadas de 1980, 1990 e dos anos 2000. Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações como atendimento às exigências contidas nos TRs e metodologias utilizadas, no que diz respeito aos métodos de coleta, esforço amostral, levantamento de grupos de aves e mamíferos dependentes de hábitats específicos relacionados, solidez das listas de faunas e análise dos dados. Além disso, foi avaliada a aplicabilidade do delineamento RAPELD na avaliação de impacto de empreendimentos hidrelétricos. Os resultados indicaram que há discrepância quanto aos esforços amostrais e às metodologias utilizadas nos estudos, além da ausência de informações requeridas pelos Termos de Referência e a escassez de dados relacionados aos grupos de fauna associada aos ambientes que serão afetados e a aves e mamíferos dependentes de ambientes aluviais. O delineamento RAPELD muitas vezes não é aplicável em regiões com alterações antrogênicas, mas deve-se levar em consideração que a recomendação de sua utilização pelo órgão ambiental para um casos analisados indica uma sutil evolução recente no delineamento amostral. As análises realizadas neste trabalho podem servir como indicadores sobre o estado geral da efetividade dos EIA como ferramentas a serem utilizadas pela sociedade no que se refere às intervenções ambientais. / Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies were legally institutionalised in Brazil in the 1980s, and their elaboration is based on guidelines established by Terms of Reference (TR) which define the main directives to be followed by each project\'s EIA, but often do not determine the faunal groups to include and the methods to be employed choices which are then left at the discretion of the company proposing the project and their hired consultants. In order to analyse whether this procedure does or does not result in an absence of standardisation among Terms of Reference and EIA studies, as well as in other disparities which may impair the effectiveness of EIA reports, this work compared 9 EIA reports for hydro-power projects from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. The reports were compared with regard to such information as compliance with the requirements set by the TRs and methodology used (including sampling methods, sampling effort, study of bird and mammal groups dependent on specific habit types, reliability of the fauna lists provided and data analysis). The appropriateness of the RAPELD sampling design for Hydro-power environmental impact assessments was also analysed. The results indicated incongruities as to the sampling effort and the methodologies employed for the studies, as well as an absence of information required according to the Terms of Reference and a paucity of data specifically dealing with fauna groups associated with environments to be directly affected by the projects and with mammals and birds dependent on alluvial environments. The RAPELD sampling design is often considered inappropriate for highly human-modified regions, but it is noted that its recommendation by environmental agencies for some of the cases analysed indicates a recent improvement in sampling designs. This work\'s findings may serve as indicators of the overall state of the effectiveness of EIA studies as tools for the society to assess the effects of interventions in the environment.

Monitoring viruses circulating in the human population and the environment is critical for protecting public and ecosystem health. The goal of this dissertation was to incorporate a viral metagenomic approach into virus surveillance efforts (both clinical and water quality control programs) to enhance traditional virus detection methods. Clinical surveillance programs are designed to identify and monitor etiological agents that cause disease. However, the ability to identify viruses may be compromised when novel or unsuspected viruses are causing infection since traditional virus detection methods target specific known pathogens. Here we describe the successful application of viral metagenomics in a clinical setting using samples from symptomatic patients collected through the Enterovirus Surveillance (EVS) program in the Netherlands (Appendix A). Despite extensive PCR-based testing, the viruses in a small percentage of these samples (n = 7) remained unidentified for more than 10 years after collection. Viral metagenomics allowed the identification of viruses in all seven samples within a week using minimal sequencing, thus rapidly filling the diagnostic gap. The unexplained samples contained BK polyomavirus, Herpes simplex virus, Newcastle disease virus and the recently discovered Saffold viruses (SAFV) which dominated the unexplained samples (n = 4). This study demonstrated that metagenomic analyses can be added as a routine tool to investigate unidentified viruses in clinical samples in a public-health setting. In addition, metagenomic data gathered for SAFV was used to complete four genotype 3 SAFV (SAFV-3) genomes through primer walking, doubling the number of SAFV-3 full genomic sequences in public databases. In addition to monitoring viruses in symptomatic patients, it is also important to monitor viruses in wastewater (raw and treated) to protect the environment from biological contamination and prevent further spread of pathogens. To gain a comprehensive understanding of viruses that endure wastewater treatment, viral metagenomics was used to survey the total DNA and RNA viral community in reclaimed water (the reusable end-product of wastewater treatment) (Appendix B). Phages (viruses that infect bacteria) dominated the DNA viral community while eukaryotic viruses similar to known plant and insect viruses dominated RNA metagenomic libraries suggesting that highly stable viruses may be disseminated through this alternative water supply. A plant virus, the Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), was identified as a potential indicator of wastewater contamination based on metagenomic data and quantitative PCR assays (Appendix C). The metagenomic analysis also revealed a wealth of novel single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses in reclaimed water. Further investigation of sequences with low-level similarities to known ssDNA viruses led to the completion of ten novel ssDNA genomes from reclaimed water and marine environments (Appendix D). Unique genome architectures and phylogenetic analysis suggest that these ssDNA viruses belong to new viral genera and/or families. To further explore the ecology of the novel ssDNA viruses, a strategy was developed to take metagenomic analysis to the next level by combining expression analysis and immunotechnology (Appendix E). This dissertation made a significant contribution to current microbiological data regarding wastewater by uncovering viruses that endure the wastewater treatment and identifying a new viral bioindicator.

The State of Florida ranks fifth in the world's production of phosphate. The phosphate industry relies on surface mining to withdraw the phosphate ore, and this process can devastate the natural environment. One of the most impacted natural resources is wetlands. Federal laws permit the legal destruction of wetlands providing their loss is compensated by the mitigation (i.e., the restoration, creation, or enhancement) of other wetlands, but the complexity of wetland ecosystems makes the mitigation process difficult. One of the goals of this thesis is to review the established Federal, State and non-regulatory guidelines for the development and maintenance of mitigated wetlands, evaluate their efficacy and present some underlying reasons for successful versus unsuccessful mitigation projects.The environmental repercussions of phosphate mining are not only pertinent to Florida or the United States. Wetland mitigation has become a global issue. Laws and programs that facilitate specific countries do not benefit wetland ecosystems on a landscape level. It is important to remain cognizant of the ramifications of wetland destruction and avoid piecemeal solutions to a wide-spread problem. Thus, my second objective is to investigate the progress and status of international wetland preservation. I will examine how different countries and international organizations are addressing the environmental impacts of mining, and underscore the relevant methods and protocols. I will also supplement this review by proposing the use of soil microbial communities as bioindicators of wetland development and sustainability. I will describe the laboratory and field procedures necessary to evaluate the various biological and physical aspects of mitigated wetlands, thereby offering mangers an effective monitoring technique. My intention is to confirm that microorganism development and preservation are critical to wetland health and longevity. My final objective is to document the relevant literature on environmental policy, and provide current scientific and policy review for researchers, managers and legislators. This thesis will synthesize the diverse and often contradictory theories, and suggest possible methodologies to bridge the science-policy gap.Overall, I intend to supply researchers, managers, and government agencies with a source of publications that can assist in evaluating, managing and monitoring wetland mitigation projects.

Diatoms have been proven to be reliable indicators of water quality in many countries of the world particularly Europe. The potential use of diatoms as indicators of water quality in South Africa was tested in the studies in this document. This study evaluates the potential use of diatom based indices by testing it against a macroinvertebrate index (SASS 5) and evaluating the variation in the index scores of the two indices due to changes in chemical water quality and habitat. It was concluded that the diatom monitoring system performs well as bioindicator of water quality. It was also concluded that it should be used as a complementary system to the much used SASS 5 invertebrate index. This conclusion was made due to the fact that diatoms react more directly to changes in water quality than macroinvertebrates (SASS 5), and macroinvertebrates react more readily to changes in habitat than diatoms. A further part of the study was to assess whether aut-ecological or diversity based diatom indices performed best in South African conditions. This study found that the ecological indices were more sensitive to changes in water quality than the diversity indices. The diatom based indices that performed best as water quality indicators were the specific pollution sensitivity index (SPI) and the biological diatom index (BDI). A standard method for the sampling, preparation and enumeration for diatoms to be used for index score generation is also suggested to ensure the comparability of diatom based index data to facilitate use of such bio monitoring data for management purposes. The main focus of the study was to eliminate some of the obstacles for the use of diatoms as bio indicators of water quality in South Africa. It is believe that this aim has been accomplished in the study. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Diatoms have been proven to be reliable indicators of water quality in many countries of the world particularly Europe. The potential use of diatoms as indicators of water quality in South Africa was tested in the studies in this document. This study evaluates the potential use of diatom based indices by testing it against a macroinvertebrate index (SASS 5) and evaluating the variation in the index scores of the two indices due to changes in chemical water quality and habitat. It was concluded that the diatom monitoring system performs well as bioindicator of water quality. It was also concluded that it should be used as a complementary system to the much used SASS 5 invertebrate index. This conclusion was made due to the fact that diatoms react more directly to changes in water quality than macroinvertebrates (SASS 5), and macroinvertebrates react more readily to changes in habitat than diatoms. A further part of the study was to assess whether aut-ecological or diversity based diatom indices performed best in South African conditions. This study found that the ecological indices were more sensitive to changes in water quality than the diversity indices. The diatom based indices that performed best as water quality indicators were the specific pollution sensitivity index (SPI) and the biological diatom index (BDI). A standard method for the sampling, preparation and enumeration for diatoms to be used for index score generation is also suggested to ensure the comparability of diatom based index data to facilitate use of such bio monitoring data for management purposes. The main focus of the study was to eliminate some of the obstacles for the use of diatoms as bio indicators of water quality in South Africa. It is believe that this aim has been accomplished in the study. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

The quest to discover simple, sensitive and global bioindicators of nutrient enrichment and ecological health continues. The present study is the first to address this quest in Hervey Bay by investigating links between key physico-chemical water quality parameters and two diatom forms. Free floating in the water column as phytoplankton, and attached to seagrass leaves and artificial substrates as microalgal epiphytes, diatoms are assessed for their abundance and diversity along an environmental gradient. Relationships between Secchi depth (Zsd), light attenuation coefficient (Kz) and minimum seagrass compensation depth (Zc) are established for the recovery, growth and survival of aquatic plants following disturbance, with equations derived specifically for this region to allow conversions from Zsd to Kz. These relationships allow predictions to be made and provide a management tool to meet water quality targets and combat elevated nutrient and sediment loads that result from anthropogenic activity and affect all marine life, from microalgae to marine mammals. Environmental links, identified as drivers of change to biodiversity, focus research effort and provide predictive management tools. Consequently, catchment and coastal activities such as dredging, construction and canal development, with the potential to increase nutrient and sediment loads, can be managed and scheduled at times least likely to adversely impact near shore ecosystems and therefore improve the balance between growth and sustainability. Seasonal and zone differences were significant for many of the water quality parameters monitored in Hervey Bay during 1994. Water clarity measures consistently showed significant differences between near and offshore zones (Secchi depth; P<0.01, turbidity; P<0.05 and TSS; P<0.01) as well as oxygen (P<0.01), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP, P<0.05), oxides of nitrogen (NOx, P<0.01), chlorophyll a (Chl a, P<0.01) and pH (P<0.01). Some default trigger values for water quality targets listed by ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) for concentrations of key indicators, a threshold for risk of adverse biological effects, were exceeded in dry and flood periods during the 1993 to 1995 survey. The community structure of phytoplankton and seagrass epiphytes were examined by monitoring changes to and 35 seagrass epiphyte species coincident with changes in some key water quality parameters along a water quality gradient. Chl a, Secchi depth (Zsd), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and pH were found to be the best subset of water quality parameters to maximise the rank correlation with phytoplankton communities whereas NOx and temperature maximised the rank correlation with the Halophila ovalis seagrass epiphyte communities. These parameters statistically link key water quality parameters to changes in phytoplankton and seagrass epiphyte density and assemblage structure and are supported as significant drivers of change in biodiversity research. Evidence for nitrogen limitation was found in the post flood surveys for phytoplankton and the growth and assemblage structure for seagrass systems and their epiphytes. Seasonal and zone differences in phytoplankton assemblage structure were most apparent with some site influence detected. Cylindrotheca closterium dominated the phytoplankton assemblage structure at the near shore zone while Thalassionema nitzschioides and Chaetoceros sp. differentiated the river from the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) creek site. Rhizolsolenia and Guinardia sp. were found in significantly higher concentrations at offshore sites (P < 0.01) and Thalassionema nitzschioides (P < 0.01), Thalassiosira sp. (P < 0.01) and Pseudonitzschia sp. (P < 0.05) were found in significantly higher abundance in the near shore zone A Trichodesmium bloom was examined and post flood changes to the phytoplankton assemblage structure associated with increased nutrient loads, reduced water clarity (Secchi depth, TSS and turbidity) and changes to pH and salinity were assessed. The results of analyses of variance provided support to multivariate statistical analyses to identify phytoplankton as a useful and sensitive bioindicator of environmental change. Post flood phytoplankton cell density increased and species diversity rose from 10 to 38 species at the Mary River mouth however, the changes to cell density and assemblage structure were not reflected in Chl a concentrations. The Mary River mouth experienced growth of mainly small phytoplankton species (< 20 µm) while Pulgul Creek, a source of WWTP effluent, experienced a disproportional increase in the larger phytoplankton species (>20µm). The increase in phytoplankton cell density at offshore sites occurred for both large and small species. Phytoplankton species dominance changed at each site during the postflood period. C. closterium remained the dominant species but increased from 34 to 648 cells/mL at Pulgul Creek however, C. similis, the second most dominant species was replaced by Pseudonitszchia sp., whose cell density rose from 2.0 to 320 cells/mL. A recent study also found that Cylindrotheca closterium, Skeletonema costatum, and Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana had strong positive relationships with coastal nutrients and suggested these species be used as potential reliable indicators of eutrophication (Toming and Jaanus, 2007). Some Pseudonitszchia sp. and dinoflagellate species have previously been noted as toxic and Chaetoceros sp. are associated with gill damage and fish kills. Rhizosolenia sp. and the Guinardia species G. flaccida and G. striatula, were indicators for the offshore relatively pristine sites, which may conversely, determine these species as indicators of environmental health in this waterway. Specificity of epiphyte attachment to particular seagrass species were detected and microalgal epiphyte assemblages on Halophila ovalis were identified as useful bioindicators of environmental gradients as this seagrass species is located at intertidal, shallow and deep water sites for a substantial part of the year. H. ovalis also recorded the highest average annual epiphyte loads (3873 ± 1882 cells/mm2) with the diatoms Diatoma vulgare and Cocconeis scutellum representing 19.6% and 17.2% of the total epiphyte cover. Highest cell density was recorded in autumn, followed by summer and winter: spring recorded the lowest epiphyte cover. Micro-algal epiphyte load was assessed as dry weight (g/m2), Chl a (µg/L) and cell density (cells/mm2) on artificial seagrass deployed along a water quality gradient. Equations were derived to describe percentage light transmission as a function of each measure of epiphyte load which allows transformation of data from one unit of expression to another and hence, allow comparison of past, current and future studies. Water column light attenuation was evaluated along a water quality gradient and linked to Secchi depths (Zsd) to derive equations that describe this relationship where for Hervey Bay, when Zsd < 4.26m, Kz = -1.2 ln Zsd + 1.74 and when Zsd ≥ 4.26m, Kz=1.37/Zsd. Species succession, diversity and seagrass growth were monitored for the first time during a recovery phase and limits for the seagrass compensation depth (Zc), were established on a seasonal basis for five seagrass species at four locations within intertidal, shallow and deep water zones in Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits. Conceptual models for each site were constructed to describe habitat characteristics and include nutrient concentrations for SRP, NOx and ammonia (NH4+), Chl a, phytoplankton density, epiphyte density and light requirements measured as light attenuation, total suspended sediment, turbidity and Secchi depth at each location. The study provides a descriptive model for light attenuation and establishes (1) an annual and seasonal baseline water quality data set that characterises the waterways of Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits (2) identification of phytoplankton species in Hervey Bay and their response to post flood changes in water quality (3) phytoplankton density and diversity along an environmental gradient with links established to Chl a, Secchi depth, SRP and pH (4) seagrass epiphyte assemblage structure along an environmental gradient with links established to NOx and temperature (5) conversion factors for epiphyte load expressed as dry weight, Chl a and cell density (6) functions to convert Secchi depth to light attenuation coeffiecients (Kz) (7) seagrass species succession at intertidal, shallow and deep water sites during a recovery growth phase in Hervey Bay (8) seagrass compensation depths (Zc) for five seagrass species at four locations and (9) habitat characterisation for seagrass recovery in Hervey Bay. Identification catalogues for phytoplankton and seagrass epiphytes were prepared with light and electron micrographs to assist future identification studies of diatoms in this region and for other similar biogeographical areas. The management of water quality to reach specific targets requires the capacity to predict seagrass compensation depth (Zc) as a function of water quality. Seasonal and annual light attenuation measurements are derived as a function of water quality at intertidal, shallow and deep water habitats during the colonisation of Zostera Capricornii, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Halophila spinulosa and Halophila decipiens.

Η Ελλάδα αποτελεί μία από τις βασικές ελαιοπαραγωγικές χώρες, καλύπτοντας το 17% της παγκόσμιας παραγωγής. Η παραγωγική διαδικασία λαμβάνει χώρα σε ελαιοτριβεία φυγοκεντρικού τύπου τριών φάσεων και δύο φάσεων. Στην πρώτη περίπτωση, παράγονται τρεις εκροές, το ελαιόλαδο, το υγρό απόβλητο και η παχύρευστη ελαιοπυρήνα. Στη δεύτερη περίπτωση, εκτός από το ελαιόλαδο προκύπτει και ένα παχύρευστο παραπροϊόν, η υγρή ελαιοπυρήνα. Τα παραπροϊόντα της ελαιοπαραγωγικής διαδικασίας, λόγω της απευθείας διάθεσης στο έδαφος ή στα ποτάμια ή στη θάλασσα, επιδρούν δυσμενώς και στο περιβάλλον λόγω του υψηλού οργανικού φορτίου και της τοξικής δράσης ορισμένων συστατικών τους. Για το λόγο αυτό υπάρχουν πολυάριθμες βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές σχετικές με μεθόδους επεξεργασίας του αποβλήτου, που αφορούν σε φυσικές, χημικές, βιολογικές μεθόδους, με τις τελευταίες να είναι πιο διαδεδομένες και να θεωρούνται πιο αποτελεσματικές. Η παρούσα μελέτη στοχεύει στην εκτίμηση του κινδύνου του ελαιουργικού αποβλήτου για το υδάτινο οικοσύστημα και της αποτελεσματικότητας τριών βιολογικών μεθόδων επεξεργασίας του, ως προς τη μείωση της τοξικότητας, με σκοπό την ασφαλή διάθεση στο περιβάλλον. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων των απορροών που προέκυψαν από την επεξεργασία του αποβλήτου με τον μύκητα Pleurotus ostreatus, καθώς και από την αναερόβια επεξεργασία σε αντιδραστήρες για παραγωγή υδρογόνου και μεθανίου. Η αποτελεσματικότητα των μεθόδων ελέγχθηκε μέσω της οικοτοξικολογικής προσέγγισης με τη χρήση των μικροβιοτεστ Thamnotoxkit F και Daphtoxkit FTM pulex και του τεστ τοξικότητας με έμβρυα ιχθύος (Danio rerio). Θα πρέπει να επισημανθεί ότι ανάλογη ολοκληρωμένη μελέτη τοξικότητας των αποβλήτων των ελαιουργείων δεν έχει γίνει στη χώρα μας, γεγονός που καθιστά την όλη προσπάθεια ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρουσα. Λήφθηκαν 7 δείγματα ανεπεξέργαστου ελαιουργικού αποβλήτου, 16 δείγματα από την επεξεργασία με P. ostreatus, 50 δείγματα από τον αναερόβιο αντιδραστήρα για παραγωγή υδρογόνου και 25 από τον αντιδραστήρα για παραγωγή μεθανίου. Η επίπτωση του ελαιουργικού αποβλήτου στα υδάτινα οικοσυστήματα και συγκεκριμένα σε ποτάμι, πραγματοποιήθηκε με την εφαρμογή της μεθοδολογίας για την εκτίμηση κινδύνου, μέσω του λόγου RQ (Risk Quotient) από όπου προέκυψε ότι ο κίνδυνος είναι ιδιαίτερα υψηλός. Η φυσικοχημική ανάλυση των δειγμάτων έδειξε υψηλές τιμές στις παραμέτρους που αναλύθηκαν, ακόμα και μετά την επεξεργασία, καθώς και μεγάλη διακύμανση αυτών σε δείγματα της ίδιας κατηγορίας. Από τους ελέγχους τοξικότητας που εφαρμόστηκαν, υπολογίσθηκαν οι τιμές τοξικότητας LC50 και εν συνεχεία οι τοξικές μονάδες (ΤU). Μέσω αυτών, το ελαιουργικό απόβλητο κατατάσσεται στην κατηγορία «πολύ τοξικό» (D. pulex) και «εξαιρετικά τοξικό» (Τ. platyurus και D. rerio), με τιμές ΤU να κυμαίνονται από 60,2 – 330,9. Η τοξικότητα συνδέεται άμεσα με τις φαινόλες, τα νιτρώδη, τα αμμωνιακά, τις τανίνες, τα θειικά ιόντα, τα ολικά χλωριόντα και τα ολικά διαλυμένα στερεά. Η απορροή της πρώτης μεθόδου επεξεργασίας (με P. ostreatus), είχε μειωμένες συγκεντρώσεις φαινολικών και τανίνων και υψηλές εκείνες των υπόλοιπων παραμέτρων. Σύμφωνα με τους ελέγχους τοξικότητας με Daphtoxkit pulex και Thamnotoxkit, αυτή συσχετίζεται με τα αμμωνιακά, τις φαινόλες και τα ολικά διαλυμένα στερεά, ενώ στα zebrafish δεν εμφάνισαν συσχέτιση. Η απορροή χαρακτηρίστηκε «πολύ τοξική» (TU = 52,4 – 91,5). Στην αναερόβια επεξεργασία για παραγωγή υδρογόνου χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο τύποι αποβλήτου: υγρό απόβλητο από ελαιοτριβείο τριών φάσεων και ελαιοπολτός από ελαιοτριβείο δύο φάσεων. Οι έλεγχοι τοξικότητας με τα καρκινοειδή χαρακτήρισαν και τους δύο τύπους απορροών «πολύ τοξικές» (TU = 26,8 – 68,7) ενώ με το zebrafish το υγρό απόβλητο κρίθηκε «εξαιρετικά τοξικό» (TU = 132,2) και ο ελαιοπολτός «πολύ τοξικός» (TU = 73,5). Η D. pulex επηρεάστηκε από τα ιόντα NO-3, NO-2 , SO-24 , Cl- και το COD του υγρού αποβλήτου, ενώ υπήρξε συσχέτιση με όλους τους παράγοντες του ελαιοπολτού εκτός του COD. Οι τιμές του COD συσχετίστηκαν με τις τιμές τοξικότητας του Thamnotoxkit και στους δύο τύπους απορροών, ενώ το zebrafish εμφάνισε ευαισθησία έναντι των νιτρωδών, νιτρικών, αμμωνιακών και χλωριόντων του υγρού αποβλήτου και μόνο στις συγκεντρώσεις των φαινολικών του ελαιοπολτού. Κατά την αναερόβια επεξεργασία για παραγωγή μεθανίου οι έλεγχοι τοξικότητας κατέταξαν την απορροή στην κατηγορία «πολύ τοξική» (TU = 23,9 – 45,5). Οι τιμές τοξικότητας του Daphtoxkit συσχετίστηκαν με τα νιτρικά, τα αμμωνιακά, το pH και την αγωγιμότητα, ενώ οι τιμές που προέκυψαν από το Thamnotoxkit επηρεάστηκαν από τις φαινόλες, τις τανίνες και τις λιγνίνες. Και σε αυτή την περίπτωση, το zebrafish, δεν φάνηκε να επηρεάζεται από τις παραμέτρους που αναλύθηκαν. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα των ελέγχων με zebrafish, που ήταν το πιο ευαίσθητο είδος, η τοξικότητα της απορροής μειώθηκε σε σχέση με το ανεπεξέργαστο απόβλητο κατά 60% στην επεξεργασία με μύκητα, 65% στην αναερόβια χώνευση για παραγωγή υδρογόνου και 86% στην αναερόβια χώνευση για παραγωγή μεθανίου. Ωστόσο η εκροή παραμένει στη «πολύ τοξική» κατηγορία ώστε να μην θεωρείται ασφαλής για διάθεση στο περιβάλλον. Παράλληλα, πραγματοποιήθηκε ανίχνευση μικροβιακών πληθυσμών στο ελαιουργικό απόβλητο και στο αναερόβια επεξεργασμένο για παραγωγή υδρογόνου. Ανιχνεύτηκαν τόσο οργανισμοί που αποδομούν τις φαινολικές ενώσεις (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) όσο και παθογόνοι (Citrobacter, Enterobacter clocae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp.), οι οποίοι εμφάνισαν συσχέτιση με τα αποτελέσματα των ελέγχων τοξικότητας με zebrafish, ερμηνεύοντας σε κάποιο βαθμό την ευαισθησία του είδους. Εμφανίστηκαν διαφορές μεταξύ των μικροβιακών πληθυσμών στους δύο τύπους αποβλήτου, με μόνο κοινό είδος το Enterobacter clocae. Τέλος, με τη χρήση της ατομικής απορρόφησης ανιχνεύτηκαν βαρέα μέταλλα, τα οποία θεωρείται ότι προκάλεσαν τις παρατηρηθείσες δυσμορφίες στα έμβρυα του zebrafish μετά από έκθεση 7 ημερών, όπως έλλειψη χρώσης και σκελετικές δυσμορφίες. Οι μέσοι όροι των συγκεντρώσεων των βαρέων μετάλλων στα δείγματα κυμάνθηκαν μεταξύ 3,645 – 6,074 μg Hg/l, 0,488 – 1,017 mg Cu/l, 0,137 – 0,712 mg Mn/l, 0,190 – 3,198 mg Zn/l, 0,205 – 0,505 mg Cr/l, μη ανιχνεύσιμο - 0,106 mg Cd/l και 0,135 – 0,271 mg Pb/l. Συμπεραίνεται ότι η τοξικότητα των απορροών προκαλείται από συνδυασμό παραμέτρων, μεταξύ των οποίων περιλαμβάνονται οι φαινόλες, οι τανίνες, τα αμμωνιακά, τα νιτρικά και τα νιτρώδη. Εκτός αυτών όμως, εκτιμάται ότι συνεισφέρουν στην τοξικότητα και οι μικροβιακοί πληθυσμοί αλλά και τα βαρέα μέταλλα. Οι αναφερθείσες μέθοδοι επεξεργασίας αποδεικνύονται ιδιαίτερα αποτελεσματικές στη μείωση της τοξικότητας του ελαιουργικού αποβλήτου, με τη μέθοδο της αναερόβιας χώνευσης για παραγωγή μεθανίου να αναδεικνύεται η πιο αποτελεσματική. Ωστόσο η μείωση αυτή δεν είναι αρκετή για να καταστήσει την εκροή ασφαλή για απόρριψη σε υδάτινα οικοσυστήματα. Τέλος, η παρούσα μελέτη προσφέρει νέα δεδομένα που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν από την επιστημονική κοινότητα για την αναζήτηση και ανάπτυξη περιβαλλοντικά φιλικότερων μεθόδων επεξεργασίας των συγκεκριμένων αποβλήτων, αλλά και εργαλεία στους αρμόδιους θεσμικούς φορείς για τη συστηματική παρακολούθηση και τον έλεγχο των επιπτώσεων σύνθετων αποβλήτων στο περιβάλλον. / Greece is one of the major olive oil producing countries, covering 17% of the worldwide production. In the recent years, the productive process takes place in centrifugal type olive oil mills of three phases and two phases. In the first case, three outflows are produced, the olive oil, the liquid wastewaters and oil-stone. In the second case, apart from olive oil, the by-product is a semi-solid waste called olive pulp. The by-products of the olive oil process provoke serious repercussions to the environment from the uncontrolled disposal to the soil and to the rivers or to the sea, because of the high organic load and the especially toxic action of certain components. For this reason many bibliographic reports exist regarding treatment methods of this waste, which include physical, chemical and biological methods, with the last to be considered more effective. The present study aims to the risk assessment of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) posed to aquatic ecosystems and to the estimation of the effectiveness of three biological treatment methods regarding the reduction of toxicity, driving to safe environmental disposal. Analyses of the physicochemical characteristics were conducted for the effluents that resulted from the treatment of the waste with the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as from the anaerobic treatment in reactors for hydrogen and methane production. The effectiveness of the aforementioned methods was validated via the ecotoxicological approach with the use of the two microbiotests Thamnotoxkit F and Daphtoxkit FTM pulex and the embryo toxicity test of the zebrafish Danio rerio. It must be noted that a similar integrated study has not been conducted not only in Greece but worldwide, a fact rendering the whole effort especially interesting. Seven (7) samples of the untreated OMW were collected from a three phase system, 16 samples from the outflow of the treatment with P. ostreatus, 50 samples from the anaerobic reactor for hydrogen production and 25 samples from the methane producing reactor. The repercussion of OMW to the aquatic ecosystems and specifically to a river, was realised with the application of the risk assessment methodology, via the Risk Quotient (RQ). The results indicate that the risk is quite high seasonally. The physicochemical analyses of the samples revealed high values in the parameters that were analyzed, even after the treatments, as well as a high deviation of the values, even in samples of the same category. The toxicity test results were expressed in LC50 values according to the test protocols that were transformed to toxic units (TU), in order to categorize the samples. The untreated samples were classified in the category “very toxic” (against D. pulex) and “extremely toxic” (against T. platyurus and D. rerio), with TU values that oscillated from 60,2 - 330,9. The toxicity appears to be influenced considerably by phenols but also by nitrates, ammonium, tannins, the sulphuric ions, total chlorine and total dissolved solids. The first treatment method (with P. ostreatus), resulted in an effluent with decreased concentrations of phenols and tannins, but the remaining toxic parameters had high values. The results of the toxicity tests with Daphtoxkit pulex and Thamnotoxkit were correlated with ammonium, phenols and total dissolved solids, while zebrafish were not cross-correlated. The outflow was characterized as “very toxic”, while the TU oscilated from 52,4 - 91,5. In the anaerobic treatment for hydrogen production two types of wastes were used: liquid wastewaters and olive pulp from a three phase and two phase olive oil mill respectivelly. Toxicity tests with the crustaceans characterized the two types of outflows as “very toxic” (TU = 26,8 - 68,7) while according to the zebrafish test only the liquid wastewater was assessed as “exceptionally toxic” (TU = 132,2) whereas the olive pulp as “very toxic” (TU = 73,5). D. pulex was influenced by ions such as NO-3, NO-2 , SO-24 , Cl- and COD from the treated OMW, whereas all parameters from the olive pulp revealed good correlation to D. pulex with the exception of COD. The results from the Thamnotoxkit test correlated with COD in both types of effluents, while zebrafish presented a sensitivity against the concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium and chlorine. In the case of anaerobic treatment for the production of methane the toxicity tests classified the outflow in the category “very toxic” (TU = 23,9 - 45,5). The toxicity values of Daphtoxkit were correlated with nitrites, ammonium, pH and conductivity, while the values that resulted from Thamnotoxkit were influenced by phenols, tannins and lignin. Also in this case, zebrafish, it did not appear to be influenced from the analyzed parameters. According to the results of the zebrafish tests that were the most sensitive, the toxicity of the treated effluents was decreased compared to that of the untreated wastewaters, by 60% in the treatment with the white rot fungi, 65% in the anaerobic reactor for hydrogen production and 86% in the anaerobic reactor for the production of methane. All outflows however remain in the “very toxic” category so they are not considered acceptable for environmental disposal. In addition to the above, microbial populations in the untreated OMW and in the effluent from the anaerobic processe for hydrogen production were detected. Organisms that degrade phenolic compounds were detected (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), as well as others that are considered as pathogens (Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter clocae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp.). The later presented cross-correlation with the results of the zebrafish toxicity tests, interpreting in some degree the sensitivity of the species. The microbial flora was differentiated between the untreated and treated effluent presenting only one common species, namely Enterobacter clocae. Finally, heavy metals were detected in all outflows, which are considered to cause malformations that were observed in this study in zebrafish embryos after a 7-day test. These included lack of pigmentation and spinal deformities. The mean values oscillated between 3,645 - 6,074 μg Hg/l, 0,488 - 1,017 mg Cu/l, 0,137 - 0,712 mg Mn/l, 0,190 - 3,198 mg Zn/l, 0,205 - 0,505 mg Cr/l, not detected- 0,106 mg Cd/l and 0,135 - 0,271 mg Pb/l. In conclusion, the toxicity of the analyzed samples was caused by a combination of parameters, which included phenols, tannins, ammonium, nitrites and nitrates. However, besides these, the microbial populations but also the heavy metals that were detected probably contribute to the observed toxicity. The particular treatment methods proved to be especially effective in the reduction of toxicity of olive oil mill wastewaters, but the reduction is not capable to render the outflow as safe for disposal in aquatic ecosystems. Finally, the current study offers data that could be utilized by the relative scientists in order to develop more environmentally friendly methods for the treatment of this specific effluents and additionally provides tools to the government officials for the systematic monitoring and controlling of such complex and hazardous effluents.

Submitted by Cristina Moreira de Sousa (cris.sousa.bio@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-16T19:09:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 12822240 bytes, checksum: 95a68963a7d69ea36b5f1c6e387b657e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-11-21T12:04:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_cm_dr_rcla.pdf: 12288951 bytes, checksum: cc35b50df2f7b0c64472eb843e2439ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T12:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_cm_dr_rcla.pdf: 12288951 bytes, checksum: cc35b50df2f7b0c64472eb843e2439ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cana-de-açúcar é uma das principais culturas mundialmente difundida e a alta produtividade resulta na geração de inúmeros resíduos. A vinhaça, resíduo da produção do etanol tem chamado a atenção devido suas características e propriedades, quando empregada na fertirrigação das culturas de cana-de-açúcar. Diversos benefícios foram descritos, ganhos na fertilização e enriquecimento do solo, bem como aumentos na produtividade. Entretanto, a vinhaça também apresenta substâncias que podem ser nocivas, afetando negativamente a fauna existente nos locais de aplicação do resíduo. Frente a essa problemática, diversos estudos foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de melhor compreender os impactos da vinhaça no meio ambiente e, mesmo diante dos benefícios que a fertirrigação com a vinhaça implica economicamente ainda há a necessidade de maiores cuidados com a utilização do resíduo no campo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um tratamento para a vinhaça, ajustando seu pH em 7,0 (neutro) utilizando cal (CaO), com a intenção de amenizar sua toxicidade para posterior uso no solo, visto que, um dos grandes problemas apresentados pela vinhaça é o pH ácido. O uso de cal foi escolhido por ser este produto utilizado em campo para correção do solo. Foi associado o uso de diversos biomarcadores à bioindicadores de solo, além de testes ecotoxicológicos para avaliar o efeito da vinhaça bruta em comparação à vinhaça tratada. Diplópodos da espécie Rhinocricus padbergi foram expostos à vinhaça em sua forma bruta e tratada com CaO, na concentração estabelecida pela Norma da CETESB, e ao dobro desta mesma concentração, simulando uma situação de super dosagem. A análise do intestino médio destes animais por meio das ferramentas ultraestruturais, imunohistoquímica e marcação de morte celular revelou que a vinhaça bruta pode ocasionar danos nos tecidos dos animais expostos e que o tratamento desta vinhaça surtiu efeito na diminuição desses danos. Testes ecotoxicológicos de fuga e reprodução, padronizados mundialmente pela Organização Internacional de Normalização (ISO), foram realizados com as espécies Eisenia andrei, Enchytraeus crypticus e Folsomia candida; de um modo geral, observou-se que as espécies E. crypticus e F. candida não tiveram seus comportamentos influenciados pela vinhaça bruta e nem pela vinhaça tratada, mas a espécie E. andrei apresentou-se mais sensível a presença da vinhaça no solo demonstrando comportamento de fuga em concentrações mais elevadas de vinhaça bruta e tratada, e, no teste de reprodução, respondeu a exposição à vinhaça tratada, com aumento no número de juvenis em relação a vinhaça bruta. Logo, o emprego da vinhaça na fertirrigação ainda requer cuidados, uma vez que seus efeitos nocivos são notórios, e nesse sentido, a alternativa de neutralizar seu pH pode representar uma medida de emprego desse resíduo com menos impacto. / Sugarcane is one of the main crops worldwide and the high productivity results in the generation of many wastes. Vinasse, the residue of ethanol production, has attracted attention because of its characteristics and properties, when used in the fertirrigation of sugarcane crops. Several benefits have been described, gains in fertilization and soil enrichment, as well as increases in productivity. However, the vinasse also presents substances that can be harmful, negatively affecting the fauna existing in the places of application of the residue. Faced with this problem, several studies were developed with the purpose of better understanding the impacts of vinasse in the environment and, even in view of the benefits that fertirrigation with vinasse implies economically, there is still a need for greater care with the use of the residue in the field. In this context, the objective of this work was to propose a treatment for vinasse, adjusting its pH to 7.0 (neutral) using lime (CaO), with the intention of mitigating its toxicity for later use in the soil, since one of the great problems presented by vinasse is acid pH. The use of lime was chosen because this product is used in field for soil correction. It was associated the use of several biomarkers to soil bioindicators, as well as ecotoxicological tests to evaluate the effect of raw vinasse in comparison to the treated vinasse. Diplopods of the species Rhinocricus padbergi were exposed to vinasse in their raw form and treated with CaO, at the concentration established by the CETESB Standard, and at twice the same concentration, simulating a super dosage situation. The analysis of the midgut of these animals using ultrastructural tools, immunohistochemistry and cell death marking revealed that raw vinasse can cause damage to the tissues of the exposed animals and that the treatment of this vinasse had an effect in reducing these damages. Ecotoxicological tests of the avoidance and reproduction tests, standardized worldwide by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), were carried out with the species Eisenia andrei, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida; in general, E. crypticus and F. candida were not influenced by raw vinasse or treated vinasse, but the E. andrei species was more sensitive to the presence of vinasse in the soil, demonstrating in the higher concentrations of raw and treated vinasse, and in the reproduction test, the exposure to treated vinasse responded, with an increase in the number of juveniles in relation to raw vinasse. Therefore, the use of vinasse in fertigation still requires care, since its harmful effects are notorious, and in this sense, the alternative of neutralizing its pH can represent a measure of the use of this residue with less impact. / CAPES: 001

PEREIRA, Antonio Cícero de Andrade. ioindicadores fitoplanctônicos da qualidade da água no Estuário do Rio Catu, Aquiraz, Ceará. 2007. 62 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T12:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_acapereira.pdf: 1157046 bytes, checksum: beab21d8004a3e41780f8b7199b62c17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T12:22:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_acapereira.pdf: 1157046 bytes, checksum: beab21d8004a3e41780f8b7199b62c17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T12:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_acapereira.pdf: 1157046 bytes, checksum: beab21d8004a3e41780f8b7199b62c17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The estuaries are semi closed coastal ecosystems, which reflect a great variation of the physical-chemical parameters influenced by the tides and, consequently, reflecting on the distribution and flotation of the abundance of the aquatic communities. Since they are subjected to excessive nutrition, which generally comes from wastewater, they are able to start an eutrophication process which can be beneficial or they can turn into an inappropriate body of water for any human activity. This paper objected to analyze the seasonal occurrence of phytoplankton bioindicators of the water quality in the estuary of the Catu River, Aquiraz, Ceará, verifying the variations of the primary productivity and the physical-chemical parameters to which this occurrence is generally associated to. Monthly collections were held from January until December 2005, in the region of Catu´s River mouth in order to obtain the data referring to the water and air temperature, transparency, depth, salinity, pH, ammonia, nitrite, oxygen and dissolved CO2, phosphate and silicate, as well as, data from the biological material. The results showed that, with the exception of the ammonia values, nitrite, phosphate and silicate, the other environmental parameters were found under the recommended patterns. The primary productivity was considered to be very low. 19 families and 32 genera were identified, making the identification of 12 species possible up to the taxon species. These phytoplankton representatives are inserted in the Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Baccillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae, Chlamydophyceae classes, in which the Cyanophyceae were the most abundant in the rainy season and the Baccillariophyceae were more abundant in the dry seasons. The Anabaena cylindrica was dominant in the rainy season and all the other species were rare. In the dry season Navicula sp. was classified as abundant and Nitzschia sp. and Anabaena cylindrica were not so abundant. The physical-chemical conditions, the presence of biological indicators of the phytoplankton, besides the registered blooms of Anabaena cylindrica, showed that the estuarine waters presented an advanced state of artificial eutrophication / Os estuários são ecossistemas costeiros semifechados, cuja influência das marés se reflete em grandes variações dos parâmetros físico-químicos e, conseqüentemente, na distribuição e flutuação da abundância das comunidades aquáticas. Como estão sujeitos a receber nutrientes em excesso, em geral provenientes das águas residuárias, podendo entrar em processo de eutrofização que pode ser benéfico ou torná-lo um corpo d’água impróprio para qualquer atividade humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a ocorrência sazonal de bioindicadores fitoplanctônicos de qualidade da água no estuário do rio Catu, Aquiraz, Ceará, verificando as variações da produtividade primária e dos parâmetros físico-químicos aos quais esta ocorrência está geralmente associada. Coletas mensais foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2005, na região da barra do rio Catu para obtenção dos dados de temperatura da água e do ar, transparência, profundidade, salinidade, pH, amônia, nitrito, oxigênio e CO2 dissolvido, fosfato e silicato, bem como, do material biológico. Os resultados mostraram que, com exceção dos valores de amônia, nitrito, fosfato e silicato, os demais parâmetros ambientais se encontravam dentro dos padrões recomendados. A produtividade primária foi considerada muito baixa. Foram identificadas 19 famílias e 32 gêneros, sendo possível a identificação de 12 organismos até o táxon espécie. Estes representeantes do fitoplâncton estão inseridas nas classes Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Baccillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae, Chlamydophyceae, em que as Cyanophyceae foram as mais abundantes no período chuvoso e as Baccillariophyceae as mais abundantes no período seco. A espécie Anabaena cylindrica foi dominante no período chuvoso e todas as outras espécies foram raras. No período seco Navicula sp. foi classificada como sendo abundante, já Nitzschia sp. e Anabaena cylindrica foram pouco abundantes, sendo as demais classificadas como raras. As condições físico-químicas, a presença de indicadores biológicos do fitoplâncton, além dos blooms registrados de Anabaena cylindrica, mostraram que as águas estuarinas apresentavam um estado avançado de eutrofização artificial