With the invention of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin in 2009, the world's first blockchain application was developed. While academic research gradually begins to investigate cryptocurrencies more closely and attempt to understand their functioning, technology is rapidly evolving and ecosystems grow exponentially. The research is still scattered and chaotic and has not produced common guidelines. Therefore, the question remains: how sustainable cryptocurrencies and their digital ecosystems are.Only a few models and frameworks take a holistic view on digital sustainability. Only two frameworks were identified that take distributed ledger technologies (blockchain) or cryptocurrencies into consideration: the three governance strategies for digital sustainability of Linkov et al. (2018) and 10 basic conditions of sustainable digital artifacts according to Stuermer, Abu-Tayeh and Myrach (2016). These two frameworks were combined into a new integrated sustainability framework for cryptocurrencies. The developed integrated sustainability framework consists of four dimensions and 12 categories.Existing secondary data, self-conducted social media interviews and practical insights gained through an ASIC mining experiment were used to fill the framework with sufficient data. It confirms Bitcoin's sustainability problems in energy consumption and scalability, highlights Ethereum's great potential as a blockchain platform and explains the higher scalability and faster payment of Ripple and IOTA.While 2017 marked the temporary peak of the cryptocurrency hype, 2018 was a transformative year in which the leading cryptocurrencies were increasingly occupying more specialised niches.

Blockchain at the European Level Abstract The objective of this master thesis is to provide a basic overview of the blockchain technology, its features and its potential utilization, including an overview of European legal regulations that might be applicable to the technology, under certain conditions. In the first chapter, the master's thesis sets forth the legal framework of the EU primary law that establishes or can establish the EU's competence to act in the matters of blockchain technology, depending on its legal qualification (especially in the context of the internal market - namely the free movement of services and capital). The second and third chapters provide essential description of features of blockchain and cryptocurrency and related services. A more detailed description is provided in Annexes I-IV of this thesis. Further, the legal status and applicable regulation of cryptocurrencies are assessed at the European and national levels and in terms of other global jurisdictions. The assessment also includes the recent CJEU's judgment in the case Hedqvist, according to which bidirectional exchange services (purchase of cryptocurrency for fiat currency and vice versa) are to be exempted from VAT obligation under the VAT directive. In line with the CJEU's reasoning and the Advocate General's...

Sobre os novos rumos das relações econômicas no ambiente virtual há que se observar a criação da moeda digital e suas implicações para o mercado de financeiro e para a soberania estatal mundial. O desenvolvimento de uma moeda digital é uma tecnologia que desafia a legitimidade do regime estatal como controlador da moeda e coloca a questão primordial: se a emissão de moeda, vinculada ao Estado, é expressão da soberania nacional na ordem econômica e se seria possível a soberania nacional na ordem econômica, em uma modelo de moedas privadas, isto é, sem controle por parte de uma autoridade central. / The creation of the digital currency and its implications for the financial market and world state sovereignty must be observed on the new directions of economic relations in the virtual environment. The development of a digital currency is a technology that challenges the legitimacy of the state regime as the controller of the currency and asks the primary question: if the issue of money, linked to the State, is an expression of national sovereignty in the economic order and if sovereignty would be possible national in the economic order, in a model of private currencies, that is, without control by a central authority.

Sobre os novos rumos das relações econômicas no ambiente virtual há que se observar a criação da moeda digital e suas implicações para o mercado de financeiro e para a soberania estatal mundial. O desenvolvimento de uma moeda digital é uma tecnologia que desafia a legitimidade do regime estatal como controlador da moeda e coloca a questão primordial: se a emissão de moeda, vinculada ao Estado, é expressão da soberania nacional na ordem econômica e se seria possível a soberania nacional na ordem econômica, em uma modelo de moedas privadas, isto é, sem controle por parte de uma autoridade central. / The creation of the digital currency and its implications for the financial market and world state sovereignty must be observed on the new directions of economic relations in the virtual environment. The development of a digital currency is a technology that challenges the legitimacy of the state regime as the controller of the currency and asks the primary question: if the issue of money, linked to the State, is an expression of national sovereignty in the economic order and if sovereignty would be possible national in the economic order, in a model of private currencies, that is, without control by a central authority.

Submitted by Marcelo Salhab Brogliato (msbrogli@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T20:44:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brogliato-phd-thesis-v3-final.pdf: 19935806 bytes, checksum: df0caf31076cfec5c116e0b4c18346ee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-08-24T16:29:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brogliato-phd-thesis-v3-final.pdf: 19935806 bytes, checksum: df0caf31076cfec5c116e0b4c18346ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brogliato-phd-thesis-v3-final.pdf: 19935806 bytes, checksum: df0caf31076cfec5c116e0b4c18346ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-15 / A presente tese é formada por três trabalhos científicos na área de Management Science Computacional. A gestão moderna e a alta tecnologia interagem em múltiplas e profundas formas. O professor Andre Ng diz aos seus estudantes na Escola de Negócios de Stanford que “Inteligência Artificial é a nova eletricidade”, como sua forma hiperbólica de enfatizar o potencial transformador da tecnologia. O primeiro trabalho é inspirado na possibilidade de que haverá alguma forma de dinheiro digital e estuda ledger distribuídas, propondo e analisando o Hathor, uma arquitetura alternativa para criptomoedas escaláveis. O segundo trabalho pode ser um item crucial no entendimento de tomadas de decisão, nos trazendo um modelo formal de recognition-primed decisions. Situada na intersecção entre psicologia cognitiva, ciência da computação, neuro-ciência e inteligência artifical, ele apresenta um framework open-source, multi-plataforma e altamente paralelo da Sparse Distributed Memory e analisa a dinâmica da memória e algumas aplicações. O terceiro e último trabalho se situa na intersecção entre marketing, difusão de inovação tecnologica e modelagem, extendendo o famoso modelo de Bass para levar em consideração usuário que, após adotar a tecnologia por um tempo, decidiram rejeitá-la. / This thesis presents three specific, self-contained, scientific papers in the Computational Management Science area. Modern management and high technology interact in multiple, profound, ways. Professor Andrew Ng tells students at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business that “AI is the new electricity”, as his hyperbolic way to emphasize the potential transformational power of the technology. The first paper is inspired by the possibility that there will be some form of purely digital money and studies distributed ledgers, proposing and analyzing Hathor, an alternative architecture towards a scalable cryptocurrency. The second paper may be a crucial item in understanding human decision making, perhaps, bringing us a formal model of recognition-primed decision. Lying at the intersection of cognitive psychology, computer science, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence, it presents an open-source, cross-platform, and highly parallel framework of the Sparse Distributed Memory and analyzes the dynamics of the memory with some applications. Last but not least, the third paper lies at the intersection of marketing, diffusion of technological innovation, and modeling, extending the famous Bass model to account for users who, after adopting the innovation for a while, decide to reject it later on.

在世界許多地方，近年來，由於經濟狀況不佳，公民對政府的不滿情況已經很明顯。各國政府一直在努力調整和糾正一些政策。然而，中央銀行影響市場的許多方式是公民可以控制其貨幣體系的創新概念的動力。本文將研究其中一項名為比特幣的創新。 2008年金融危機之後，出現了一個新的命題，排除了任何中央政府免受某種貨幣的干預。創建了一個項目，考慮到在處理付款時，不需要中間人來執行用戶之間的交易。在最開始，沒有人注意到沒有人知道，但在過去幾年裡，現在眾所周知的比特幣已經受到全世界的關注，這個話題引起了大的消息。 在本文中，描述了理解比特幣生態系統的基本概念，並對此數字貨幣體系進行了簡要介紹。本文的主要焦點是比特幣在拉丁美洲的使用和傳播，並進行了深入的分析，發現與採用比特幣相關的經濟體的核心問題。本文強調兩個特定國家，委內瑞拉和阿根廷，主要是因為經濟原因。 / In many places around the world, the discontent from citizens towards governments because of poor economic situations has been evident in recent years. Governments have been trying to make adjustments and correct some policies. However, the many ways in which central banks influence markets has been the motivation for innovative concepts in which citizens can take control of their monetary system. This paper will study one of these innovations called Bitcoin. After the financial crisis of 2008, a new proposition arose to exclude any central government from the intervention of a given currency. A project was created bearing in mind that no intermediary would be needed to executed transactions between users when dealing with payments. At the very beginning no one paid attention and nobody know about it, but in the last few years, what is now well known as Bitcoin has received worldwide attention and big news has been arising from this topic. In this paper, the basic concepts for understanding the Bitcoin ecosystem is described, and a brief introduction regarding this digital currency system is undertaken. The primary focus of the paper is the usage and spread of Bitcoin in Latin America, and an in-depth analysis is done, finding core issues on economies which are related to the adoption of Bitcoin. The paper places an emphasis on two particular countries, Venezuela and Argentina, primarily because of economic reasons.

This thesis objectively assess the economic viability of the newly established startup that aims to become the leading expert on the domestic market in the field of consulting cryptocurrency issues. The aim of this work is to build a business plan, which also includes marketing research, together with the financial plan. An introductory part contains of theoretical framework of the cryptocurrency issues with an analysis of the economic impact on the Czech market. The theoretical part of the thesis is enriched with the necessary methodological basics for writing the business plan. In the practical part of this thesis is to find a business plan aimed at assessing the business model of the startup conducting the methods for the analysis of demand and by analyzing of market potential.

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are getting into common usage more and more frequently. Unfortunately this spread is connected with attempts to misuse their principles for personal benefit. The goal of this thesis is to explain the main principles of using bitcoin in relation to the internet identity. This connection is represented by two sources in the thesis: the first is a bitcoin blockchain, the second is the sum of various user profiles used in discussion forums and similar websites. The aim is to create and explain the process how to, by using the combination of this two sources, reveal the identity of a human using cryptocurrencies for payment (from a private person point of view). First, methods used for extraction of correct and useful data from the blockchain and internet profiles must be developed to be able to mine data from the joint database, merging into a full user profile containing personal data. Results of this investigation are extended by the rules of preserving anonymity on the internet, containing both technological and behavioural measures avoiding a share of personal data. The end of this thesis explains possible attack vectors that might be used for compromising cryptocurrencies. The methods of searching of the internet identity are a useful tool for facing these attacks.

La globalización y la tecnología traen consigo diversos cambios en las empresas, el bitcoin es un nuevo medio de pago que es usado por los usuarios alrededor del mundo para adquirir diversos productos o servicios. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el uso del bitcoin como medio de pago electrónico y su impacto financiero y tributario en los establecimientos comerciales de Lima Metropolitana, año 2019. La investigación se desarrolló en cinco partes: Capítulo I, Marco teórico, se desarrolló las variables dependientes e independientes donde se incluye los antecedentes, definiciones, nociones y las dimensiones del tema de estudio; Capítulo II, Plan de Investigación, se enuncia la problemática del contexto de la presente investigación como, el problema, el objetivo, la hipótesis general y específicas; Capítulo III, Metodología de Investigación, se definió la población y muestra de la investigación para poder realizar el método de investigación mixta, que se encarga de recabar información cualitativa y cuantitativa, estas se realizaron a través de entrevistas en profundidad a expertos en Finanzas y Tributación. Además, se elaboraron encuestas a establecimientos comerciales que aceptan el bitcoin como medio de pago; Capitulo IV, Desarrollo de la Investigación, se aplicaron las herramientas de investigación como son la entrevista a profundidad y las encuestas, así como posibles escenarios en el caso práctico; Capítulo V, Análisis de Resultados, se realizó el análisis de la información obtenida de la aplicación de los instrumentos y el caso práctico, concluyendo con la validación de las hipótesis. / Globalization and technology bring various changes in companies; bitcoin is a new means of payment that is used by users around the world to purchase products or services. This research work aims to analyze the use of bitcoin as an electronic means of payment and its financial and tax impact on the commercial establishments of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. The research was developed in five parts: Chapter I, Theoretical framework, in which the dependent and independent variables were developed, which includes the background, definitions, notions and dimensions of the study topic; Chapter II Research Plan, sets out the problems of the context of this research, the problem, the objective and the general and specific hypotheses; Chapter III, Research Methodology, the population and the research sample were defined in order to carry out the mixed research method, which is responsible for gathering qualitative and quantitative information, these will be carried out through in-depth interviews with experts in finance and taxation; and surveys of commercial establishments that accept bitcoin as a means of payment; Chapter IV, Research Development, Research tools such as in-depth interview and surveys were applied, as well as possible scenarios in the practical case; Chapter V, Analysis of Results, the analysis of the information obtained from the application of the instruments and the practical case were carried out, concluding with the validation of the hypotheses. / Tesis

This thesis focuses on the mining of cryptocurrency with emphasis on analysis of communication between miner and server. It describes basic principles of cryptocurrencies, mining and employed communication protocols. The next part of thesis is about design and implement modification of existing system (catalogue). This modification will add temporality to the catalog, what increase reliability of stored metadata. Description, functionality and purpose of existing system is included in the next text.