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31	Från utfällning till utställning : Konservering av järnföremål från Svarta jordens hamnområde, Birka RAÄ 119. L.23:II Heljeback, Mikael January 2016 (has links) The main purpose for this paper is to study iron artefacts excavated in the Black Earth harbour district of Birka. This locale, positioned on the island Björkö in Adelsö par. Sweden, is one of the mayor sites in regard to the Scandinavian Viking age. The how and why of the corrosive process will be touched upon. Specifically how archaeological iron interacts with the soil in which it is found, and what can be done to prevent unnecessary decay after excavation. This, in turn, leads to an observation of how methods have changed in regard to the conservation of archaeological iron, from the processes used in the early days of the field, to the more present day with the method utilized in this study. The conservation of said artefacts is for this study accomplished through the use of a conventional chemical method called EDTA. The usability of this method with waterlogged metallic artefacts is tested. The product of the conservation work revealed the objects to be mostly, iron rivets, bolts or nails. Not too surprising when the articles came from an area widely believed to be a harbour. This specific chemical solution proved not to be a sufficient conservation method for the waterlogged metal objects examined in this paper. This was due to the notably hard crust that covered the objects and the structural fragility of the artefacts. Specific analyses of some of the artefacts were undertaken due to the emergence of substantial amounts of depositions in the final steps of the process. Using XRD, XRF and IR-spectroscopy, the depositions were analysed and the result showed that the depositions most likely consists of a blend of non-water-soluble iron phosphates. archaeological science EDTA conservation iron Birka rivet corrosion waterlogged XRF XRD IR-spectroscopy phosphate laborativ arkeologi EDTA konservering järn Birka nit korrosion vattendränkt XRF XRD IR-spektroskopi fosfat
32	Det vikingatida bågskyttet i Birka : Ett exempel på en framstående stridskonst med främmande inslag Lundström, Fredrik January 2006 (has links) <p>This paper deals with archery in the Viking Age settlement of Birka and in particular the presence of Euro Asiatic, steppe nomadic archery equipment at the Birka Garrison and one Birka grave. The equipment contains for example closed quivers and a bow case. This paper also contains a discussion of archery battle techniques and tactics in Viking Age Birka and the implications of the above mentioned equipment to this discussion. The analysis insinuates the importance and status of archery in 10th century Birka.</p> archaeology Viking Age Birka The Garrison conservation archery steppe nomads bow case closed quiver battle technique arkeologi vikingatid Birka Garnisonen konservering bågskytte stäppnomader bågfodral koger stridsteknik Archaeology Arkeologi
33	”Båtnitar” : Analys och konservering av järnnitar från Birkas garnison Johansson, Harald January 2006 (has links) <p>The purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss clinch-nails found at an excavation at terrace II in the Garrison of Birka, on the island of Björkö in Sweden. This type of clinch-nails is common in Viking age Sweden and is usually interpreted as coming from boats. The study will try to show that these types of nails could have been used in several kinds of wooden constructions. It will also show how the nails were made and what kinds of tools were used by the Viking smiths. The study has shown that this type of nails were used in several different types of wooden constructions such as boats, sleds, cart bodies, coffins, Birka's ramparts and buildings. Nothing confirms the use of rivets in Viking age buildings but the material from terrace II probably contains clinch-nails from the other categories. The largest portion of the clinch-nails comes from disused boats and from the ramparts surrounding Birka's hill fort Borg. The tools for making nails have not been found in the Birka Garrison.</p> Viking Age Birka The Garrison conservation clinch-nails wooden constructions boats fortification archaeology arkeologi vikingatid Birka Garnisonen konservering båtnitar träkonstruktioner båtar befästningsverk Archaeology Arkeologi
34	Devaluing the <em>mitqal</em> : Inherent Trading Fees in the Metrics of Birka Schultzén, Joakim January 2009 (has links) <p>Abstract: Previous research on the Viking Age trade centre of Birka has suggested the parallel use of two harmonising standard weight units, differing in mass by five percent. As an explanation to this phenomenon, this paper puts forward a hypothesis of a trading fee, embedded in the weights. This is corroborated through a hypothetical deductive study; including a reassertion of earlier results by means of a new method for archaeometrological analysis, using a 3D scanner and Computer-Aided Design. Further, the role of silver, as a preferred unit of payment in Birka, is supported through a spatial analysis of the distribution of Islamic coins and Oriental beads in the provinces of Middle Sweden. Plausible manufacturing sites for the cylindrical lead weights, adhering to the Birka mitqal, are discussed as a possible way of falsifying the hypothesis. The results suggest that a trading fee was extracted, using the Birka mitqal for imports and the Islamic mitqal for exports. The metrological analysis was also expanded to weights from Sigtuna, which proved the Birka mitqal, as well the dual metrics system, continued to be in use there until, at least, the first half of the 11<sup>th</sup> century. Finally, a short study on the origins of the Scandinavian/Islamic weight system suggests that the direct influence for the system primarily can be attributed the Volga-Bulgarians.</p> archaeological science metrology viking age Birka Sigtuna 3D scanner weights laborativ arkeologi metrologi vikingatid Birka Sigtuna 3D skanner viktlod Archaeology subjects Arkeologiämnen
35	Hur såg Birkas hamn ut och vilka transporter behövdes? Wiklund, Jonas January 2009 (has links) <p>What is located on the bottom in the water outside of Birka? Remains of a water palisade or jetties and other constructions.</p><p>Birka a Viking Age town that existed between AD 750 and 975 was located on the northwestern part of the small island of Björkö, in the Mälar archipelago of the Baltic Sea in Sweden. The Town was protected onshore by a hill fort and a town rampart. It is a widely spread assumption that Birka had a water palisade as a part of its<strong> </strong>defense. There are logs and other remnants on the bottom of the lake dating back to the Viking age. Uncertainty remains as to the origin of these remnants. The questions being, are they from a water palisade or the remnants of jetties and other constructions. The amount of fire wood alone needed to support 500 inhabitants for one year is equal to a wall of wood one meter high, one meter wide and two kilometers in length. This calculation does not take into account the wood used for transportation of other materials, people and animals. The conclusion is that future examination of the area is necessary to find out what is located on the bottom in the water.</p> Birka hill fort water palisade harbor jetty Viking fire wood Björkö logs Birka pålspärr bryggor viking ved stockar hamn Björkö borg Archaeology, North European Arkeologi, nordeuropeisk
36	Hur såg Birkas hamn ut och vilka transporter behövdes? Wiklund, Jonas January 2009 (has links) What is located on the bottom in the water outside of Birka? Remains of a water palisade or jetties and other constructions. Birka a Viking Age town that existed between AD 750 and 975 was located on the northwestern part of the small island of Björkö, in the Mälar archipelago of the Baltic Sea in Sweden. The Town was protected onshore by a hill fort and a town rampart. It is a widely spread assumption that Birka had a water palisade as a part of its defense. There are logs and other remnants on the bottom of the lake dating back to the Viking age. Uncertainty remains as to the origin of these remnants. The questions being, are they from a water palisade or the remnants of jetties and other constructions. The amount of fire wood alone needed to support 500 inhabitants for one year is equal to a wall of wood one meter high, one meter wide and two kilometers in length. This calculation does not take into account the wood used for transportation of other materials, people and animals. The conclusion is that future examination of the area is necessary to find out what is located on the bottom in the water. Birka hill fort water palisade harbor jetty Viking fire wood Björkö logs Birka pålspärr bryggor viking ved stockar hamn Björkö borg Archaeology, North European Arkeologi, nordeuropeisk
37	Devaluing the mitqal : Inherent Trading Fees in the Metrics of Birka Schultzén, Joakim January 2009 (has links) Abstract: Previous research on the Viking Age trade centre of Birka has suggested the parallel use of two harmonising standard weight units, differing in mass by five percent. As an explanation to this phenomenon, this paper puts forward a hypothesis of a trading fee, embedded in the weights. This is corroborated through a hypothetical deductive study; including a reassertion of earlier results by means of a new method for archaeometrological analysis, using a 3D scanner and Computer-Aided Design. Further, the role of silver, as a preferred unit of payment in Birka, is supported through a spatial analysis of the distribution of Islamic coins and Oriental beads in the provinces of Middle Sweden. Plausible manufacturing sites for the cylindrical lead weights, adhering to the Birka mitqal, are discussed as a possible way of falsifying the hypothesis. The results suggest that a trading fee was extracted, using the Birka mitqal for imports and the Islamic mitqal for exports. The metrological analysis was also expanded to weights from Sigtuna, which proved the Birka mitqal, as well the dual metrics system, continued to be in use there until, at least, the first half of the 11th century. Finally, a short study on the origins of the Scandinavian/Islamic weight system suggests that the direct influence for the system primarily can be attributed the Volga-Bulgarians. archaeological science metrology viking age Birka Sigtuna 3D scanner weights laborativ arkeologi metrologi vikingatid Birka Sigtuna 3D skanner viktlod Archaeology subjects Arkeologiämnen
38	Det vikingatida bågskyttet i Birka : Ett exempel på en framstående stridskonst med främmande inslag Lundström, Fredrik January 2006 (has links) This paper deals with archery in the Viking Age settlement of Birka and in particular the presence of Euro Asiatic, steppe nomadic archery equipment at the Birka Garrison and one Birka grave. The equipment contains for example closed quivers and a bow case. This paper also contains a discussion of archery battle techniques and tactics in Viking Age Birka and the implications of the above mentioned equipment to this discussion. The analysis insinuates the importance and status of archery in 10th century Birka. archaeology Viking Age Birka The Garrison conservation archery steppe nomads bow case closed quiver battle technique arkeologi vikingatid Birka Garnisonen konservering bågskytte stäppnomader bågfodral koger stridsteknik Archaeology Arkeologi
39	”Båtnitar” : Analys och konservering av järnnitar från Birkas garnison Johansson, Harald January 2006 (has links) The purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss clinch-nails found at an excavation at terrace II in the Garrison of Birka, on the island of Björkö in Sweden. This type of clinch-nails is common in Viking age Sweden and is usually interpreted as coming from boats. The study will try to show that these types of nails could have been used in several kinds of wooden constructions. It will also show how the nails were made and what kinds of tools were used by the Viking smiths. The study has shown that this type of nails were used in several different types of wooden constructions such as boats, sleds, cart bodies, coffins, Birka's ramparts and buildings. Nothing confirms the use of rivets in Viking age buildings but the material from terrace II probably contains clinch-nails from the other categories. The largest portion of the clinch-nails comes from disused boats and from the ramparts surrounding Birka's hill fort Borg. The tools for making nails have not been found in the Birka Garrison. Viking Age Birka The Garrison conservation clinch-nails wooden constructions boats fortification archaeology arkeologi vikingatid Birka Garnisonen konservering båtnitar träkonstruktioner båtar befästningsverk Archaeology Arkeologi
40	Birka är ingen ö : om båtgravar, barockspännen och laserskanning Neiß (Neiss), Michael January 2012 (has links) När vikingatiden kommer på tal, leds tankarna ofta osökt till Birka. För även om Birka låg på en ö i Mälaren, så var det allt annat än isolerat. Istället ingick Birka i ett komplext nätverk som täckte såväl nära bygder som fjärran stränder. Därav följer att nyckeln till vår förståelse av Mälardalens vikingatid ofta finns i Birka. Men även det motsatta gäller, och ibland behöver arkeologer titta åt andra håll för att uppnå en bättre förståelse av Birka. Detta ömsesidiga förhållande ska illustreras med hjälp av ett båtgravsfynd från Turinge i Södermanland. / <p>Övriga forskningsfinansiärer:</p><p>Berit Wallenbergs stiftelse ("Transformationer inom vikingatidens djurornamentik"), Helge Ax:son Jonsons stiftelse ("3D-laserskanning som verktyg vid vikingatidsstudier")</p> / En förlorad värld? - Turinge re-visited / 3D-laserskanning som verktyg vid vikingatidsstudier / Transformationer inom vikingatidens djurornamentik Animal Art Birka 3D Laser scanning Viking art Laserscanning Viking Viking ornament Boat grave Viking brooches Dress adornment Birka Puzzle pictures

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