Modern gas turbine engines run at extremely high temperatures which require the high pressure turbine blades to be extensively cooled in order to reach life requirements. This must be done using the minimum amount of coolant in order to reduce the negative impacts on the cycle efficiency. In the design process the cooling configuration and stress distribution must be carefully considered before verification of the design is conducted. Improvements to all three of these blade design areas are presented in this thesis which investigates internal cooling systems in the form of ribbed, radial passages and leading edge impingement systems. The effect of rotation on the heat transfer distribution in ribbed radial passages is investigated. An engine representative triple-pass serpentine passage, typical of a gas turbine mid-chord HP blade passage, is simulated using common industrial RANS CFD methodology with the results compared to those from the RHTR, a rotating experimental facility. The simulations are found to perform well under stationary conditions with the rotational cases proving more challenging. Further study and simulations of radial passages are undertaken in order to understand the salient flow and heat transfer features found, namely the inlet velocity profile and rib orientation relative to the mainstream flow. A consistent rib direction gives improved heat transfer characteristics whilst careful design of inlet conditions could give an optimised heat transfer distribution. The effect of rotation on the heat transfer distribution in leading edge impingement systems is investigated. As for the radial passages, RANS CFD simulations are compared and validated against experimental data from a rotating heat transfer rig. The simulations provide accurate average heat transfer levels under stationary and rotating conditions. The full target surface heat transfer in an engine realistic leading edge impingement system is investigated. Experimental data is compared to RANS CFD simulations. Experimental results are in line with previous studies and the simulations provide reasonable heat transfer predictions. A new method of combined thermal and mechanical analysis is presented and validated for a leading edge impingement system. Conjugate CFD simulations are used to provide a metal temperature distribution for a mechanical analysis. The effect of changes to the geometry and temperature profile on stress levels are studied and methods to improve blade stress levels are presented. The thermal FEA model is used to quantify the effect of HTC alterations on different surfaces within a leading edge impingement system, in terms of both temperature and stress distributions. These are then used to provide improved target HTC distributions in order to increase blade life. A new method using Gaussian process regression for thermal matching is presented and validated for a leading edge impingement case. A simplified model is matched to a full conjugate CFD solution to test the method's quality and reliability. It is then applied to two real engine blades and matched to data from thermal paint tests. The matches obtained are very close, well within experimental accuracy levels, and offer consistency and speed improvements over current methodologies.

O câncer de colo de útero é o terceiro tipo de neoplasia mais comum em mulheres no estado do Rio de Janeiro, perdendo apenas para câncer de mama e pulmão. Não há informação disponível sobre a qualidade dos exames utilizados para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero nos municípios fluminenses. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica das unidades laboratoriais e a cobertura de exames e a performance da rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro, segundo regiões mesopolitanas e municípios, no que diz respeito aos exames citopatológicos realizados no âmbito do SUS, considerando a qualidade, a normalização dos procedimentos e a gestão do laboratório e propor melhorias. A pesquisa usa um desenho de estudo do tipo transversal incluindo dados relativos ao funcionamento dos laboratórios que fazem exame papanicolaou no âmbito do SUS no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo com dados secundários, já coletados para atender a ação de avaliação dos laboratórios de citopatologia no âmbito do SUS, nesse trabalho também é usada a abordagem ecológica para estimar a cobertura dos exames em relação à população-alvo do programa de rastreamento de câncer de colo de útero. A rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro não teve desempenho satisfatório. As regiões que tiveram laboratórios com melhor desempenho foram Baia da Ilha Grande e Baixada Litorânea e aquelas com laboratórios de pior desempenho foram Médio Paraíba e Noroeste. Os critérios avaliados com melhor desempenho foram da dimensão qualidade e o mais fraco desempenho foi observado para os critérios da dimensão normalização. A dimensão de gestão de laboratórios teve desempenho regular. Um relevante achado desse estudo foi a insuficiente qualidade da leitura de lâminas, inclusive procedimentos de releitura, que pode ser explicado pela suposta falta de capacitação dos profissionais em todo o processo exigido desde a identificação, fixação, e formas de encaminhamento do material até a chegada aos laboratórios. Com relação à cobertura, alguns municípios se aproximam do parâmetro (0,30) porém, embora este dado revele a capacidade da rede estadual do rio de Janeiro de ofertar exames, é preciso que ele seja analisado em conjunto com as situações de citologia anterior e tempo da citologia anterior para verificação da periodicidade da oferta e o melhor dimensionamento do alcance da população alvo assim como a abrangência da rede laboratorial de cada município. Conclusão: Os dados mostram repetição desnecessária de exames citopatológicos, o que implica custos injustificados e uma situação ainda mais deficitária de alcance das ações do que tem revelado o indicador razão. Ocorrendo principalmente em regiões com predominância de laboratórios privados. A expansão da cobertura com base na periodicidade recomendada do exame é relevante no quadro estadual encontrado e deve vir associada a iniciativas que garantam a qualidade no processo de coleta e análise do material, bem como a adequada capacitação dos profissionais para adoção de condutas recomendadas para as lesões identificadas. / Cancer of the cervix is the third most common type of cancer in women in the state of Rio de Janeiro, second only to breast cancer and lung. No information is available about the quality of tests used to prevent cancer of the cervix in municipalities of Rio de Janeiro. Objective: To evaluate the geographic distribution of laboratory units and the coverage and network performance tests of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro, according mesopolitanas regions and municipalities, with respect to Pap smears performed within SUS, considering the quality , standardization of procedures and laboratory management and propose improvements. The research uses a design of cross-sectional study including data concerning the operation of laboratories performing Pap smears within the SUS in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This is a study of secondary data already collected to meet the action assessment of cytopathology laboratories within the SUS, is also used in this study the ecological approach to estimate the coverage of the tests in relation to the target population of the program screening of cancer of the cervix. The network of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro did not perform satisfactorily. Regions that had laboratories that performed well were the Big Island and Coastal Lowlands and those with worse performance labs were Middle Paraíba and Northwest.The criteria evaluated were the best performing of the size and quality weakest performance was observed for the criteria of size normalization. The size of laboratory management had regular performance. An important finding of this study was insufficient to read quality blades, including rereading procedures, which can be explained by the supposed lack of professional training required in the whole process from identifying, securing, routing and forms the material until the arrival laboratories. With respect to coverage, some municipalities approach the parameter (0.30) but, although this figure reveals the ability of the state of Rio de Janeiro to offer examinations, he must be considered in conjunction with situations of previous cytology and time of cytology prior to checking the periodicity of supply and better scaling of the reach of the target population as well as the scope of the laboratory network in each city. The data show unnecessary repetition of Pap smears, which implies unnecessary costs and an even more deficient range of actions that the indicator has revealed razão. Ocorrendo especially in regions with predominantly private laboratories. The expansion of coverage based on the recommended frequency of examination is relevant under state and found to be associated with initiatives to ensure quality in process of collection and analysis of the material, as well as adequate training of professionals to adopt guidelines recommended for lesions identified.

Introdução: O câncer de colo uterino é o quarto câncer mais comum no sexo feminino e um importante problema mundial de saúde pública. Recentemente, o uso de biomarcadores para melhorar a sensibilidade e especificidade do rastreamento e diagnóstico desta patologia passou a ter maior importância. Dentre estes, P16 e Ki67 passaram a ser largamente utilizados em imunohistoquímica de amostras preservadas em parafina. Entretanto, não se sabe qual a influência do tempo e temperatura de armazenamento de amostras previamente cortadas. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem por finalidade avaliar a influência do tempo de preparo e temperatura de armazenamento na imunorreatividade para P16 e Ki67 de cortes de amostras cervicais. Métodos: Amostras de blocos de parafina de câncer de colo uterino foram seccionadas e montadas em lâminas, de maneira seriada, no período de 9, 6, 3, 1 mês e tempo zero, sendo armazenadas em -20°C, 4°C e temperatura ambiente (TA). Todas as amostras então foram processadas ao mesmo tempo por imunohistoquímica para detecção de P16 e Ki67, sendo realizada leitura da mesma região do tumor nas diferentes condições. Resultados: Dos 10 casos de câncer de colo uterino, foram analisadas 75 regiões para P16 e Ki67 nas diferentes condições. A expressão de P16 e Ki67 não variou de maneira significativa ao longo do tempo nas diferentes condições de temperatura de armazenamento. Por exemplo, os cortes de 9 meses apresentaram a seguinte expressão quando armazenados a -20°C, 4°C e TA, respectivamente [mediana (p25-75)]: marcador P16 - 200 (160-300), 200 (180-300) e 200 (170-300), o que não foi estatisticamente diferente do corte em tempo zero, 200 (200-300), P=0,210; marcador Ki 67 - 210 (160-270), 210 (160-270) e 210 (145-270), o que também não foi estatisticamente diferente do corte em tempo zero, 240 (180-270), P=0,651. Conclusão: Não há influência significativa do tempo de preparo e temperatura de armazenamento de lâminas com material já cortado para a realização de imunohistoquímica posteriormente, no período de até 9 meses, para P16 e Ki67. Isto permite que, ao processarmos lâminas para HE e/ou outros marcadores, podemos reservar lâminas para posterior processamento com P16 e Ki67 sem prejuízo à imunorreatividade. / Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and a major public health problem in the world. Recently, the use of biomarkers to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the screening and diagnosis of this pathology has become more important. Among these, P16 and Ki67 became widely used in immunohistochemistry of samples preserved in paraffin. However, the influence of storage time and temperature of previously cut samples is not known. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preparation time and storage temperature on the immunoreactivity for P16 and Ki67 of cervical specimens. Methods: Cervical cancer paraffin blocks were sectioned and mounted onto glass slides in 9, 6, 3, 1 month and zero time and stored at -20°C, 4°C and room temperature (RT). All slides were then processed at the same time by immunohistochemistry for the detection of P16 and Ki67, and the same tumor region was read under the different conditions. Results: Of the 10 cases of cervical cancer, 75 regions were analyzed for P16 and Ki67 under different conditions. Expression of P16 and Ki67 did not vary significantly over time at different storage temperature conditions. For example, the 9-month slides showed the following expression when stored at -20°C, 4°C and RT, respectively [median (p25-75)]: P16 - 200 (160-300), 200 (180-300) and 200 (170-300), which was not statistically different from zero time cut, 200 (200-300), P = 0.210; Ki 67 - 270 (160-270), 210 (160-270) and 210 (145-270), which was also not statistically different from zero-time cutoff, 240 (180-270), P = 0.651. Conclusion: There is no significant influence of the preparation time and storage temperature of slides of cervical cancer to be processed by immunohistochemistry later, in the period of up to 9 months, for P16 and Ki67. This allows, when processing slides for HE and / or other markers, we can reserve slides for further processing with P16 and Ki67 without impairing immunoreactivity.

No presente trabalho realizamos uma análise das lâminas líticas polidas produzidas pelos habitantes pré-históricos no território brasileiro, provenientes de diferentes regiões, grupos e modos de vida. A partir do estudo de coleções arqueológicas e de experimentações pretendemos compreender melhor as diferenças e semelhanças apresentadas por estas lâminas polidas em cada região e sua resistência a testes de impacto em laboratório. Foram analisados 926 artefatos, entre lâminas, fragmentos e alguns percutores. São peças que integram coleções de museus centrais em diferentes regiões do Brasil (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul). São principalmente coleções antigas, que apresentam objetos provenientes de diversas partes de cada um dos estados, possibilitando uma cobertura territorial ampla. A despeito dos parcos dados de procedência das peças foi possível caracterizálas regionalmente de forma bastante clara, demonstrando que morfológica e tecnologicamente há variações significativas de uma região para a outra. Em alguns casos foi possível ir ainda mais longe, permitindo propor atribuições culturais a determinados tipos, relacionando-os a algumas Tradições Arqueológicas. No entanto, se tornou evidente também que a partilha dos modos de fazer regionais tem importância capital, que quase sempre vai além das escolhas culturais de um grupo específico. Os trabalhos experimentais (de compressão e impacto) evidenciaram a força necessária para a fragmentação de uma lâmina de basalto de tamanho intermediário, durante seu uso no corte, bem como permitiu estimar a força utilizada por um lenhador mediano, possibilitando compreender melhor algumas relações entre força de impacto, quebras e formas de encabamentos. Finalmente, conseguimos lançar luz sobre a importância das lâminas, tanto para as sociedades do passado, quanto para os arqueólogos do presente, mostrando-as como ferramentas importantes para a compreensão dos modos de vida e dos processos de ocupação do território. / In the present work, we performed an analysis of lithic polished blades produced by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Brazilian territory, from different regions, groups and ways of life. From the study of archaeological assemblages and of experimental archaeology we aim to better understand the differences and similarities presented by these polished blades in each region and their resistance to impact tests. We analyzed 926 artifacts, including blades, fragments and some hammerstones. These items integrate collections of central museums in different regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Southeast and South). The collections were formed mostly from the middle of the XX century on and present objects from different parts of each of the states, making possible a wide territorial coverage. Despite the scarce data provenance for the pieces it was possible to characterize them regionally quite clearly, showing that morphologically and technologically there are significant variations from one region to another. In some cases it was possible to go even further, allowing the proposition of some cultural attributions to certain types of artifacts, relating them to some Archaeological Traditions. However, it also became clear that sharing the ways of doing things has a major role importance, which often goes beyond the cultural choices of a specific group. The experimental work (of compression and impact) revealed the force required to break a basalt blade of average size during its use in chopping, and allowing us to estimate the force used by an average lumberjack, then enabling a better understanding of some relationships between impact force, breakages and forms of hafting. Finally, we shed light on the importance of the blades, both for past societies, as to the present day archaeologists, showing them as important tools for understanding the ways of life and the processes involved in the human occupation of the territory.

The content of study is related to reducing the production times of milling of aluminum component of vacuum pump. The primary aim of the thesis is to experimentally verify the proposed cutting conditions when milling the rotor blades and then evaluate them according to predetermined parameters. The output is reducing machining time with respect to cost, tools and machine.

This master´s thesis deals with the design of a steam turbine for a small nuclear power plant with a power of 50 MWe. In the first part of the work is proposed thermal and mass balance. The turbine has seven unregulated steam extractions, which are divided: two are for high-pressure feedwater heater, four are for low-pressure condensate heater and one is for degassing. The next chapter deals with the calculation of the regulation stage which is designed like an A-wheel and here is also strength control. Then, a pre-design and a detailed design of the stage part with the reaction blading. The stage part is consisted of eight cones with a total number of 27 stages. In the following chapters, is calculated the compensating piston, seals system and bearings. In the end, is made the consumption diagram. Part of the work is a conceptual drawing of a steam turbine section. The resulting steam turbine has a power output 50,197 MW and an internal thermodynamic efficiency of 73,9 %.

The aim of the thesis was to propose a pump impeller with higher effectiveness and verify the proposal with the calculation using programs Gambit and Fluent. Three designed impellers were afterwards made using 3D printer and its characteristics were measured in a hydraulic laboratory in Kaplan Department of hydraulic machines. The proposal of a so called wideband impeller of the centrifugal pump was made with chaotic ordering of blade cascades, in one impeller occur blades with various input and output angles and different shapes of blades but all blades have got similar shape in a meridian sectional view of impeller. The thesis was divided into three parts. In the first part, a conforming transformation was theoretically described which was in the thesis used for the shape proposal of impeller blades. In the second part of the thesis final proposals and calculations of pump impellers were made. The third part of the thesis focused on the processing and evaluation of experimental measurement in the hydraulic laboratory and finally the results of the thesis were summarized in the conclusion.

Modelling studies have shown that 1.5 and 3.0 MW wind turbines with blade sweep have an increased annual energy production (AEP) of approximately 5% when compared to straight-blade wind turbines. The objective of the research was to further increase below-rated, variable speed, power capture when using swept-blades. When operating in the variable speed region, the turbine’s torque is proportional to the square of the generator speed, and k is the proportionality constant (T = kΩ 2 ). Initial studies indicated that the value of k needed to be lowered from the original value to increase AEP. This proved to be slightly beneficial for the 3.0 MW turbine but not for the 1.5 MW turbine. The optimal tip speed ratio was too high for both turbines and limited the ability to increase AEP. Original swept-blade chords were designed to fit a linear pattern for manufacturing purposes, but it is believed this is no longer a necessary constraint. The blades were redesigned to have a non-linear chord distribution, which is based on the Betz optimal design method, and the resultant increase in solidity proved to be the solution for slowing down the blades’ rotational speed. The change in chord design proved to be beneficial for both 1.5 and 3.0 MW wind turbines and had immediate, measurable increases to AEP. An effort to further increase AEP was then conducted by using an alternative torque-speed controller, which used a different equation to relate speed and torque. This method only resulted in an increase of AEP for the 1.5 MW turbine. In conclusion, the highest recorded AEP increases from straight-blade values were 6.9% and 8.9% for the 1.5 and 3.0 MW turbines, respectively. The 1.5 MW turbine benefited from the custom controller and redesigned chords, whereas the 3.0 MW turbine only benefited from redesigned chords.

Bakgrunden till projektet är problem med kanterosion av turbinblad inom vindkraftverks- industrin. Det är ett fenomen som uppstår när turbinblad roterar i höga hastigheter och träffar partiklar, främst vattendroppar i regn. Denna erosion skadar turbinbladen, vilket både minskar vindkraftverkens effektivitet och sprider partiklar i den lokala miljön. För att både undersöka detta fenomen och ge möjlighet att utvärdera olika materials motståndskraft mot erosion ska en testrigg tas fram. Utöver detta ska testriggen även möjliggöra uppsamling av partiklar för vidare forskning kring deras effekt på miljön. Som utgångspunkt används en tribometer med rotationsmekanism från ett föregående maskinkonstruktionsprojekt på KTH. Ombyggnationen av denna avgränsas till att endast genomföras digitalt med hjälp av CAD för att hålla mängden arbete till en rimlig nivå. Förutom CAD har arbetet även inkluderat kravspecifikationer, beräkningar i MATLAB, FEA-analyser och kostnadskalkyler. Resultatet är en digitalt styrd testrigg med tillhörande komponentlista och instruktioner för tillverkning och genomförande. Inköpskostnad för ombyggnationen uppskattas till 28 000 kr. Riggen för en cylindrisk provbit genom ett artificiellt regn i hög hastighet, vilket resulterar i en accelererad nötningsprocess. Under testets gång dokumenteras erosionen visuellt med hjälp av en kamera och efter testet kan mängden förlorat material mätas i vikt och partiklar samlas upp. Flera andra parametrar dokumenteras automatiskt under testets gång för att ge en mer detaljerad bild av processen och data för undersökningar av repeterbarhet. Slutligen konstateras att testriggen uppnår alla krav ställda på den förutom att den inte har en nödbroms. Avsaknaden av nödbroms diskuteras och det leder till slutsatsen att testriggen, även utan nödbroms, är fullt fungerande, enkel och säker att använda. / The background for this project is a problem in the wind turbine industry, namely leading edge erosion of turbine blades. This occurs when wind turbine blades rotate at high speeds and collide with particles, mainly water drops in rain. This erosion damages the turbine blades, reducing the efficiency of the wind turbines and releasing particles into the local environment. To investigate this phenomenon and evaluate the durability of different materials, a test rig is to be developed. In addition, the test rig will enable the collection of particles to facilitate further research into their environmental impact. A tribometer with a rotation mechanism from a previous project at KTH serves as the starting point. The reconstruction of this tribometer is limited to a digital implementation using CAD to keep the amount of work at an appropriate level. In addition to CAD, the work has also included requirements specifications, calculations in MATLAB, FEA, and cost estimates. The result is a digitally controlled test rig with an accompanying component list and instructions for manufacturing and implementation. The estimated purchase cost for the reconstruction is 28,000 SEK. The rig tests a cylindrical sample by propelling it at high speed through artificial rain, resulting in an accelerated wear process. The erosion is visually documented using a camera during the test. Afterwards the amount of lost material can be measured by weight and the particles collected. Several other parameters are automatically recorded during the test to provide a more detailed picture of the process and data for investigations into repeatability. Finally, it is concluded that the test rig meets all its requirements except for the absence of an emergency brake. The absence of an emergency brake is discussed, leading to the conclusion that despite missing an emergency brake, the test rig is fully functional, easy to use, and safe.

Methods of determining natural frequencies of the D76D88, B76D88, A86E93, C86G90, C86L90 and C125L89 turbine wheel designs for various environmental conditions were investigated by application of Finite Element Analysis and beam theory. Modelling and simulation methods were developed ; the first method composed of 15 finite element simulations ; the second composed of 15 finite element simulations and a set of experimental frequency survey results; the third composed of 5 simulations , an incorporated mathematical model and a set of experimental frequency survey results. Each of these methods was designed to allow prediction of resonant frequency changes across a range of exhaust gas temperature and shaft rotational speed. For the new modelling and simulation methods, an analysis template and a plotting tool were developed using Microsoft Excel and MATLAB software. A graph showing a frequency-temperature-speed variations and a Campbell Diagram that incorporates material stiffening and softening effects across a range of rotational speeds was designed, and applied to the D76D88, B76D88, A86E93, C86G90, C86L90 and C125L89 turbine wheel designs. New design methodologies for turbine wheels were formulated and validated, showing a good agreement with a range of data points from frequency survey, strain-gauge telemetry and laser tip-timing test results. The results from the new design method were compared with existing single compensation factor methodology, and showed a great improvement in accuracy of prediction of modal vibration. A new nomenclature for the mode shapes of a turbocharger’s blade was proposed, designed and demonstrated to allow direct identification of associated mode shape. It is concluded that Finite Element Analysis combined with the frequency survey is capable of predicting changes in turbine natural frequencies and, when incorporated into the existing turbine design methodology, resulted in a major improvement in the accuracy of the predictions of vibration frequency. / Additional data files have been restricted by request.