• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 96
  • 11
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 112
  • 112
  • 112
  • 76
  • 74
  • 67
  • 23
  • 22
  • 20
  • 19
  • 18
  • 15
  • 15
  • 15
  • 15
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Modos de inoculação de azospirillum brasilense em cana-de-açúcar / Inoculation modes of azospirillum brasilense in sugarcane

Scudeletti, Daniele [UNESP] 27 July 2016 (has links)
Submitted by DANIELE SCUDELETTI null (daniele.scudeletti@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-20T11:25:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Daniele Scudeletti.pdf: 1192447 bytes, checksum: 782485849f58ab1698cadd1eee4e5c63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-22T10:39:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 scudeletti_d_me_bot.pdf: 1192447 bytes, checksum: 782485849f58ab1698cadd1eee4e5c63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T10:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 scudeletti_d_me_bot.pdf: 1192447 bytes, checksum: 782485849f58ab1698cadd1eee4e5c63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é uma cultura de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, pois além de gerar empregos em setores como agrícola, industriais e terceiros, a cultura também proporciona a produção de biomassa energética. Há muitas evidências de que esta cultura seja beneficiada pela interação com bactérias diazotróficas, principalmente as do gênero Azospirillum que, além da fixação de N atmosférico podem produzir fitormônios que promovem, na maioria dos casos, efeitos positivos no crescimento vegetal, no rendimento e nas alterações fisiológicas da planta. A principal barreira à utilização do Azospirillumn a cultura da cana-de-açúcar tem sido a incon¬sistência dos resultados de pesquisa, que podem variar de acordo com a cultivar, as condições eda¬foclimáticas e a metodologia de condução da pes¬quisa. Objetivou-se, mediante o presente estudo, avaliar a eficácia dos modos de inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense, nos parâmetros biométricos, fisiológicos e tecnológicos, e as possíveis melhorias na absorção de nutrientes do solo e na produtividade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental pertencente à Usina da Barra, localizada no município de Santa Maria da Serra - SP, na safra 2015/2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por inoculação do Azospirillum brasilense (sem e com) e pelos modos de aplicação (tolete e foliar). Foi considerada como área útil as 4 linhas centrais de 8 linhas plantadas. A inoculação foi realizada por meio da aplicação de 2 L ha-1 do produto comercial. A inoculação via tolete foi realizada antes do cobrimento do sulco e nas parcelas que receberam via foliar, ocorreu no estádio de perfilhamento. Concluiu-se que a inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense não afetou os teores de macronutrientes, índice de clorofila foliar, número de colmos, número de entrenó e a qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar e houve aumento na altura de colmos em razão do aumento no comprimento médio do entrenó, refletindo aumento na produtividade de colmos e açúcar em torno de 15%. / The sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a crop of great economic importance to Brazil, as well as create jobs in several sectors such as agricultural, industrial and third culture also provides the production of energy biomass. There are many evidences that this crop culture is benefited by interaction with diazotrophs, especially the Azospirillum genus that in addition to atmospheric N fixation can produce phytohormones that promote, in most cases, positive effects on plant growth, yield and amendments physiological plant. The main barrier to the use of Azospirillum in sugarcane has been the inconsistency of search results, which may vary according to the cultivar, the climatic conditions and methodology of research. The aim, through this study, was to evaluate the effectiveness of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation modes, the biometric, physiological and technological parameters, and possible improvements in the uptake of soil nutrients and yield. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Sugar mill Barra, localized in Santa Maria da Serra - SP, in 2015/2016. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 2 x 2, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense (with and without) and the application modes (stem and leaf). It was considered useble area of the center lines 4 of 8 lines planted. The inoculation was performed by applying 2 L-1 ha of the commercial product. The inoculation of the stems was performed before covering the plating furrows and in plots that received foliar it occurred at tillering stage. It was concluded that inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense did not affect the macronutrient content, leaf chlorophyll content, stalk number, internode number and the technological quality of sugarcane and there was an increase in stalk height due to the increase in average length internode, resulting in higher yield in sugar and cane yield around 15%.
52

Inoculações de bactérias promotoras de crescimento no cultivo de arroz em solução nutrtiva /

Silveira, Érico Leandro da. January 2008 (has links)
Resumo: O arroz é o cereal mais consumido na dieta humana no mundo, sendo que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores e consumidores desse cereal. A produção brasileira entre arroz irrigado e sequeiro é estimada entre 10 a 11 milhões toneladas por ano. Os gastos com fertilizantes nitrogenados nessa cultura provocam um alto custo de produção para o agricultor, sendo esses gastos repassados ao consumidor. Desta forma, existe a necessidade de avanços nas pesquisas sobre os microrganismos que se encontram na rizosfera de diversos vegetais e que auxiliam o vegetal na obtenção de nutrientes diminuindo o custo de produção da cultura, além de aumentar a produção de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cinco estirpes de Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii e isolados selvagens obtidos de dois cultivares de arroz no Brasil, avaliar quanto à produção de ácido indolacético, potencial de fixação biologica de nitrogênio e capacidade de promover o crescimento de arroz em solução nutritiva. Os ensaios com arroz foram realizados em uma câmara de crescimento, em um delimento inteiramente casualisado em um período de 30 dias. Todos os isolados R. leguminosarum deste experimento e 19 isolados selvagens foram positivos para a produção de ácido indolacético in vitro. As estirpes SEMIAs 2051 e 235 foram às maiores produtores de ácido indolacético com 91,56 Tg/mL e 68,30 Tg /mL, respectivamente. Entretanto somente três estirpes de rizóbios e 12 isolados selvagens conseguiram reduzir acetileno a etileno em condições laboratoriais, sendo a SEMIA 2051 a que mais se destacou. Inoculações de sementes de arroz com as estirpes SEMIAs 235, 2050, 2051 e MT6 resultaram em aumento significativo em relação à massa seca, e no números de raízes laterais nas radículas das plântulas em 30 dias. (para P < 001). Este estudo indicou que as bactérias SEMIAs 235, 2050 e 2051 e MT6 podem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Rice is the most consumed cereal grain in human food and Brasil is one of the most important producers of this culture. Brazilian production of irrigated and non-irrigated Rice is estimated in 10 - 11 millions of thousand kilograms per year. Nitrogenated fertilizers represents an important part f the production costs that are repassed to the final consumers. In this way, there are needs of more efforts in research about microorganisms that live in plant rizosphere and that were able to help the plant to obtain nutrients from the soil, mainly nitrogen, and so, increase the production while decreasing the production costs. This work has the objective of evaluate the indolacetic acid production of five strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii, and e wild isolated of two cultivating of rice in Brazil its biological nitrogen fixation potential and its capacity to promote rice growth in nutritional solution. Essays were carried out in growth chamber with outline completely casualized during 30 days. All strains of R. leguminosarum and wild isolated produced indolacetic acid, and SEMIAs 2051 and 235 were the higher producers, with 91,56 Tg/mL and 68,30 Tg /mL, respectively. However, only three strains and 12 wild isolated were able to reduce acetilene to etilene in laboratorial conditions, and SEMIA 2051 was the most efficient strain. Inoculations in Rice seeds that were made with SEMIAs 235, 2050, 2051and MT6 strains resulted in a significative increase in dry mass and in the number of lateral roots in the plants in 30 days (P < 001). This work showed that strains SEMIAs 235, 2050 e 2051 and MT6 can promote Rice growth in nutritive solutions and so, are important for the developing of inoculants that could be used for this culture, reducing the cultural costs and also increase the rice production in world. / Orientadora: Lúcia Maria Carareto Alves / Coorientadora: Eliana Gertrudes Macedo Lemos / Banca: Vera Lúcia Divan Baldani / Banca: Edvan Alves Chagas / Banca: Ester Wickert / Banca: Janete Apparecida Desidério Sena / Doutor
53

Biodiversidade e efetividade de rizóbios nativos de solos do semi-árido de Pernambuco em caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)

BEZERRA, Rosemberg de Vasconcelos 03 March 2009 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-16T13:24:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosemberg de Vasconcelos Bezerra.pdf: 1478174 bytes, checksum: 96acc9bce248731e9f06e01af8fdbf82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosemberg de Vasconcelos Bezerra.pdf: 1478174 bytes, checksum: 96acc9bce248731e9f06e01af8fdbf82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The semiarid region is characterized to show hydric deficit, high temperature and soil with salinity problem that may affect productivity of many cultivated species. The cowpea legume (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), have capacity to develop satisfactorily in these conditions due to its rusticity, resistance to soil salinity and to be beneficiated by the process of biological nitrogen fixation, realized by bacteria in a general sense known as rhizobia. The present work aims to estimate the diversity of cowpea rhizobia isolated from semiarid soils, by morphological characteristics; test track at high pH and salinity and select the individual that may be promising to fix nitrogen in cowpea. Results showed that takeoff of native vegetation and the establishment of monoculture crop has fundamental importance on reduction of the diversity of the cowpea rhizobia bacteria. Areas without vegetation or cropped with atriplex present low diversity, evaluated by the Margalef index, and low grade of equitability and species richness. The bacteria were more predisposed to support extreme conditions of pH in relation to sodicity and salinity, and sodicity was more detrimental in the development of bacteria. The strain NFB/REN-40 has a good potential for biological fixation of N2 in the culture of cowpea. / A região semi-árida, que se caracteriza por apresentar déficit hídrico, temperaturas elevadas e solos com problemas de salinidade, limitações estas, que afetam a produtividade da maioria das espécies cultivadas. O feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) possui capacidade de se desenvolver satisfatoriamente nessas condições o que se deve a sua rusticidade, resistência a problemas de salinidade do solo, e também por ser capaz de se beneficiar da fixação biológica de nitrogênio, quando em associação com bactérias chamadas coletivamente de rizóbio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a diversidade de grupos de rizóbios através de características morfofisiológicas de rizóbios de caupi, cultivado em solos do semi-árido nordestino; testar em faixas elevadas de pH e salinidade e selecionar os isolados que possam ser promissoras em fixar nitrogênio em caupi. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que a retirada da vegetação nativa e monoculturas exercem importância fundamental na diminuição da diversidade de rizóbios capazes de nodular o feijão caupi, os fragmentos de área sem cobertura vegetal e com plantio de atriplex apresentaram os menores índices de diversidade para Margalef, menores graus de equitabilidade e baixa riqueza de espécies, com relação à área teste ocupada por vegetação hiperxerofila. As bactérias tiveram maior predisposição emsuportar condições extremas de pH em relação à sodicidade e salinidade, e sodicidade foi mais prejudicial no desenvolvimento das bactérias. A estirpe NFB/REN-40 demonstrou um bom potencial para fixação biológica de N2 na cultura do feijão-caupi.
54

Biomassa e dinâmica de nutrientes em leguminosas, em resposta à adubação nitrogenada e à inoculação com Rhizobium

Mangaravite, José Carlos Soares 09 May 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Soares Mangaravite.pdf: 1471797 bytes, checksum: b437b88337e5d07a91deaa2c6d220a67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-09 / A adubação verde é reconhecida como uma alternativa viável na busca da sustentabilidade dos solos agrícolas. As leguminosas têm sido as preferidas para adubação verde por se associarem simbioticamente a bactérias diazotróficas para fixar N atmosférico. O sistema radicular de leguminosas pode atingir mais de 80 centímetros de profundidade, sendo capaz de retornar às camadas superficiais do solo nutrientes, como NO3-, K+, Ca2+e Mg2+, lixiviados para camadas mais profundas. Entre os fatores que podem interferir na atividade das bactérias diazotróficas, está a existência de estirpes dessa bactéria no solo e sua eficiência no processo infeccioso. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o rendimento de matéria seca (MS) e o acúmulo dos nutrientes N, P, K, C, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu na parte aérea de quatro espécies de leguminosas, em resposta à adubação nitrogenada e/ou inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de N. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC) em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas formadas com as leguminosas: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan var. flavus DC.), mucuna-anã (Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr.) e crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L.) e as subparcelas em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 para adubação nitrogenada (com e sem N) e inoculação com bactérias (com e sem inoculação), instalado com 4 repetições para 16 tratamentos, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. As comparações entre as plantas com e sem inoculação e/ou com e sem adubação nitrogenada, dentro de cada espécie, bem como as comparações entre as produções médias das espécies, foram obtidas por meio de contrastes originados do desdobramento dos três graus de liberdade para os tratamentos. Os resultados experimentais mostram que não foram identificados efeitos de adubação nitrogenada ou inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de N na produção de MS ou acúmulo dos nutrientes C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn e Cu para as leguminosas estudadas; nas condições edafoclimáticas deste ensaio não se recomenda a adubação nitrogenada ou inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de N para o cultivo das leguminosas estudadas neste experimento; a crotalária é a leguminosa que apresenta os maiores valores para produção de MS e acumulação de C, K, Mg, Fe, Zn e Mn; e a mucuna-anã é a leguminosa menos eficiente na produção de MS e acúmulo de C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg e Zn. / Green manuring is recognized as a viable alternative in the pursuit of sustainability of agricultural soils. Legumes have been preferred for green manuring for associating the symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The root system of legumes can reach over 80 cm depth, being able to return to the surface layers of soil nutrients such as NO3-, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, leached to deeper layers. Among the factors that can interfere with the activity of diazotrophic bacteria is the existence of strains of the bacteria in the soil and its efficiency in the infection process. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) yield and accumulation of N, P, K, C, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in shoots of four species of legumes in response to nitrogen and / or inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot, the parcels formed with legumes: jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan var. Flavus DC.), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr.) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and subplots in a factorial 2 x 2 for nitrogen fertilization (with and without nitrogen) and inoculated with bacteria (with and without inoculation), installed with four replications for the 16 treatments, totaling 64 experimental units. Comparisons between plants with and without inoculation and / or with and without N application, within each species, as well as comparisons between the mean yields of the species were obtained by means of contrast arising from the deployment of three degrees of freedom for treatments. The experimental results show that no effects were identified nitrogen or inoculation with N fixing bacteria in the DM production or accumulation of nutrients C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu in legumes studied, in climate and soil conditions of this test is not recommended fertilization or inoculation with N fixing bacteria, for the cultivation of leguminous species studied in this trial; the sunnhemp is legume that present the highest values for DM production and accumulation of C, K, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn; and dwarf velvet bean is less efficient in the legume DM production and accumulation of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn.
55

Desempenho do feijoeiro-comum inoculado com rizóbio em resposta a diferentes plantas de cobertura e épocas de dessecação / Common bean performance inoculated with rhizobia in response to different cover crops and drying times

Oliveira, Ana Paula Santos 01 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T16:46:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Paula Santos Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2658309 bytes, checksum: f7df6bad1f2ccc0b6fb10d7e0272895c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T11:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Paula Santos Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2658309 bytes, checksum: f7df6bad1f2ccc0b6fb10d7e0272895c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-04T11:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Paula Santos Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2658309 bytes, checksum: f7df6bad1f2ccc0b6fb10d7e0272895c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The common bean requires high levels of nitrogen to achieve high productivity. The cultivation under no tillage and the use of bacteria in seed inoculation contribute to the nitrogen contribution benefiting the grain yield. Aiming to evaluate the effects of different plant coverage and drying times of the agronomic performance of common bean inoculated with rhizobia were conducted two field experiments in winter crop in Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO and Ceres - GO . The experiments were implemented in design of randomized blocks with four replications, in a factorial design with sub split plot 5 x 4 x 2 + 4, five plants cover, four seasons of desiccation, two treatments of common bean seeds and four witnesses. The experiments were conducted in two stages. The first, with the implementation and management of cover crops, and the second, with seeding, management and harvesting of common bean. The variables analyzed in cover crops were fresh weight, dry weight and total-N. The common bean we evaluated the number of nodules, dry mass of nodules, fresh weight and shoot dry, root dry weight and yield components. The results showed that late planting of cover crops did not favor the covering soil. The plant cover and inoculation influenced the agronomic performance of common bean. The beans inoculated with rhizobia performed better. Cultivation in no-till on straw grass stood out regarding the use of legumes. / O feijoeiro-comum requer altos níveis de nitrogênio para alcançar elevadas produtividades. O cultivo em plantio direto e o uso de bactérias na inoculação das sementes contribuem com o aporte de nitrogênio que beneficiam o rendimento de grãos. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes plantas de cobertura e épocas de dessecação no desempenho agronômico do feijoeiro-comum inoculado com rizóbio, foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo, na safra de inverno, em Santo Antônio de Goiás – GO e Ceres – GO. Os experimentos foram implantados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de parcelas sub subdivididas 5 x 4 x 2 + 4, sendo cinco plantas de cobertura, quatro épocas de dessecação, dois tratamentos das sementes de feijão-comum e quatro testemunhas. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas etapas. A primeira, com a implantação e manejo das plantas de cobertura e, a segunda, com a semeadura, manejo e colheita do feijoeiro-comum. As variáveis analisadas nas plantas de cobertura foram massa fresca, massa seca e N-total. No feijoeiro-comum avaliou-se número de nódulos, massa seca de nódulos, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz e os componentes de rendimento. Os resultados mostraram que o plantio tardio das plantas de cobertura não favoreceu o recobrimento do solo. As plantas de cobertura e a inoculação influenciaram o desempenho agronômico de feijoeiro-comum. O feijão-comum inoculado com rizóbio apresentou melhor desempenho. O cultivo em plantio direto sobre a palhada de gramíneas destacou-se em relação ao uso de leguminosa.
56

O cultivo da soja na região sudeste da Amazônia e suas implicações na dinâmica de nitrogênio / Soybean cultivation in the southeast Amazon and its implications to the nitrogen dynamics

Adeláine Michela e Silva Figueira 08 March 2013 (has links)
A expansão agrícola tem provocado modificações expressivas na dinâmica de nitrogênio (N) em sistemas tropicais. No Brasil, a expansão dos cultivos de soja é uma realidade e, portanto, investigações a cerca dos processos que controlam o ciclo de nitrogênio nestes sistemas são fundamentais. A fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) por leguminosas pode promover aportes significativos de N nos sistemas agrícolas em solos tropicais, no entanto, o destino destes aportes e o balanço entre entradas e saídas de N não é completamente entendido. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar comparativamente a dinâmica de nitrogênio em cultivos de soja e floresta no estado de Mato Grosso, sudeste da Amazônia. Foram determinados o \'delta\'15N e %N do solo e da vegetação, estoques de N e C, N-NO3-, N-NH4+, bem como outras propriedades químicas e físicas do solo em áreas de floresta e em áreas submetidas a cultivos de soja ao longo de uma cronosequência (1, 2, 5 e 6 anos de cultivo). Foram realizadas estimativas de FBN (Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio) em cultivos de soja utilizando a abundância natural de 15N sob condições de campo. A conversão das áreas de cultivo partiu de pastagem, sendo esta área utilizada como referência inicial quanto aos estoques de N e ao \'delta\'15N do solo. Foi observado um aumento significativo nos estoques de nitrogênio do solo (0 a 10cm) ao longo dos anos de cultivo de soja, estes no entanto, foram menores que os estoques encontrados na floresta. Os estoques de N no solo (0-10cm) variaram de 1230 kg N ha-1 na pastagem a 1370 kg N ha-1 nos cultivos mais antigos. O acúmulo anual de N pela soja foi de 158,6 kg N ha-1 nos cultivos mais antigos, do qual 79% foi derivado da FBN. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas taxas de mineralização e nitrificação líquida entre as áreas, no entanto, altos valores de N-NO3- foram encontrados nas camadas mais profundas de solo em cultivos de soja. Apesar de não serem observadas diferenças significativas no \'delta\'15N do solo entre os cultivos, estes, no entanto, apresentaram valores de \'delta\'15N intermediários entre a pastagem e a floresta. Os resultados indicaram um padrão de acúmulo de nitrogênio ao longo da cronosequência de cultivos de soja, indicando um possível retorno gradual dos estoques de N e do sinal isotópico do solo que ocorriam na floresta antes da conversão para pastagem e cultivo de soja, este retorno, no entanto, não parece acontecer a médio-prazo / Agricultural expansion has greatly changed the nitrogen (N) dynamics in tropical systems. The expanding soybean frontier in Brazil is a reality, and investigations of the processes driving N dynamics in these systems are needed to minimize environmental impacts and to promote the sustainability of agricultural systems. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by legumes can provide significant N inputs to crop systems on highly weathered tropical soils, although the fate of these inputs in the environment and the balance between inputs and outputs of N in these systems is poorly understood. This work investigated N dynamics in a chronosequence of soybean fields (1, 2, 5 and 6 years of cultivation) and mature forest in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, which is at the southern limit of the Amazon forest. We measured soil N and C stocks, N-NO3-, N-NH4+ concentration and soil \'delta\'15N as well as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) inputs by soybean, which were assessed using the 15N natural abundance technique under field conditions. Additional measurements of physical and chemical properties of soils were also provided. The land-use-conversion started from pasture, so this site was used as an initial reference for soil N stocks and soil \'delta\'15N. Mature forest stands on the ranch were also used as an additional reference. Soil N stocks (top 10cm) ranged from 1230 kg N ha-1 in the pasture to 1370 kg N ha-1 in the oldest soybean fields. The trend of increasing N stocks with field age was statistically significant. The annual N accumulation by soybean plant biomass was 158,6 kg N ha-1 in the oldest soy fields, of which 79% was estimated to be derived by BNF, based on the natural abundance technique. There was no statistically significant trend in the mineralization and nitrification rates among the areas. However, extracts of soil profiles showed significant increases in deep soil nitrate concentrations in soybean soils compared to forest soils. There was no statistically significant trend in the soil \'delta\'15N within the chronosequence of soybean fields, although the values were intermediate between the soil \'delta\'15N values found in the pasture and the forest. These results showed a pattern of nitrogen accumulation in the soil along the chronosequence of soybean fields, indicating a possible gradual return to soil N stocks and isotopic signatures occurring in the forest soil before the conversion to pasture and soybean, although this may not happen in the near future
57

Estudo da comunidade de bact?rias diazotr?ficas do g?nero Burkholderia em associa??o com cana-de-a??car e descri??o de Burkholderia silvatlantica / Community study of the of Burkholderia diazotrophic bacteria in association with sugarcane and description of Burkholderia silvatlantica

Perin, Liamara 15 February 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T19:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Liamara Perin.pdf: 5126010 bytes, checksum: 0973e83f604e8d397ec95ef00c19da99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The sugarcane crop in Brazil occupies almost six million hectares and it is economically important for the generation of jobs and energy production. Among the Poaceas species, it is the crop that receives more contributions from the biological nitrogen fixation, however until this moment it is unknown what organisms are responsible for the best results observed. Innumerable genuses of diazotrophic bacteria were found in association with sugarcane, among them the genus Burkholderia. However little is known about this genus in association with sugarcane. The objective of this study was to isolate and to characterize diazotrophic Burkholderia bacteria in association with sugarcane, and to describe a new species of diazotrophic Burkholderia bacteria. For that, samples of plants were collected in four crop areas, in different Brazilian states, for counting and isolating the bacteria community using the culture medias LGI and JMV. The isolates were characterized physiological, morphologically and molecularly. Sixty-four Burkholderia diazotrophic isolates were gotten that presented versatile metabolism, and the majority differing from the analyzed species patterns. Only five isolates were identified by the ARDRA technique, two belonging to B. tropica species and three to B. unamae. A big group, with 32 isolates, presented the same restriction profile by the ARDRA technique and differed from the analyzed species. The sequencing of the 16S rDNA region of two of these isolates showed that they don t belong to the already described species. This group, from sugarcane plants together with similar maize and pineapple isolates, was described as a new species named B. silvatlantica. The characterization of this new Burkholderia specie was confirmed by the hybridization DNA: DNA technique, presenting only 30% of similarity with the closest species, and the sequencing of the 16S rDNA region. B. Silvatlantica fixed nitrogen in microaerophilic conditions, and it had no capacity of inorganic phosphate solubilization, it did not produce vegetal hormones and had no nodulation capacity in leguminous. These results confirmed that Burkholderia is a rich genus in diazotrophics species and colonize different habitats. / A cultura da cana-de-a??car no Brasil ocupa mais de seis milh?es de hectares sendo importante economicamente pela gera??o de empregos e bastante promissora para a produ??o de energia. Dentre as Poaceas (gram?neas), ? a cultura que mais recebe contribui??es da fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio, por?m ainda n?o se sabe ou n?o se conhece qual ou quais organismos s?o respons?veis pelos melhores resultados observados. In?meros g?neros de bact?rias diazotr?ficas foram encontrados em associa??o com cana-de-a??car, dentre eles o g?nero Burkholderia, at? o momento pouco estudado em associa??o com esta cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e caracterizar bact?rias diazotr?ficas do g?nero Burkholderia em associa??o com cana-de-a??car e descrever uma nova esp?cie de bact?ria diazotr?fica do g?nero Burkholderia. Para tal, foram coletadas amostras de plantas em canaviais de quatro estados brasileiros para contagem e isolamento da comunidade de bact?rias utilizando os meios de cultura LGI e JMV. Os isolados foram caracterizados fisiologicamente, morfologicamente e molecularmente. Foram obtidos 64 isolados diazotr?ficos do g?nero Burkholderia, que apresentaram metabolismo vers?til e diferiram dos padr?es das esp?cies analisadas. Apenas cinco isolados foram identificados pela t?cnica de ARDRA, dois pertenceram a esp?cie B. tropica e tr?s a B. unamae. Um grande grupo, com 32 isolados, apresentou mesmo perfil de restri??o pela t?cnica de ARDRA e diferiu das esp?cies analisadas. O sequ?nciamento da regi?o 16S rDNA de dois destes isolados mostrou que eles n?o pertencem ?s esp?cies j? descritas. Este grupo obtido de plantas de cana-de-a??car, juntamente com isolados similares, obtidos de milho e abacaxi, foi descrito como uma nova esp?cie de nome B. silvatlantica. A nova esp?cie de Burkholderia foi confirmada pelos experimentos de hibridiza??o DNA:DNA, com apenas 30% de similaridade com a esp?cie mais pr?xima. B. silvatlantica fixou nitrog?nio em condi??es microaerof?licas, n?o apresentou capacidade de solubiliza??o de fosfato inorg?nico, n?o produziu horm?nios vegetais e n?o apresentou capacidade de nodula??o em leguminosas. Estes resultados confirmaram que o g?nero Burkholderia ? rico em esp?cies diazotr?ficas e est?o presentes em diferentes habitats.
58

Efici?ncia da inocula??o de Herbaspirillum seropedicae estirpe ZAE94 em dois gen?tipos de milho (Zea mays) / Efficiency of inoculation of Herbaspirillum seropedicae ZAE94 strain in two genotypes of maize (Zea mays)

BREDA, Farley Alexandre da Fonseca 24 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-20T19:46:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Farley Alexandre da Fonseca Breda.pdf: 375196 bytes, checksum: 7001327c707e778b8396891ebff2285d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T19:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Farley Alexandre da Fonseca Breda.pdf: 375196 bytes, checksum: 7001327c707e778b8396891ebff2285d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / CAPES / Currently with the constant demand for increased productivity and successive increasing in the prices of fertilizers, especially nitrogen, new technologies are being studied. One that has been highlighted due to low cost of deployment and promising results is the biological nitrogen fixation in grasses. The aim of this work was to study the effect of inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain ZAE94 in two maize genotypes selected for the climatic conditions and low fertility soils, and the ability to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as increasing crop productivity. To this end, two experiments were implanted, one during the off-season and another in the harvesting of agricultural year 2012/2013. In both experiments the maize hybrids (BRS 1030 and BRS 1060) were inoculated with the ZAE94 strain, following the experimental design of a randomized block design with a factorial 2 x 2 x 3, comprising the inoculation, genotype and fertilization respectively, with six replicates. The variables analyzed were the average yield, weight of 1000 grains, content and accumulation of nitrogen in the grain and nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizer. The results were tested for normality and homogeneity, were subjected to analysis of variance, and when significant treatments, these were subjected to medium testing, using test t at 10%. For all variables the hybrid BRS 1030 was greater than the BRS 1060. For the inoculation factor and in the off-season, it was observed a triple interaction for weight of 1,000 grains; and when the inoculation is associated with the highest nitrogen rate it promoted an increase in the productivity of the hybrid BRS 1060. In harvesting period, regardless of genotype and fertilizer used, it was observed that inoculating the seed of hybrids was always better than without inoculation. For efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer usage it was observed that, in general, the BRS 1030 was more efficient than the BRS 1060. / Atualmente com a constante demanda pelo aumento de produtividade e os sucessivos aumentos nos pre?os dos fertilizantes, principalmente os nitrogenados, novas tecnologias vem sendo estudadas. Uma que vem se destacando devido ao seu baixo custo de implanta??o e os seus promissores resultados ? a fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio em gram?neas. O objetivo dessa disserta??o foi estudar o efeito da inocula??o da bact?ria diazotr?fica Herbaspirillum seropedicae estirpe ZAE94, em dois gen?tipos de milho selecionados devido sua adapta??o a condi??es clim?ticas e solos de baixa fertilidade, e quanto ? capacidade de reduzir o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados, bem como, incrementar a produtividade da cultura. Para tal, foram implantados dois experimentos um no per?odo da safrinha e outro na safra do ano agr?cola 2012/2013. Em ambos os experimentos os h?bridos de milho (BRS 1030 e BRS 1060) foram inoculados com a estirpe ZAE94, seguindo o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com o fatorial de 2 x 2 x 3, sendo os fatores inocula??o, gen?tipo e aduba??o respectivamente, com 6 repeti??es. As vari?veis analisadas foram produtividade m?dia, peso de 1.000 gr?os, teor e ac?mulo de nitrog?nio nos gr?os e efici?ncia do uso do nitrog?nio fertilizante. Os resultados foram testados quanto a normalidade e homogeneidade, logo ap?s submetidos ? analise de vari?ncia e quando significativo, os mesmos foram submetidos ao teste de media. O teste de m?dia utilizado foi o teste t, a 10%. Para todas as vari?veis analisadas o h?brido BRS 1030, foi superior a BRS 1060. Para o fator inocula??o, no per?odo da safrinha, foi observada uma intera??o tripla para o peso de 1.000 gr?os, onde quando a inocula??o foi associada a maior dose de nitrog?nio ela promoveu um aumento na produtividade do h?brido BRS 1060. No per?odo da safra, independente do gen?tipo e da aduba??o utilizada observou-se que inocular a semente dos h?bridos e sempre melhor do que n?o realizar a inocula??o. Para efici?ncia do uso do nitrog?nio fertilizante foi observado que, de forma geral, o BRS 1030 foi mais eficiente do que o BRS 1060.
59

Atividade das enzimas nitrogenase e nitrato redutase em plantas de feijoeiro oriundas de sementes com diferentes teores de molibd?nio. / Activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes in common bean plants originating from seeds with different molybdenum concentrations.

Almeida, Fernanda Fatima Delgado de 11 February 2010 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-07T13:07:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Fernanda Delgado Almeida.pdf: 626850 bytes, checksum: 3a7edfb868e6c7a04004c0ce79c36a91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T13:07:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Fernanda Delgado Almeida.pdf: 626850 bytes, checksum: 3a7edfb868e6c7a04004c0ce79c36a91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Seeds with high molybdenum (Mo) concentration can provide amounts of the nutrient highly enough to guarantee an adequate plant growth. An essay and two experiments were carried out in pots to evaluate the effect of Mo concentration in seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on the assimilation of N from the soil and the biological N2 fixation (BNF), through measuring the activities of the nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes and the contribution of the BNF by the 15N isotope dilution, at different plant growth stages. The substrate was A horizon of Argisol (Hapludult) in 10 kg pots. Seeds of the cultivar Carioca enriched or not with Mo were tested. The essay had a 2x3 factorial design: two seed Mo concentrations (low and high) and three N sources (without N, inoculated and mineral N), with two replicates. Plants were harvested at 42 days after emergence (DAE). High concentration of Mo in seeds increased shoot dry mass, the nitrate reductase activity and shoot N accumulation, but reduced nodule number. The experiment 1 had a 2x2x4 factorial design: two seed Mo concentrations (low and high), two N sources (inoculated and mineral N) and four dates of harvest (20, 34, 45 and 55 DAE), with five replicates. An extra treatment was included, with seeds with high Mo concentration, inoculation and Mo added to the soil, with four harvests. No effect of Mo added to the soil was identified, as compared to the high seed Mo. High seed Mo increased the leaf area and shoot dry mass at the four times of harvest, and the pod mass at 55 DAE, at both N sources. Seeds with high Mo concentration increased the nitrate reductase activity at 45 DAE under mineral N, and nitrogenase activity at 20 and 45 DAE under inoculation. High Mo seeds increased shoot N accumulation at both N sources at pod filling stage. The experiment 2 had a 2x2x2 factorial design: two seed Mo concentrations (low and high), two N sources (inoculated and mineral N) and two dates of harvest (38 and 51 DAE), with five replicates. The soil was previously fertilized with 15N-enriched urea. Non-nodulating bean, sunflower and sorghum were used as control plants. At 51 DAE, plants originating from high Mo seeds had higher shoot mass at both N sources, but lower nodule number under mineral N. High Mo seed increased nitrate reductase activity at 51 DAE at both N sources, and nitrogenase activity at 38 DAE in inoculated plants. High Mo seeds increased shoot N accumulation at both N sources. High Mo seeds improved the contribution of the BNF at the pod filling stage, as estimated by the 15N isotope dilution technique. It is concluded that common bean seeds enriched with Mo stimulate the assimilation of N from the soil and the BNF, increasing the accumulation of biomass / Sementes com elevadas concentra??es de molibd?nio (Mo) podem fornecer quantidades do nutriente suficientes para garantir adequado crescimento ?s plantas. Foram conduzidos um ensaio e dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do teor de Mo em sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) na assimila??o do N do solo e na fixa??o biol?gica do N2 (FBN), atrav?s da mensura??o das atividades das enzimas nitrogenase e nitrato redutase, e da contribui??o da FBN pela dilui??o isot?pica de 15N, em diferentes est?dios de desenvolvimento vegetal. O substrato foi horizonte A de Argissolo em vasos de 10 kg, utilizando-se sementes da cultivar Carioca enriquecidas ou n?o com Mo. O ensaio teve arranjo fatorial 2x3: dois teores de Mo na semente (baixo e alto) e tr?s fontes de N (sem N, inoculado e N mineral), com duas repeti??es e coleta aos 42 dias ap?s emerg?ncia (DAE). O alto Mo da semente aumentou a atividade da nitrato redutase, a massa e a acumula??o de N na parte a?rea, mas reduziu o n?mero de n?dulos. O experimento 1 teve arranjo fatorial 2x2x4: dois teores de Mo na semente (baixo e alto), duas fontes de N (inoculado e N mineral) e quatro ?pocas de coleta (20, 34, 45 e 55 DAE), com cinco repeti??es. Foi inclu?do um tratamento extra, com sementes com alto Mo, inocula??o e adi??o de Mo ao solo. N?o foi identificado efeito do Mo adicionado ao solo quando comparado com o alto Mo na semente. O alto Mo na semente aumentou a ?rea foliar e a massa de parte a?rea nas quatro ?pocas de coleta, e a massa de vagem aos 55 DAE, nas duas fontes de N. Sementes com alto Mo aumentaram a atividade da nitrato redutase aos 45 DAE sob N mineral, e a atividade da nitrogenase aos 20 e 45 DAE sob inocula??o. Sementes com alto Mo aumentaram a acumula??o de N na parte a?rea nas duas fontes de N no est?dio de enchimento das vagens. O experimento 2 teve arranjo fatorial 2x2x2: dois teores de Mo na semente (alto e baixo), duas fontes de N (inoculado e N mineral) e duas coletas (38 e 51 DAE), com cinco repeti??es. O solo foi previamente adubado com ur?ia enriquecida com 15N. O feij?o n?o nodulante, girassol e sorgo serviram como plantas controle. Aos 51 DAE, plantas oriundas de sementes com alto Mo tiveram maior massa de parte a?rea nas duas fontes de N, mas menor n?mero de n?dulos sob N mineral. O alto Mo nas sementes aumentou a atividade da nitrato redutase aos 51 DAE, nas duas fontes de N, e a atividade da nitrogenase aos 38 DAE nas plantas inoculadas. Sementes com alto Mo aumentaram a acumula??o de N na parte a?rea nas duas fontes de N. Sementes com alto Mo aumentaram a contribui??o da FBN no est?dio de forma??o das vagens. Conclui-se que sementes de feijoeiro enriquecidas com Mo estimulam tanto a assimila??o do N do solo quanto a FBN, aumentando a acumula??o de biomassa e de N do feijoeiro.
60

Evaluation of diazotrophic bacteria as biofertilizers.

Kifle, Medhin Hadish. 22 September 2014 (has links)
Inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria is well documented as a means to enhance growth and increase yields of various crops, especially when used as an alternative or a supplement to the use of nitrogenous fertilizers and agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for increasing crop productivity, and the use of chemical sources of N fertilizers is expensive, and may contribute to environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a need to identify diazotrophic inoculants as an alternative or supplement to N-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. The search for effective diazotrophic bacterial strains for formulation as biofertilizers has been going on for over 40 years and a number of inoculant biofertilizers have been developed and are commercially available. In the current study, 195 free-living diazotrophic bacteria were isolated from soils collected from the rhizosphere and leaves of different crops in different areas within the KwaZulu-Natal Province, Republic of South Africa. Ninety five of the isolates were selected for further screening because they were able to grow on N-free media using different carbon sources. Isolates that were very slow to grow on N-free media were discarded. Of these, 95 isolates were screened in vitro for growth promotion traits tests including tests for ammonia production and acetylene reduction. The best 20 isolates that were also able to reduce acetylene into ethylene were selected for growth-promotion trials on maize under greenhouse conditions. Of the 20 isolates, ten isolates enhanced (P = 0.001) growth of maize above the Un-inoculated Control. Molecular tests were conducted to identify the ten most promising isolates selected in the in vitro study. In the greenhouse study, these diazotrophic isolates were screened for their ability to enhance various growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.), following various inoculation techniques (drenching, seed treatment, foliar spray and combination of these). Inoculations with the five best diazotrophic isolates by various methods of application increased dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content (P < 0.001, P = 0.001), respectively, compared to the Untreated Control. Although, all methods of application of diazotrophic inoculants used in this study resulted in increased dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content, combined methods of application (seed treatment + drenching) and sole application (seed treatment) were significantly more (P < 0.05) efficient. The best five most promising isolates were identified for growth promotion of maize under greenhouse conditions. They were also assessed for their effects on germination of wheat in vitro and were further tested in combination with various levels of nitrogenous fertilizer for growth-promotion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These five isolates were also investigated for their potential to enhance growth and yields of maize and wheat crops in field trials, when combined with a low dose of nitrogenous fertilizer. These isolates were further studied for their contribution for enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation by predicting N content in leaves using a chlorophyll content meter (CCM-200) and correlated to extractable chlorophyll level at R2 = 0.96. In this study, relative to the Un-inoculated Control, the best five isolates enhanced growth of maize and wheat when combined with a 33% N-fertilizer levels for a number of growth parameters: increased chlorophyll levels and heights of maize, shoot dry weight of maize and wheat; and enhanced root and shoot development of these crops in both greenhouse and field conditions. The best contributions of diazotrophic bacteria was achieved by Isolate LB5 + 0% NPK (41%), V9 + 65% NPK (28.9%), Isolate L1 + 50% NPK (25%), Isolate L1 + 25%NPK (22%) and LB5 + 75% NPK (15%) undergreenhouse conditions. At 30 or 60 DAP, isolates with 33%N-fertilizer caused relatively higher dry weight than the 100%NPK. Inoculation of Isolate StB5 without 33N% fertilizer cuased significant (P<0.005) increases in stover dry weight. In field studies, inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria alone or with 33%N-fertilizer resulted in relatively greater increases of dry weight, stover dry weight, number of spikes and yield at different growth stages higher than the Un-inoculated or Unfertilized Control. However, the increases were not statistically significant. The use of microbial inoculants in combination with low doses of nitrogenous fertilizers can enhance crop production without compromising yields. The isolates obtained in this study can effectively fix nitrogen and enhance plant growth. The use of microbial inoculants can contribute to the integrated production of cereal crops with reduced nitrogenous fertilizer inputs, as a key component of sustainable agriculture. / Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Page generated in 0.2018 seconds