Orientadores: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual dse Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fakhouri_FaraydeMatta_D.pdf: 8442121 bytes, checksum: 0c402098c4f41a7575fbfc8ec41dc913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um bioplástico flexível, biodegradável e comestível, à base de polímeros naturais de fontes renováveis (amido e gelatina) por processo de extrusão termoplástica seguido de sopro. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização física e funcional de biofilmes à base de amido e gelatina elaborados pela técnica de solução (casting), visando a escolha das melhores formulações para serem utilizadas na produção destes bioplásticos por processo de extrusão e sopro. As soluções filmogênicas de amido de mandioca (nativo e modificado) e milho (nativo, ceroso, ceroso modificado e lipofílico) foram preparadas nas concentrações de 3 e 5% e a de gelatina, na concentração de 10%. Os biofilmes compostos de gelatina e amido (de mandioca ou de milho) foram elaborados nas proporções 4:1, 1:1 e 1:4, plastificadas com sorbitol ou glicerol, sendo 5% para as soluções de gelatina e 10% para as soluções de amido. Todos os biofilmes formados foram visualmente transparentes. A adição de gelatina provocou um aumento na espessura, na permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA) e na resistência à tração (RT), provocando também uma diminuição na opacidade dos mesmos. Posteriormente, diferentes ácidos graxos (palmítico, mirístico, cáprico, capróico e caprílico), nas concentrações de 5, 15, 25 e 50%, foram adicionados à mistura de amido lipofílico e gelatina. Esta adição causou, em geral, um aumento da opacidade, da espessura e da elongação, no entanto, ocorreu uma diminuição na RT e da PVA dos biofilmes formados. A melhor formulação de amido lipofílico, gelatina e plastificante (glicerol, sorbitol e ácido mirístico) foi utilizada para a produção de filmes por diferentes técnicas (prensados, prensados e soprados e extrudados). Bioplásticos prensados apresentaram menores valores de RT e maiores valores de solubilidade em água. Os filmes extrudados, obtidos nas mesmas concentrações de amido, gelatina e plastificante, apresentaram-se semi-rígidos, característica não desejável para o objetivo em questão. Com base nestes resultados, foram alteradas as concentrações dos componentes da mistura para permitir a obtenção de bioplásticos com propriedades adequadas pelo processo de extrusão termoplástica. Estes bioplásticos foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades físicas, fisico-químicas, morfológicas, mecânicas, de barreira e térmicas. Os bioplásticos elaborados foram flexíveis, apresentaram expansão durante o sopro e foram visualmente homogêneos, porém, os elaborados com sorbitol apresentaram-se quebradiços após o condicionamento. A adição de gelatina causou uma diminuição no valor de PVA, mas não influenciou a solubilidade em água nem a opacidade dos bioplásticos. A adição de lipídios ocasionou uma diminuição na RT dos bioplásticos, tanto no sentido transversal como no longitudinal em relação ao sentido de produção. Filmes compostos com 10 e 20% de gelatina, sem adição de ácido graxo apresentaram os menores valores de PVA e maiores valores de RT / Abstract: The goal of this research was to develop a flexible, biodegradable and edible film using natural polymers (starch and gelatin) from renewable sources through a process of thermoplastic extrusion followed by blowing. The first step of the research consisted on a physical and functional characterization of starch and gelatin based biofilms produced using the casting technique. The purpose was to select the solutions to be used on the production of these biofilms by extrusion and blowing. The filmogenic solutions of manioc starch (native and modified) and corn (native, waxy, waxy modified and lipofilic) were prepared at concentrations of 3 and 5%. The filmogenic solution of gelatin was prepared at a concentration of 10%. The gelatin and (manioc and corn) starch based biofilms were prepared at ratios of 4:1; 1:1 and 1:4. They were plasticized with sorbitol or glycerol at 5% for the the gelatin solutions and 10% for the starch solutions. All the biofilms obtained were visually transparent. The addition of gelatin resulted in an increase of the film thickness, an increase of the water vapour permeability (WVP), an increase of the tensile strength (TS) and a decrease in the opacity. Different fatty acids (palmitic, miristic, capric, caproic and caprilic) were added to the lipofilic starch and gelatin solution at concentrations of 5, 15, 25 and 50%. These additions resulted in an increase on opacity, thickness and elongation. However, there was a decrease on WVP and TS. The best solution of lipofilic starch, gelatin and plasticizer (glycerol, sorbitol and miristic acid) was used in the production of films by different techniques (pressed, pressed and blowed and extruded). Pressed biofilms showed lower values of strain at break and higher values of water solubility. The extruded films, obtained at the same concentrations of starch, gelatin and plasticizer were found to be semi-rigid, a characteristic not aligned with the objective of theresearch. Based on the results of this first assessment, the concentrations of the components were adjusted with the purpose of obtaining extruded films with the desired properties. The resulting biofilms were characterized for their physical, physico-chemical, morphology, mechanical, barrier and thermical properties. Biofilms in general were flexible, showed expansion during blowing and were visually homogeneous. However, biofilms prepared with sorbitol were cracking very easily after storage. The addition of gelatin resulted in a reduction of the WVP but did not have any influence on the water solubility nor on the opacity of the biofilms. The addition of lipids resulted in a reduction of the TS of the biofilms both in longitudinal and transversal directions. Biofilms with 10 and 20% of gelatin and no fatty acid added showed lower values of WVP and higher values of TS / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Bioplastics (BPs) can be defined as plastics made of biomass such as corn and sugarcane. These substances have been increasingly spotlighted as means to saving fossil fuels, reducing CO2 emission and plastic wastes. Biodegradability of BPs has been widely publicized in society and the demand for packaging is rapidly increasing among retailers and the food industry at large. However, there is little consensus on actual impacts of BPs production. This thesis therefore aims to identify current strengths and weaknesses and future threats and opportunities and leverage points for the bioplastics industry in a move towards sustainability?” The Strategic Life Cycle Management (SLCM) and Templates for Sustainable Product Development (TSPD) approaches were used to reveal current ecological and social impacts in relation to Sustainability Principles from the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. Various sustainability challenges and opportunities were identified. Most threats were in agricultural production and in the disposal of products. Compelling measures for the BP industry include: having a consensus in BPs applications based on strategic sustainable development, universal labelling and recycling systems for BPs, government strategic policies to encourage research into new technologies in improving biodegradability and energy efficiency in manufacturing.

I framtiden kommer avfall att behöva hanteras cirkulärt och resurser tas om hand för att möta hårdare framtida miljökrav. Ett miljöproblem som lyfts de senaste åren är nedskräpning där plast ofta nämns som ett exempel. Plast är ett viktigt material och används i stora delar av samhället. Det är hållbart och har ett högt nedbrytningsmotstånd vilket har bidragit till materialets popularitet. Dock leder dess egenskaper till problem om materialet hamnar i naturen eller havet. Ett alternativ till konventionellt tillverkad plast som senare år har fått uppmärksamhet är bioplast. Ett sätt att tillverka bioplast är från polymerer som kallas polyhydroxyalkanoater (PHA). PHA är biologiskt lättnedbrytbara, biobaserade och förnyelsebara polymerer och benämns som framtidens polymerer av forskare. Polymererna kan tillverkas från mixade bakteriekulturer som bland annat hittas i skogsindustriella avloppsvatten. Fördelar med att använda en mixad istället för en monobakteriekultur är reducerade kostnader i produktionen. De höga kostnaderna för produktionen är en nackdel och lyfts fram som ett hinder för att en storskalig industriell produktion kan ske lönsamt enligt tidigare studier. Kostnaderna för extraktionen av polymererna utgör ungefär 70 % av de totala produktionskostnaderna. I det här arbetet har sex olika teoretiskt uppbyggda system som producerar färdiga PHA polymerer från skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten undersökts med Gruvöns bruks biologiska reningsanläggning, Multibio, som utgångspunkt. Systemen som undersöktes var kombinationer av olika sätt att fermentera avloppsvattnet och därefter extrahera polymererna. Målet var finna det system som var mest ekonomiskt försvarbart med ett syfte att analysera olika system som kan bidra till en ekonomisk hållbar tillväxt. För att beräkna flöden av massa och energi upprättades en beräkningsmodell i Matlab Simulink, där dagsdata från 2019 matades in. Resultaten från mass- och energianalysen importerades därefter till Microsoft Excel och en kalkyl byggdes. Resultaten visade att systemet med fermentering vid inloppstemperaturen på flödet och en kombination av högtryckshomogenisering och enzymextraktion producerade upp till 650 ton PHA per år och även generade en vinst på cirka 20 miljoner kronor om året. Med hjälp av nuvärdesmetoden itererades en högsta tillåten grundinvestering fram för att systemet ska vara avbetalat efter 15 år som slutade på cirka 150 miljoner kronor. I studien förekommer osäkerheter som efter analyser och diskussion är rekommenderade att utredas vidare som bland annat efterhanteringen av de nya kemikalier som uppstår med det nya systemet och indata på priser till kalkylen. Av studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att potential finns för att produktion av PHA från skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten kan ske med en ekonomisk hållbarhet men att fortsatta studier är nödvändiga på grund av osäkerheterna i arbetet. / In the future, waste will need to be handled in a circular manner and resources be taken care of to meet the tougher environmental requirements of the future. An environmental problem that has been highlighted in recent years is littering where plastics are often cited as an example. Plastic is an important material and is used in large parts of society. It is durable and has a high degradation resistance which has contributed to the material's popularity. However, its properties often lead to complications if the material ends up in nature or the ocean. An alternative to conventionally manufactured plastics that has received attention in recent years is bioplastics. One way to make bioplastics is from polymers called polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHAs are biodegradable, biobased and renewable polymers and are referred to as the “polymers of the future” by researchers. The polymers can be made from mixed bacterial cultures which can be found in forest industrial wastewater. Benefits of using a mixed rather than a monobacterial culture are the reduced costs in production. The high cost of production is a disadvantage and is highlighted as an obstacle to a large-scale industrial production being profitable according to previous studies. The cost of extraction of the polymer represents about 70% of the total production cost. In this work, six different theoretically constructed systems that produce ready-made PHA polymers from forest industrial wastewater have been investigated using Gruvön mill's biological wastewater treatment plant, Multibio, as a starting point. The systems investigated were combinations of different ways of fermenting the wastewater and then extracting the polymers. The goal was to find the system that was most economically defensible with the aim of analysing different systems that could contribute to economically sustainable growth. To calculate mass and energy flows, a model was established in Matlab Simulink, where daily data from 2019 were used. The results of the mass and energy analysis were then imported into Microsoft Excel and a spreadsheet was built. The results showed that the system of fermentation at the inlet temperature of the flow and a combination of high-pressure homogenization and enzyme extraction produced up to 650 tonnes of PHA per year and generated a yearly profit for about 20 million SEK. Using the present value method, the maximum allowable basic investment was iterated until the system would be paid off after 15 years, which ended at about 150 million SEK. The study contains uncertainties, that after analysis and discussion are recommended to be further investigated, such as the handling of the new chemicals that arise with the new system and input on prices for the calculations. The study concludes that there is potential for production of PHA from forest industrial wastewater with economic sustainability, but that further studies are necessary due to the uncertainties in the thesis.

No description available.

Yes / Binary and ternary blends of a polylactic acid matrix with polycaprolactone (PCL) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) were produced by twin screw extrusion, containing up to 30 wt% loading. Mechanical, thermal and rheological characterisation techniques were used to quantify properties of the different blend formulations and miscibility was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. PCL is known to act as an impact modifier in PLA but to cause a corresponding reduction in strength. Results showed that addition of both PBS and PCL seperatly caused a reduction in melt viscosity, elastic modulus and tensile strength, but an increase in impact strength and strain at break. Analysis of morphology suggested that immiscibility was evident, particularly at higher PCL and PBS loadings. Results indicated that incorporation of a small loading of PBS had a synergistic effect on the PLA-PCL blend properties. Miscibility was improved and enhanced mechanical properties were observed for a ternary blend containing 5 wt% of both PBS and PCL compared to blends containing 10% of each polymer alone. / Financial support of Floreon- Transforming Packaging Ltd through the PhD sponsorship and materials provision.

This research is conducted to have a better understanding on the future develop- ment of bioplastics and their environmental impacts. This research first studies the future consumption and waste of bioplastics till 2050 by material flow analysis (MFA).  Life cycle assessment is used to assess the environment impacts of three plastics (bio-PET, PEF and petrol-PET).  The total consumption of bioplastics will be near 5 million tons in 2050 and the waste will be near 4 million tons.  The environment of PEF is the highest among the compared plastic types; Coal as the energy input has the would affect the environment more than other two energy inputs;  Sugarcane has the lowest environment impacts among three raw materials. / Denna forskning genomförs för att få en bättre förståelse för den framtida utvecklingen av bioplaster och deras miljöpåverkan. Först studeras den framtida förbrukningen och avfallet av bioplaster fram till 2050 med hjälp av materialflödesanalyser (MFA). Förbrukningen av bioplaster analyseras för olika tillämpningar. ODYM-modellen används för att beräkna MFA. Två parametrar används som indata i modellen. Den ena är den framtida bioplastförbrukningen som beräknas genom att världsbefolkningen multipliceras med den genomsnittliga produktionskapaciteten per capita, och den andra är livslängden per tillämpning. Tolv bioplasttyper har valts ut för denna analys. Dessa plaster är bio-PET, bio-PE, bio-PA, PTT, PEF, bio-PUR, bio-PP, PLA, PHA, PBAT, PBS och PCL. Den framtida konsumtionen av bioplaster och avfallsmängderna kommer att fortsätta att öka. Den totala förbrukningen av bioplaster kommer att vara nära 5 miljoner ton år 2050 och avfallet kommer att vara nära 4 miljoner ton. Den totala förbrukningen av biopur kommer att vara den högsta av alla elva bioplaster. Den tillämpning där förbrukningen av bio-PA är störst är konsumtionsvaror och beläggningar. Bio-PET kommer också att användas i stor utsträckning som förpackningsmaterial. Livscykelanalys används för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från tre plaster (bio-PET, PEF och petrol-PET). Bedömningen genomförs med hjälp av elva scenarier som är indelade i tre grupper: olika energitillgångar, inklusive kol, hy- dropower och naturgas, och global blandad energi; olika produkter, inklusive bio-PET, PEF och petrol-PET; olika råvaror: sockerrör från Brasilien, majs från USA och potatis från Schweiz. Denna bedömning kvantifieras i sex konsekvenskategorier: global uppvärmning, markanvändning, vattenförbrukning, människors hälsa, ekosystem och markanvändning. PEF:s miljöpåverkan är störst bland de jämförda plasttyperna, kol som energibärare påverkar miljön mer än de andra två energibärarna och sockerrör har den lägsta miljöpåverkan bland de tre råvarorna.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) polymer nanocomposites improve barrier properties to gas and moisture and mechanical strength as well as providing active packaging functions. However, low compatibility between hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticles and hydrophobic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) causes problems due to the tendency of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2) to agglomerate and form large clusters. A surface modification of TiO2 with long chain fatty acid may improve the compatibility between PLA and TiO2. The goal of this study was to enhance barrier properties of oxygen and water vapor, mechanical strength and add light protecting function to PLA composites by incorporation of oleic acid modified TiO2 nanoparticles (OA_TiO2). The objectives of this study were: 1) synthesize TiO2 and modify surface of TiO2 with oleic acid, 2) investigate dispersion stability of TiO2 and OA_TiO2 in hydrophobic media, 3) incorporate TiO2 and OA_TiO2 into a PLA matrix and to characterize properties of TiO2PLA (T-PLA) and OA_TiO2 PLA nanocomposite films (OT-PLA), and 4) to determine stability of green tea infusion in T-PLA and OT-PLA packaging model systems during refrigerated storage at 4 °C under florescent lightening. TiO2 was synthesized by using a sol-gel method and the surface of TiO2 was modified by oleic acid using a one-step method. T-PLA and OT-PLA were prepared by solvent casting. TiO2 and OA_TiO2 were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and dynamic light scattering. The barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor, morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability and light absorption properties of T-PLA and OT-PLA were characterized. Dispersion of TiO2 was improved in PLA matrix by the surface modification method with oleic acid. OT-PLA had more effective improvements in the barrier properties and flexibility than T-PLA and PLA, but toughness of the films based on Young's modules of OT-PLA was lower than the T-PLA and the PLA. The OT-PLA may have a potential to be used as transparent, functional and sustainable packaging films, but limited use for complete visible and UV-light protection for photosensitized foods. / Ph. D.

V poslední době se pozornost polečnosti obrátila k mikroplastům. Jsou produkovány různými odvětvími a šíří se napříč prostředím. Po dlouhou dobu byly považovány za inertní, bez dalšího vlivu na rostliny a jiné živé organismy, avšak jak zjistily nedávné studie, mohly by představovat vážnou hrozbu. Několik vědců, včetně nás, se proto začalo soustředit na jejich transport a transformace v životním prostředí. Většina se však zaměřuje pouze na jejich přítomnost v mořských a sladkých vodách, a proto jejich chování ve vzduchu a půdě zůstává nejasné. Kromě toho byla pozornost soustředěna i na bioplasty. Jsou prezentována jako ekologická alternativa, která má vyřešit všechny dosud zmíněné problémy (a další). Avšak často se zapomíná, že jejich hlavní výhoda může být zároveň nevýhodou. Z tohoto důvodu se tato diplomová práce zaměřuje na negativní účinky spojené s přítomností mikroplastů (konkrétně bioplastu poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrátu) v půdě jako jejich běžný receptor. Kombinovali jsme respirometrii, elementární analýzu, termogravimetrii a enzymatické testy, abychom zkoumali fyzikálně-chemické změny v půdě vyvolané přítomností bioplastu. Naše výsledky ukázaly negativní vliv na půdní organickou hmotu a zadržování vody v půdě. V tomto smyslu byl zkoumán i tzv. "priming effect", jelikož docházelo k urychlení a také zpomalení rozkladu půdní organické hmoty. Zaznamenali jsme rozdílný vliv vybraných koncentrací biopolymeru na půdu a také vliv půdních vlastností na průběh degradace. V neposlední řadě zvýšení enzymatické aktivity jasně naznačovalo vliv přítomnosti biopolymeru na mikrobiální komunitu. Na základě takových zjištění jsme došli k závěru, že přidání biopolymeru vede k dlouhodobému dopadu na řadu funkcí půdního ekosystému.

Palm oil production create a number of solid biomass waste products, in particular empty fruit bunches and mesocarp fiber; two cellulosic plant materials that are under-utilized and a source of environmental pollution today. Their fibred structure are interesting from an industrial design perspective as similar waste products from industrialized crops are used to create composite materials. This bachelor thesis is based on an initial research phase of the palm oil industry in Thailand, where literary studies, case-studies and interviews were used to gain understanding of how the palm oil industry in Thailand operates. This laid the foundation to a material driven design process; an exploratory phase where samples of waste products collected during the research phase were tinkered with, to create composite materials of natural fibers and starch-based plastics. The materials created were characterized by their technical properties, and evaluated through a focus group of Thai students to define their experiential characteristics. The insights learned from the evaluation were used to create a demonstrative concept of how the material can be put to future use. The experiential characterization showed that the material have valuable sensorial, performative, emotional and interpretive properties, such as strength, flexibility and translucency, while being perceived as elegant, amusing, strange and natural. This leads to the conclusion that there is possible added value in the waste products that are seen as a nuisance today. Parallel to the material driven design process, samples of empty fruit bunches and mesocarp fiber were used to develop a 3D-printing filament. While only simple test prints have been tried at the time of writing, it provides proof of concept.

Since the industrial revolution the rise of the global economy depends on using more amounts of fossil fuels. Currently oil is the leading feedstock for the production of various kinds of plastic products, from packaging materials to machine parts. However, even this advanced technology, such as plastic, awarded several Nobel prizes, has its drawbacks. The big disadvantage is their very slow degradation (tens to thousands of years), thereby the accumulation of waste is increasing. Another disadvantage is its production from non-renewable materials (oil). Therefore, the developed economies, including the European Union (EU), are trying to find new alternatives to conventional plastics using biotechnology manufacturers to called bioplastics, which are made from renewable materials. This thesis deals with the use of bioplastics in the market. Using the questionnaires is creating survey of market among producers of bioplastics and consumers, combined with a personal interview with the promoters of bioplastics. Results processed by this methodology showed that the biggest factor, which influence the promotion of bioplastics, is too high price. This is the main reason why the public is so little informed about them. If the price of production decreases, promotion and use of bioplastics will be probably to increase.