Les techniques de reconstruction de formes tridimensionnelles sont très largement utilisées dans de nombreux domaines, et notamment dans le domaine industriel ou médical. Et dans ces domaines, les techniques de mesure sans contact sont particulièrement étudiées, principalement parce qu'elles permettent de ne pas détériorer l'objet mesuré. Ce travail de thèse se place donc dans ce contexte et plus particulièrement dans le cas des dispositifs endoscopiques de mesure tridimensionnelle de surface par moyen optique. Dans le domaine médical, ce type d'instrument peut être appliqué à la coloscopie 3D ou à la chirurgie mini-invasive pour la détection de forme en surface de tissus biologiques. Dans cette thèse ce sont plus particulièrement les méthodes à base de stéréovision active ou passive, qui vont être étudiées et intégrées dans un dispositif miniaturisé. Différents modes de mesure vont être intégrés simultanément dans un unique instrument miniaturisé afin de permettre d'augmenter les performances de mesure : l'instrument peut adapter son principe de mesure à la texture de l'objet ou également à l'orientation des surfaces mesurées et plus généralement au contexte de la mesure. Ce travail de thèse est donc basé sur une étude algorithmique et instrumentale d'intégration de ces différents modes de mesure dans un unique instrument endoscopique miniaturisé. L'étude des modes de mesure par stéréovision a été réalisée en trois phases. Tout d'abord, c'est l'influence de l'orientation de la surface des objets mesurés dans un cas de stéréovision active qui est analysé. Puis une technique de basculement entre les voies de projection et d'acquisition du système de stéréovision active par actionnement bistable est proposé, ce qui permet d'adapter la mesure à l'orientation des surfaces à mesurer. Enfin, l'étude est orientée vers la possibilité de basculer d'un mode de stéréovision active vers un mode de stéréovision passive, toujours par actionnement bistable, le mode de stéréovision passive étant particulièrement adapté aux objets fortement texturés. Ainsi, trois modes de mesure sont réalisés dans ce nouveau système : deux modes de stéréovision active (avec inversion des voies de capture et de projection) et un mode de stéréovision passive. Pour réaliser la reconstruction tridimensionnelle, deux méthodes actives (par décalage de phase et par transformation de Fourier) et une méthode passive sont étudiées. Différentes performances de mesure sont obtenues selon les méthodes sélectionnées : un résultat de mesure plus précis est obtenu par les méthodes à. décalage de phase, une vitesse de mesure plus élevée est obtenu par les méthodes à transformée de Fourier ou par les méthodes passives. Le développement instrumental est également décrit dans cette thèse. Après modélisation optique et conception mécanique du système de mesure, un prototype de l'instrument endoscopique est fabriqué avec divers équipements spécifiques, tels qu'un DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), des guides d'images et des actionneurs électromagnétiques bistables. La validation expérimentale de la mesure tridimensionnelle est réalisée essentiellement sur objets mécaniques (du type mesure de détails sur pièce de monnaie), les deux méthodes actives et la méthode passives sont ainsi testées et confrontées. Enfin, une mesure sur un colon artificiel est réalisée par ce système pour se placer dans un contexte applicatif médical. / The techniques of three dimensional shapes reconstruction are widely used in many fields, particularly in the industrial or medical field. And in these areas, non-contact measurement techniques are particularly studied, mainly because they don't damage the measured object. This work therefore falls within this context and in particular in the case of endoscopic devices of surface coordinate measuring by optical methods. ln the medical field, this type of instrument can be applied to 3D colonoscopy or minimally invasive surgery to the surface in the form of biological tissues. In this thesis, methods based on active or passive stereo vision are the principle, which will be studied and integrated into a miniaturized device. Different measurement modes will be incorporated simultaneously into a single miniaturized instrument to help increase measurement performance: the instrument can adjust its measurement principle to the texture of the object or also to the orientation of measured surfaces more generally to the context of the measurement. This thesis is based on an algorithmic study and instrumental integration of these different measurement modes into a single miniaturized endoscopic instrument. The study of the measurement modes stereovision was conducted in three phases. First, it is the influence of the orientation of the measured objects' surface in a case of active stereovision being analyzed. And a technique of switching between the projection and acquisition in an active stereovision system by bistable actuation is proposed, which allows to adapt the measurement to the orientation of the measured surfaces. Finally, the study is oriented towards the ability to switch from one active stereovision mode to one passive stereovision mode, always by bistable actuator operation, the passive stereovision mode is particularly suitable for highly textured objects. Thus, three measurement modes are made in the new system: two modes of active stereovision (reversing capture and projection channels) and a mode of passive stereovision. To achieve three-dimensional reconstruction, two active methods (phase shift and Fourier Transform) and a passive method are studied. Different performance measurements are obtained according to methods selected: a more accurate measuring result is obtained by the phase shift methods; a high measurement speed is obtained by the Fourier transform methods or by passive methods. The instrumental development is also described in this thesis. After optical modeling and mechanical design of the measuring system, a prototype of the endoscopic instrument is manufactured with various specific devices such as a DMD (Digital Micromirror Deviee),images guides and bistable electromagnetic actuators. The experimental validation of the three-dimensional measurement is performed mainly on mechanical objects (such as details measurement on a coin), both active and passive method methods are well tested and compared. Finally, an artificial colon is measured by this system to be placed in a medical application context.

Tato diplomová práce je zaměřena na analýzu chování magnetopiezoelastického kmitajícího nosníku. V teoretické části jsou odvozeny diskretizované parametry, které popisují reálnou soustavu jako model s jedním stupněm volnosti. Tento model je následně použit pro kvalitativní i kvantitativní analýzu chování tohoto harvesteru. Frekvenční odezva harmonicky buzeného systému je zkoumána v dvouparametrické nebo tříparametrické analýze v závislosti na amplitudě buzení, elektrické zátěži a vzdálenosti mezi magnety. Posledně zmíněný parametr je v práci tím hlavním, proto je vliv vzdálenosti magnetů zkoumán také s pomocí bifurkačních diagramů. Tyto diagramy byly navíc použity k vytvoření oscilační "mapy", která pro každé zatěžovací podmínky ukazuje, jakou vzdálenost magnetů je třeba nastavit, aby bylo generováno nejvíce energie. Práce je doplněna o ukázky několika jevů, které mohou značně ovlivnit chování systému, pokud se nejdená o čistě harmonické buzení.

Synaptic long-term modifications following neuronal activation are believed to be at the origin of learning and long-term memory. Recent experiments suggest that these long-term synaptic changes are all-or-none switch-like events between discrete states of a single synapse. The biochemical network involving calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and its regulating protein signaling cascade has been hypothesized to durably maintain the synaptic state in form of a bistable switch. Furthermore, it has been shown experimentally that CaMKII and associated proteins such as protein kinase A and calcineurin are necessary for the induction of long-lasting increases (long-term potentiation, LTP) and/or long-lasting decreases (long-term depression, LTD) of synaptic efficacy. However, the biochemical mechanisms by which experimental LTP/LTD protocols lead to corresponding transitions between the two states in realistic models of such networks are still unknown. We present a detailed biochemical model of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent autophosphorylation of CaMKII and the protein signaling cascade governing the dephosphorylation of CaMKII. As previously shown, two stable states of the CaMKII phosphorylation level exist at resting intracellular calcium concentrations. Repetitive high calcium levels switch the system from a weakly- to a highly phosphorylated state (LTP). We show that the reverse transition (LTD) can be mediated by elevated phosphatase activity at intermediate calcium levels. It is shown that the CaMKII kinase-phosphatase system can qualitatively reproduce plasticity results in response to spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) and presynaptic stimulation protocols. A reduced model based on the CaMKII system is used to elucidate which parameters control the synaptic plasticity outcomes in response to STDP protocols, and in particular how the plasticity results depend on the differential activation of phosphatase and kinase pathways and the level of noise in the calcium transients. Our results show that the protein network including CaMKII can account for (i) induction - through LTP/LTD-like transitions - and (ii) storage - due to its bistability - of synaptic changes. The model allows to link biochemical properties of the synapse with phenomenological 'learning rules' used by theoreticians in neural network studies.

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) have recently gained attention due to their increased ability to perform sophisticated missions with less cost and/or risk than their manned counterparts. This thesis develops approaches to the use of compliant mechanisms in the design of deployable wings for small UAVs. Although deployable wings with rigid-link mechanisms have been used in the past to maintain flight endurance while minimizing required storage volume, compliant mechanisms offer many advantages in manufacturability and potential space savings due to function sharing of components. A number of compliant, deployable wing concepts are generated and a classification system for them is formed. The pool of generated concepts serves as a basis for stimulating future concept ideas. A methodology is also proposed for evaluating concepts for a given application. The approach to developing compliant designs for certain applications is illustrated through two example designs, which demonstrate key portions of the proposed design process. Each is modeled and analyzed to demonstrate viability.

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On a réalisé la démonstration d'une commutation spatiale de données d'une entrée vers 64 sorties par voie tout optique. Les composants originaux utilises sont une matrice de modulateurs a puits quantiques multiples en technologie gaalas a 64 éléments et une structure bistable optique de même technologie. Le principal résultat est le fonctionnement complet du démonstrateur voie par voie a la fréquence d'horloge de 20mhz (taux d'erreur inférieur a 1%). Les limitations viennent de la stabilité du laser et des non uniformités lors de la croissance epitaxiale des composants.

Designing mechanical products in a competitive environment can present unique challenges, and designers constantly search for innovative ways to increase efficiency. One way to save space and reduce cost is to use ortho-planar compliant mechanisms which can be made from sheets of material, or lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). This thesis presents principles which can be used for designing LEMs. Pop-up paper mechanisms use topologies similar to LEMs, so it is advantageous to study their kinematics. This thesis outlines the use of planar and spherical kinematics to model commonly used pop-up paper mechanisms. A survey of common joint types is given, as well as an overview of common monolithic and layered mechanisms. In addition, it is shown that more complex mechanisms may be created by combining simple mechanisms in various ways. The principles presented are applied to the creation of new pop-up joints and mechanisms, which also may be used for lamina emergent mechanisms. Models of the paper mechanisms presented in Chapter 2 of the thesis are found in the appendix, and the reader is encouraged to print, cut out and assemble them. One challenge associated with spherical and spatial LEM design is creating joints with the desired motion characteristics, especially where complex spatial mechanism topologies are required. Hence, in addition to a study of paper mechanisms, some important considerations for designing joints for LEMs are presented. A technique commonly used in robotics, using serial chains of revolute and prismatic joints to approximate the motion of complex joints, is presented for use in LEMs. Important considerations such as linkage configuration and mechanism prototyping are also discussed. Another challenge in designing LEMs is creating multi-stable mechanisms with the ability to have coplanar links. A method is presented for offsetting the joint axes of a spatial compliant mechanism to introduce multi-stability. A new bistable spatial compliant linkage that uses that technique is introduced. In the interest of facilitating LEM design, the final chapter of this thesis presents a preliminary design method. While similar to traditional methods, this method includes considerations for translating the mechanism topology into a suitable configuration for use with planar layers of material.