A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

La diaspora chinoise a pris de l’ampleur depuis la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle. En France, la migration de Chinois originaires de la région de Wenzhou, s’est intensifiée depuis les années 1980. Ce sous-groupe de la diaspora chinoise a dès lors rapidement développé ses activités économiques. L’objectif cette thèse consiste à étudier l’organisation économique, sociale et spatiale des migrants de Wenzhou en France, principalement dans la région parisienne, et d’analyser les rapports économiques et sociaux que ceux-ci entretiennent avec la Chine en général et avec leur région d’origine en particulier. L’hypothèse centrale de la thèse est que le « Modèle de Wenzhou » en Chine, tel qu’il est identifié et analysé par les universitaires chinois, et le développement de l’entrepreneuriat chinois issu de Wenzhou en France sont étroitement liés. Pour ce faire, nous interrogerons notamment l’idée d’une « importation » de ce modèle en France. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent de révéler l’existence d’une économie transnationale originale, reliant la France et la Chine, qui a été soutenue par la diaspora Wenzhou et a produit une forme de « transfert migratoire » dans chacun des deux pays. Plus largement, la thèse permet de montrer de quelle manière la diaspora chinoise en France a contribué au développement économique de la Chine et comment elle a pu bénéficier de la nouvelle politique de la Chine initiée au début des années 2000 pour se consolider. / The Chinese diaspora has been growing since the second half of the nineteenth century. In France, the Chinese immigration from the region of the Wenzhou has intensified since the 1980s. This sub-group of the Chinese diaspora has since rapidly expanded its economic activities. The objective of this thesis is to study the economic, social and spatial organization of Wenzhou migrants in France, manly in the Paris region, and to analyze the economic and social relations that they maintain with China in general and with their region of origin in particular. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the economic “model of Wenzhou” area, as identified and analyzed by the Chinese scholars, and the development of Chinese entrepreneurship in France are closely linked in particular through "Import"of this model in France. The results of our thesis reveal the existence of an original transnational economy connecting France and China, that was supported by the Wenzhou diaspora and that produced a form of "migratory transfer" in each of the two countries. More broadly, the thesis helps to show how the Chinese diaspora in France contributed to the economic development of China, but also how it benefitted from measures included in China's new policy initiated in the early 2000s to consolidate itself.

Cette étude cherche à montrer de quelle façon une expérience socio-historique est incorporée à une œuvre littéraire et lui donne forme en devenant matière de sa composition. A partir des contradictions vécues par le peuple libanais dans leur mouvement de diaspora au Brésil, nous prétendons vérifier comment elles sont assimilées dans le cadre d’une création esthétique où elles sont symbolisées à différents degrés par le langage. Notre travail a pour objet d’analyser le roman Lavoura Arcaica de Raduan Nassar, publié en 1975. En partant de la contradiction centrale imposée par une réalité historique singulière, celle de l’immigration, régie par deux forces identiques et opposées, l’une endogène et l’autre exogène, le roman projette les effets de sa tension permanente. Ces effets se traduiront par des dédoublements qui, engendrant à chaque fois une nouvelle ambivalence contradictoire, attribuent au roman nassarien sa caractéristique la plus marquante. La poursuite de notre recherche nous mènera alors vers une configuration tragique imposée par un double commandement insoluble, ce dernier étant entièrement concentré sur le protagoniste romanesque. Face à une crise irréversible qui s’empare du récit, l’inceste surgit à la fois comme une réponse démesurée d’obéissance à la loi paternelle et comme une façon maligne de renverser l’ordre autoritaire d’un contexte patriarcal. Afin de cerner le jeu d’inversions proposé par le récit de Nassar nous ferons appel principalement aux études théoriques de Friedrich Nietzche, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Jacques Derrida, Marcel Mauss et René Girard. / This study intent to reveal how a socio-historical experience can be incorporated in a literally work shaping its form and becoming its content. Taking the contradictions into account experienced by Lebanese people regarding the moviment of the diaspora towards Brazil, we intent to verify how they were assimilated in the frames of an esthetic creation being simbolyzed by different levels of language. Our work aims analyse Raduan Nassar’s Lavoura Arcaica published in 1975. Since the central contradiction imposed by a singular historic reality, the Lebanese diaspora conducted by two identical and opposite strenghts, one endogenous and the other exogenous, the effects of this permanet tension are projected in the romance. These effects were translated by duplication that every time engenders a new contradictory ambivalence giving to the Nassar’s romance its most significant characterist. Our study will then lead us to a tragic configuration imposed by an insoluble double command, focused on its extensive totality on the romantic protagonist. Faced with an irreversible crisis that takes hold of the story, incest arises both as an excessive response to obedience to paternal law and as a malignant way to overthrow the authoritarian order of a patriarchal context. In order to define the set of inversions proposed by Nassar's narrative, we will mainly call upon the theoretical studies of Friedrich Nietzche, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Jacques Derrida, Marcel Mauss and René Girard.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de livrer des éclaircissements sur la contribution que les diasporas apportent au développement de leurs pays d'origine et par conséquent à une meilleure intégration dans l'économie mondiale. Nous avons fait comme hypothèse principale, que toutes les diasporas peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans le processus de développement des pays de départ en raison des diverses ressources qu'elles envoient vers les territoires d'origine. Cette problématique est le fil conducteur du travail de recherche que nous avons réalisé pour trouver des réponses aux questions portant sur la définition du terme « diaspora » (Sheffer, 1986 ; Safran, 1991 ; Cohen, 1997 ; Ma Mung, 1992), sur les éléments constitutifs du groupe diasporique (Massey et al.,1993 ; Prévélakis, 2005 ; Bruneau, 2004), sur les mécanismes de production des effets positifs (Saxenian, 1999), sur les ressources générées par la communauté diasporique et leur impact sur le pays de départ (Meyer, 2002 ; Kapur et McHale, 2005 ; Orozco, 2005 ; Kuznetsov, 2006), sur les déterminants de l'ampleur de l'impact produit par la diaspora sur le pays de départ. Les études existantes sur les diasporas sont peu nombreuses dans la littérature économique et les effets qu'elles produisent sur les pays de départ restent peu développés étant limités généralement à l'analyse de l'impact des remises de fonds sur les ménages bénéficiaires. Les rares travaux portant sur les ressources non financières sont le plus souvent des études de cas. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes proposés d'aller plus loin, en participant à la construction d'une théorie générale et en tenant à mettre en évidence les ressources non financières d'une diaspora. Nous montrons que la diaspora n'est pas uniquement un fournisseur de ressources financières pour le pays d'origine avec des effets positifs à court terme mais elle est aussi le pourvoyeur d'autres ressources qui sont susceptibles de produire des effets bénéfiques plus durables et générer des changements plus profonds. Par le biais d'une grille de lecture des ressources de la diaspora, on fait d'une part, un état des lieux des effets engendrés par les envois de fonds et d'autre part, on analyse les effets produits par la diffusion de cinq types de ressources non financières (cognitives, relationnelles, institutionnelles, organisationnelles et symboliques) générées par la diaspora. L'introduction de la notion d'intentionnalité nous permet de montrer que les effets induits sur le pays de départ par la diaspora à travers l'envoi de différentes ressources sont plus complexes et dépassent largement le cadre des effets recherchés. La problématique des diasporas traitée dans cette thèse, est analysée selon trois axes principaux. Le premier est défini par la nécessité d'une conceptualisation générale de la diaspora dans le contexte de la globalisation, comme ressource de convergence économique entre pays, et comme ressource d'intégration dans l'économie mondiale. Le deuxième axe de notre étude présente l'importance des groupes diasporiques à l'heure de l'économie de la connaissance comme porteurs de ressources non financières qui peuvent être mobilisées en faveur des pays d'origine. Enfin, le dernier axe d'analyse de la problématique renvoie à la nécessité de vérifier, empiriquement, le rôle de la diaspora dans le développement du pays d'origine, notamment à travers les effets des ressources non financières (RNF). Cet objectif nous a conduit à choisir trois diasporas émergentes post-communistes : la diaspora roumaine, la diaspora moldave et la diaspora kirghize comme terrain propice d'étude de ces effets. Notre choix s'explique par le fait que ces diasporas sont essentiellement composées de personnes qualifiées ayant un haut niveau d'éducation. Malgré leur existence récente, ces groupes nationaux se caractérisent par un activisme diasporique très favorable aux effets des RNF qui nous a permis de répondre aux questions posées au cours de cette thèse. Les questions soulevées durant ce travail couvrent trois domaines : l'existence et la nature des diasporas, la diaspora et le développement économique du pays d'origine et les déterminants de l'impact des ressources non financières des diasporas sur les pays de départ. Les réponses à ces questions nous ont permis de montrer le rôle des diasporas dans le développement de leurs pays d'origine à travers les ressources qu'elles procurent aux territoires de départ, notamment les ressources non financières qui ont un effet accélérateur plus important en matière de rattrapage économique que les transferts de fonds. Cette thèse aide à comprendre le fonctionnement des diasporas comme vecteurs de développement, d'une part, à travers les caractéristiques générales qui permettent la distinction d'autres groupes de migrants et d'autre part, à travers les spécificités de chaque diaspora qui expliquent l'émergence des phénomènes particuliers comme dans le cas de la diaspora chinoise ou les diasporas post-soviétiques. / The objective of this thesis is to underline the contribution of Diasporas to the development of origin countries and to their integration into the world economy. The central hypothesis points out that all Diasporas can play a valuable role in the development process of source countries through the wide range of resources they send to homelands. The thesis investigates: the clarification of the concept of Diaspora (Sheffer, 1986 ; Safran, 1991 ; Cohen, 1997 ; Ma Mung, 1992), the infrastructure of diasporic communities (Massey et al.,1993 ; Prévélakis, 2005 ; Bruneau, 2004), the mechanisms of positive effects induced by Diaspora on origin society (Saxenian, 1999), the types of resources created by expatriates and their impact on the country of origin (Meyer, 2002 ; Kapur and McHale, 2005 ; Orozco, 2005 ; Kuznetsov, 2006), as well as the determinants of the impacts of Diasporas on their home countries. In the current economic literature, the studies on Diasporas are rare and the analysis of their effects on countries of origin is limited to the role of financial resources (remittances). This work goes much beyond by participating in the elaboration of a general theory which focuses on the importance of non financial resources generated by a Diaspora. The expatriates settled abroad are not merely purveyors of financial resources for countries of origin producing only positive effects in a short term perspective but they generate other resources which are likely to produce more profound and durable positive effects. In this thesis we identify five non financial resources created by a Diaspora: cognitive, relational, institutional, organizational and symbolic resources. The use of the concept of intentionality helps emphasizing the complex effects of resources transfers from migrants showing their intentional and non-intentional sides. The research problem of this dissertation is organized around three main issues. The first one is related to the need of a Diaspora general conceptualization in the era of globalization as resource of economic convergence between sending and receiving countries, and as resource of integration into the world economy. The second direction of our argumentation is guided by the Diasporas' place in the context of knowledge economy as generator of non financial resources which can be mobilized in favour of countries of origin. Finally, the last element of the research problem is the empirical verification of the Diaspora's role in the development of the homeland, namely through the effects of non financial resources (NFR). This objective determined the selection of three emerging post-Communist Diasporas: Romanian, Moldovan and Kyrgyz Diaspora as a very interesting ground of investigation of these effects. Our choice is explained by the composition of these diasporic groups characterized by a strong presence of skilled migrants with a high level of education. Despite their recent creation, these Diasporas defined by an important “diasporic activism” which spurs the production of NFR positive effects helped answering the questions that arose during this work. These questions covered three domains: Diasporas existence and their nature, Diaspora and economic development of country of origin and the determinants of the non financial resources impact on the source country.

Cette thèse interroge et compare les constructions des conditions noires entre Afrique et Amériques Latines. Plus précisément entre la société gabonaise et la société afro-mexicaine. Ces conditions noires sont travaillées par des restes idéologiques et des effets des phénomènes de racialisations et de subalternisations issus des expériences coloniales (Traite esclavagiste et Colonisation). Dans la première partie, il est décrit les itinéraires et les dynamiques de racialisations entre le Gabon et le Mexique Noir. La deuxième partie établit les logiques et les relations de pouvoir entre les deux sociétés. Ces dernières permettent de comparer les enjeux de citoyenneté incarnés sur la couleur des individus entre ces deux contextes. La troisième partie porte une attention aux réponses construites par les individus et les collectifs face à ces logiques et relations de pouvoir entre le Gabon et le Mexique. La quatrième partie montre l’essor des circulations des signes, idées « afro » et leurs incidences au niveau local entre les deux sociétés étudiées. Au travers d’une démarche transatlantique caractérisée par des ethnographies multi-situées, nous établissons une comparaison entre le Gabon et la Costa Chica. Cette dernière nous permet de rendre compte des logiques de pouvoir différentes et similaires, et des effets contemporains de la mondialisation « afro ». Cette dernière provoque des « découvertes » entre sujets afro-américains et africains produisant des sens en traversant l’Atlantique. / This thesis questions and compares the constructions of black conditions between Africa and Latin America. More precisely between the Gabonese society and afromexican society. These black conditions are worked by ideological remains and effects of the phenomena of racializations and subalternisations from the colonial experiences (Slavery and Colonization). The first part describes the pathways and racializations dynamic between Gabon and Black Mexico. The second part establishes the logical and power relationship between the two societies. They allow the comparison of the citizenship issues incarnated through the color of individuals in these two contexts. The third part pays attention to the responses built by individuals and groups facing these logics and power relationship between Gabon and Mexico. The fourth section shows the growth of traffic signs, ideas of 'Afro' and their impact at local level between the two societies studied. Through a transatlantic approach characterized by multi-located ethnographies, we compare Gabon and the Costa Chica. It allows us to account for the different logic of power and similarities, and contemporary effects of the globalization of "Afro". The latter causes "discoveries" among African-American and African subjects producing direction across the Atlantic.

[pt] Esta pesquisa compreende como a religião afro-brasileira Candomblé se relaciona com o espaço físico em que acontece no mundo. Este lugar é chamado, carinhosamente, Roça. Estabelecendo a relação entre a cultura negra afrodiaspórica e a Arquitetura, revela-se uma forma muito particular de habitar. A religião, culturalmente, é um campo fértil de simbologias dessa existência, e contém aspectos cheios de significados do homem, do divino e do lugar. Dentre as religiões afrosiaspóricas, o Candomblé tem importância fundamental. Uma comunidade de resistência e de produção cultural, moldada pela mutabilidade, movimento e hibridação da diáspora negra. Buscou-se compreender os significados, os sentidos e as definições de cada elemento que compõe o universo da Roça de Candomblé: os elementos pré-existentes, construídos, naturais e as relações destes com a comunidade religiosa que compõe, com os deuses e ancestrais, os habitantes deste espaço metafísico afro-brasileiro. A dissertação foi desenvolvida através de grande revisão bibliográfica, e a pesquisa de campo etnográfica, com o processo de iniciação do autor no terreiro de Candomblé Ilê Axé Icimimó Aganju Didê, na cidade de Cachoeira, Bahia. Esse fato abre uma comunicação específica com a comunidade religiosa do Icimimó. A ideia é fazer da participação, um instrumento de conhecimento, despedaçando a dicotomia observador-objeto de observação. Neste processo são produzidos desenhos, plantas, arquivos fotográficos e entrevistas. Tecendo esta grande teia de referências se revela um novo Habitar no mundo. / [en] This research seeks to understand how the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé relates to the physical space in which it takes place in the world. This place is affectionately called Roça. Establishing the relationship between Afro-Diasporic black culture and Architecture, a very particular way of inhabiting is revealed. Religion, culturally, is a fertile field of symbology of this existence, and contains aspects full of meanings of man, the divine, and the place. Among black religions, Candomblé is of fundamental importance. A community of resistance and cultural production, shaped by the mutability, movement, and hybridization of the black diaspora. We sought to understand the meanings, senses, and definitions of each element that makes up the universe of Roça of Candomblé: the pre-existing, built, natural elements and their relationships with the religious community that composes, together with the gods and the ancestors, the inhabitants of this Afro-Brazilian metaphysical space. The dissertation was developed through a major bibliographic review, and ethnographic field research, with the author s initiation process in the terreiro of Candomblé Ilê Axé Icimimó Aganju Didê, in the city of Cachoeira, Bahia. This fact opens a specific communication with the religious community of Icimimó. The idea is to make participation an instrument of knowledge, breaking the observer-observation dichotomy. In this process, drawings, plans, photographic files and interviews are produced. Weaving this great web of references reveals a new Dwelling in the world.

As a political, social, and cultural ideology, Pan-Africanism has been a complex movement attempting to ameliorate the dehumanizing effects of “the global Eurocentric colonial/modern capitalist model of power,” which Anibal Quijano (2000) refers to as “the coloniality of power.” The destructive forces of the coloniality of power—beginning with the transatlantic slave trade—that led to the dispersal and displacement of millions of Africans subsequently facilitated the creation of Pan-African political and cultural consciousness. Thus, this dissertation examines diverse articulations of Pan-African politics of cultural struggle as a response to racist and sexist oppression and economic exploitation of Afro-descendants. I am specifically interested in the formation of international politico-cultural movements, such as the Black Arts movement, Négritude, and the Pan-African Cultural Revolution and their ideological alignments to political liberation struggles for the emancipation of people of African descent. With varying degrees of revolutionary commitment, intellectuals in each of these movements utilized literary and cultural production to raise the political consciousness of Africans and Afro-descendants to combat forces that oppressed their communities. To demonstrate this, my dissertation historicizes and analyzes the numerous Pan-African festivals, congresses, and conferences, which occurred between 1965 and 1977, while interrogating the specific manifestations of “translocal” contacts and linkages between movement intellectuals. I chose to focus on these years because they roughly correspond with the historical time period known as the Black Arts movement in North America (1965-1975), which had a vibrant, yet understudied Pan-African worldview. Moreover, while Pan-Africanism gained considerable traction after World War II, it was particularly between 1966 and 1977 that intellectuals aligned with Négritude and Pan-African Marxism competed for ideological hegemony of the movement on the African continent and in the African Diaspora.

Racialization, Representation, and Resistance: Black Visual Artists and the Production of Alterity queries the relationship between Black visual representation and Black social and cultural politics. For the past two centuries Black visual artists throughout the African Diaspora have painted, sculpted, and filmed images of blackness inspired, funded, and otherwise supported by progressive patrons and institutions. Largely produced outside of mainstream art worlds, these visual representations focused on Black social and cultural politics and Black alterity more than mainstream tastes or stereotypes. As the coherence of Black social and political movements and resources declined in the late twentieth century, however, commercialization and the mainstream art world had increasing influence on Black visual culture. These changes created intense resistance and debate about the politics of visual representation throughout the Black Atlantic, particularly in the United States, Cuba, and the United Kingdom. Ethnographic observations, interviews, and gallery talks with artists in these three nations, including John Yancey, Vicky Meek, Marcus Akinlana, Kara Walker, Michael Ray Charles, Gloria Rolando, Anissa Cockings, and Andrew Sinclair, along with cultural and historical comparisons, provide fresh insight into the relationship between Black visual representation and contemporary Black social and cultural politics. / text

Gurus claim that they are able to act as mediators to put disciples on the path of spiritual development in diaspora. This study aims to investigate this claim, researching the hypothesis ‘that changing cultural environments in the United Kingdom, compared to those of the Indian sub-continent, requires a different model of the guru-chela (guru-disciple), relationship?’ In effect it seeks to test the differences, based on the stability and sustainability of the relationship in diaspora? This claim was endorsed by psychotherapist, J S Neki (1973), in a meeting in America and was published in The Journal of Ortho-psychiatry Volume 3. It discusses the possibility of the ‘guru-chela (disciple) relations’ acting as a model for ‘therapeutic care for the Hindu patient in diaspora.’ This research aims to examine critically the effectiveness of the guru-disciple relationship in light of changes the gurus have made in the delivery and quality of instructions they provide and the changes in the disciples’ aspirations in the new environment. The study investigates the meeting ground for science-based western psychotherapy and intuition-based spirituality. Both subjects deal with pastoral care components for their respective respondents, but are diametrically opposed in their approaches. The research sample in the study, are taken from Leicester, where the researcher is based, as the area provides a diverse group in the Heart of Hindu England, through which to examine the guru-disciple phenomena in diaspora.