Orientador: Luis Guillermo Bahamondes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Modesto_WaleskaOliveira_D.pdf: 13141867 bytes, checksum: 9829c0f68d8c82bcf73f017f9a8b6ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A diminuição da densidade mineral óssea (DMO), o ganho do peso e as alterações nos padrões de sangramento são frequentemente associados ao uso dos métodos de somente progestágeno. Aspectos não completamente elucidados quanto ao momento e tempo de ocorrência podem prejudicar a continuação e ocasionar descontinuação prematura ou induzir morbidades. Objetivos: Avaliar a DMO, ganho do peso e taxas de descontinuação por transtornos de sangramento dos métodos de somente progestágenos. Sujeitos e Métodos: realizaram-se quatro estudos sobre a influência do acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD): A) sobre a DMO e a composição corporal (CC) de suas usuárias a partir dos 12 meses até os 23 anos de uso; B) sobre ganho de peso em usuárias do AMPD, do sistema liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) e do dispositivo intra-uterino com cobre (DIU) até 10 anos de uso, C) sobre a influência do implante liberador de etonogestrel (ENG) na DMO e na CC até 24 meses de seguimento e D) avaliamos a influência de diferentes orientações em relação aos distúrbios do sangramento nas taxas de continuação das usuárias de SIU-LNG, implante liberador de ENG e DIU. Resultados: a DMO aos 12 meses de uso do AMPD foi menor na coluna lombar quando comparadas a usuárias de DIU e aos 10 anos de uso 29,8% das usuárias do AMPD apresentaram osteoporose comparado a 2,4% das usuárias de DIU. Na CC, observou-se que, aos 12 meses, ocorreu um aumento de 2Kg de massa gorda e 2% na porcentagem de massa gorda nas usuárias de AMPD, porém, a longo prazo, não houve diferença na quantidade de massa gorda quando comparadas à usuárias de DIU. O peso aumentou ao final do primeiro ano em 1,3Kg, 0,7Kg e 0,2Kg e, aos 10 anos, em 6,6Kg, 4,0Kg e 4,9Kg nas usuárias de AMPD, SIU-LNG e DIU, respectivamente. Nas usuárias do implante liberador de ENG ocorreu uma diminuição da DMO da coluna lombar aos 12 meses e um aumento de 2% a 2,7% da massa gorda aos 12 e 24 meses comparadas à usuárias de DIU. Mulheres que receberam orientações de rotina ou intensivas quanto ao padrão de sangramento esperado não mostraram diferenças significativas nas taxas de descontinuação do SIU-LNG, do implante liberador de ENG e do DIUT. Conclusões: O uso do AMPD ocasionou uma diminuição na DMO no primeiro ano de uso, essa diminuição foi progressiva e aumentou a prevalência de osteoporose em longo prazo. Usuárias do AMPD, SIU-LNG e DIU apresentaram ganho do peso aos 10 anos de uso, sendo maior em usuárias de AMPD. A massa gorda aumentou no primeiro ano de uso do AMPD, porém, não foi significante em longo prazo quando comparada à usuárias do DIU. Em usuárias do implante liberador de ENG foi encontrado um ganho do peso e da massa gorda aos 24 meses e uma diminuição da DMO após 12 meses. As estratégias de orientação de rotina e intensivas não apresentaram diferenças nas taxas de continuação das usuárias do implante liberador de ENG , SIU-LNG e DIU / Abstract: The decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), weight gain and changes in uterine bleeding patterns are often associated with the use of progestin-only methods. Aspects not still elucidated and the moment of occurrence could harm the continuation and provoke premature discontinuation or induce morbidities. Objectives: To evaluate BMD, weight gain and discontinuation rates for bleeding disturbances of progestin-only methods. Subjects and Methods: Four studies were conducted with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users: A) regarding BMD and body composition (BC) from 12 months to 23 years of use; B) on weight gain among DMPA users, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and cooper-intrauterine device (IUD) up to 10 years of use; C) on the influence of the etonogestrel-releasing implant (ENG) upon BMD and BC up to 24 months of follow-up; and D) to evaluate the influence of two counseling strategies regarding to bleeding disorders in continuation rates of the users of the LNG-IUS, ENG-implant and IUD. Results: BMD after 12 months of DMPA use was lower at the lumbar spine compared to IUD users and 29.8% has osteoporosis among those women who had used DMPA for 10 years or more compared to 2.4% of IUD users. Regarding BC, at 12 months of use it was observed, an increase of 2 kg of fat mass and 2% in the percentage of fat mass in DMPA users; however, in the long-term use, there was no difference in the amount of fat mass compared to IUD users. The weight increased at the end of the first year was 1.3kg, 0.7kg and 0.2kg and, at 10 years, was 6.6kg, 4.0kg and 4.9kg among DMPA-, LNG-IUS- and IUD-users, respectively. Users of the ENG-implant showed a decrease in BMD at lumbar spine after 12 months of use and an increase of 2% to 2.7% of fat mass at 12 and 24 months when compared to IUD-users. Women who received routine or "intensive" counseling about the expected bleeding patterns showed no significant differences regarding the rates of discontinuation of LNG-IUS, ENG-implant and IUD. Conclusions: Users of DMPA showed a decrease in BMD at the end of the first year of use, the decrease was progressive and an increased prevalence of osteoporosis in the long-term use was observed. DMPA, LNG-IUS and IUD users showed weight gain after 10 years of use, higher in DMPA users. Fat mass increased in the first year of DMPA use; however, was not significant in the long-term when compared to IUD-users. In ENG-implant users it was found a weight gain and increase of fat mass at 24 months and a reduction in BMD after 12 months of use. The routine and "intensive" counseling showed no differences in rates of continuation in ENG-implant, LNG-IUS- and IUD-users / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

Magister Public Health - MPH / The global problem of overweight and obesity is disturbing judging by the World Health Organization 2008 statistics which estimate that 1.4 billion and 500 million adults are overweight and obese. Thus, as a major risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are the foremost cause of disability and death, the problem of obesity needs to be addressed not only globally but in South Africa as well. South Africa’s burden of disease includes NCDs and causes of death of diseases such as diabetes (3%), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (11%), cancer (7%) and chronic respiratory diseases (3%). The HealthKick study is a school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention programme in the Western Cape, S.A., aimed to promote healthy behaviours such as healthful eating and physical activity in children, parents and teachers to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. During the formative phase of the study it emerged that educators were at high risk for NCDs because of their high levels of obesity. This study therefore aimed to describe primary school educators’ perceptions regarding body weight, related health risks and barriers to weight management. A qualitative approach was used to collect data and included focus group discussions (FGDs), and in-depth individual interviews (IDIs). In addition anthropometric measurements were taken. Four schools were purposively selected and a total of thirty one male and female educators participated in the seven focus group discussions and four in-depth interviews from the four schools. Male FGDs and IDIs and female FGDs and IDIs were conducted separately. The focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic data analysis was conducted with the use of ATLAS ti 6.1 computer software.The results of the study indicate that educator perceptions regarding their own body weight varied slightly from the actual. Positive and negative weight loss experiences and feelings regarding their own body weight were expressed. Educators appeared knowledgeable about overweight/obesity and its health risks for particular NCDs. Several personal barriers were identified by the educators; however, of particular interest were the barriers relating to the school environment, identified barriers included lack of time, heavy workloads and school responsibilities. Several factors for consideration emerged relating to implementing an educator weight management programme in the schools. These included: the involvement of the department of education (DOE), the type of activities planned and the time of implementation.

Elite and collegiate athletes are subpopulations at increased risk for the development of disordered eating and pathogenic weight management strategies; such risks may extend beyond sport participation into sport retirement. As athletes self-weigh, whether during their time in competitive sport or in retirement, it would be expected that they also experience increases in body dissatisfaction and psychosocial distress. Results suggest both a longitudinal impact, as well as continued cross-sectional relationships between SW and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, former SW (at Time 1) is related to their levels of body satisfaction in relation to the Body factor and the Overall Body at Time 2. Particularly, athletes who weighed themselves 7+ more times a week reported significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction on the Overall Body factor and the Body factor than retired athletes who did not self-weigh, all other groups did not differ significantly from each other. Cross-sectional relations were found between current (Time 2) SW and Body Satisfaction (Overall Body, and Body factors), Dietary Restraint, and Bulimic Symptomatology. In all cases, those who engaged in SW 7+ times per week had significantly higher scores than all other groups.

The prevalence of dementia is increasing globally and is linked to obesity and unfavorable dietary habits. The present study analyses the association of alcohol intake from wine and non wine alcoholic beverages (non-wine) in g/d, as well as coffee and tea in cups/d, with incident dementia. Over 4.2 million person-years, 4270 dementia cases occurred in 351,436 UK Biobank participants. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident dementia were defined with Cox proportional hazard regression models in which beverage intake was fitted as penalized cubic splines. Wine intake showed a significant U-shaped association with the lowest risk for incident dementia (nadir) ranging from 21 to 23 g alcohol/d in all participants and in males. In contrast, non-wine consumption was significantly and dose-dependently associated with incident dementia, and the nadir was found at 0 g alcohol/d. Coffee consumption was not related to dementia risk, while moderate-to-high tea intake was negatively associated with incident dementia. Taken together, the current study shows on a population level that moderate consumption of wine and moderate-to-high tea intake is associated with a decreased risk of incident dementia. In contrast, non-wine is positively related to dementia risk in a linear fashion, and no clear association is found for coffee.

The effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss has been a controversial issue for decades. During that time, a high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diet has been one of the more popular weight loss diets with the public. We hypothesized that a computer simulation model using STELLA software could help to better understanding the effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss. We calculated daily total oxidation instead of total energy expenditure as others have done based on the facts that carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation. In order to create a simple and accurate model comparing dietary macronutrient composition effects, we eliminated exercise as a factor and focused on a sedentary population. The model was validated by five sets of published human data. Following model validation, simulations were carried out to compare the traditional high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the American Dietetic Association and two well-known high-protein diets (Atkins and the Zone diet). The results of computer simulation suggested that the lean tissue retention effect of a high-protein diet, especially with a lower-fat diet, compared with a traditional high carbohydrate diet over 6 months.

Obesity and mobile phone usage have simultaneously spread worldwide. Radio frequency-modulated electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by mobile phones are largely absorbed by the head of the user, influence cerebral glucose metabolism, and modulate neuronal excitability. Body weight adjustment, in turn, is one of the main brain functions as food intake behavior and appetite perception underlie hypothalamic regulation. Against this background, we questioned if mobile phone radiation and food intake may be related. In a single-blind, sham-controlled, randomized crossover comparison, 15 normal-weight young men (23.47 ± 0.68 years) were exposed to 25 min of RF-EMFs emitted by two different mobile phone types vs. sham radiation under fasting conditions. Spontaneous food intake was assessed by an ad libitum standard buffet test and cerebral energy homeostasis was monitored by 31phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. Exposure to both mobile phones strikingly increased overall caloric intake by 22–27% compared with the sham condition. Differential analyses of macronutrient ingestion revealed that higher calorie consumption was mainly due to enhanced carbohydrate intake. Measurements of the cerebral energy content, i.e., adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine ratios to inorganic phosphate, displayed an increase upon mobile phone radiation. Our results identify RF-EMFs as a potential contributing factor to overeating, which underlies the obesity epidemic. Beyond that, the observed RF-EMFs-induced alterations of the brain energy homeostasis may put our data into a broader context because a balanced brain energy homeostasis is of fundamental importance for all brain functions. Potential disturbances by electromagnetic fields may therefore exert some generalized neurobiological effects, which are not yet foreseeable.

To date, risk factors for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds are still not completely understood, and anatomical factors are suspected to influence their occurrence. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of body constitution on temporomandibular joint sounds of adolescents. 10- to 18-year-old participants of the LIFE Child Study were examined for TMJ sounds, and physical parameters such as body height, body weight, and general laxity of joints were measured. Odds ratios (OR) for associations of TMJ sounds and standard deviation scores (SDS) of body height and body weight were calculated by using binary logistic regression, including cofactors such as age and number of hypermobile joints. The OR for TMJ sounds and SDS of body height was 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06; 1.56) in females when the age-adjusted height value was above 0. SDS of body weight indicated significant ORs for TMJ sounds in males with values of 0.81 (95% CI 0.70; 0.94). No correlation was detected for SDS values and TMJ crepitus. Tall female adolescents seem to be more prone to TMJ clicking sounds, while their occurrence seems less likely in male adolescents with higher body weight.

Restricting animal-based products from diet may exert beneficial effects on weight status; however, less is known about such a diet and emotional health. Moreover, personality traits, for example high neuroticism, may contribute to restrictive eating habits and potentially confound diet-health associations. We aim to systematically assess if restrictive dietary intake of animal-based products relates to lower weight and higher depressive symptoms, and if differences in personality traits play a significant role. Cross-sectional data from the baseline LIFE-Adult study were collected from 2011–2014 in Leipzig, Germany (n = 8943). Main outcomes of interest were dietary frequency of animal-derived products in the last year measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), body-mass-index (BMI) (kg/m2), and the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Personality traits were assessed in a subsample of n = 7906 using the Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Higher restriction of animal-based product intake was associated with a lower BMI, but not with depression scores. Personality, i.e., lower extraversion, was related to higher frequency of animal product intake. Moreover, personality traits were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, i.e., higher neuroticism, lower extraversion, lower agreeableness, lower conscientiousness, and with higher BMI. These findings encourage future longitudinal studies to test the efficacy of restricting animal-based products as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for overweight and obesity.

No description available.

Obesity is a physiological consequence of dysregulated energy homeostasis. Energy homeostasis depends on energy intake and energy expenditure. Factors controlling the development of different adipose tissue deposits in the body and their distinct metabolic phenotypes are of considerable interest from both an agricultural and biomedical perspective. Following the literature review, the first chapter was devoted to studies designed to bridge the neural-adipose interface in understanding the relationship between appetite regulation and adipose tissue deposition in chickens, using chickens selected for low or high juvenile body weight as a model. Appetite regulation in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is the main factor governing food intake. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), known as a potent orexigenic factor, also promotes energy storage in fat in mammals and thus has a dual role in promoting energy intake via appetite regulation in the brain and energy storage/expenditure via direct effects on adipose tissue function. There have been no reports of the effects of NPY on adipose tissue function in any avian species. By exposing chicken preadipocytes to different concentration of NPY, we found that NPY enhances both proliferation and differentiation and thus appears to play a major role in chicken adipogenesis, an effect that has not yet been reported, to our knowledge. In the body weight selected chicken lines, we found that NPY and receptor sub-type expression was elevated in the abdominal fat of chickens from the high body weight chicken line and expression of these genes displayed heterosis in the reciprocal crosses of the parental lines as compared to both the high and low body weight selected lines. Intriguingly, expression of those same genes was greater in the low weight than high weight chickens in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic transcriptomic profiling revealed that genes involved in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems may also play an important role in both appetite regulation and insulin-regulated energy homeostasis in the body weight chicken lines. Intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin in broiler chicks was associated with a dose and time dependent reduction in food intake that was coupled with the activation of the ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus, as determined by c-fos immunoreactivity. The remainder of this dissertation project describes the effects of knocking down expression of a recently discovered transcription factor, ZBED6, on mouse preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. The dissertation ends with a study using diet-induced porcine prepubertal obesity as a model to examine differences in adipokine gene expression between different fat depots from pigs that consumed diets that differed in carbohydrate composition. Overall, we conclude that both NPY and monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine are of importance in the regulation of energy balance in chickens. Moreover, we propose that NPY is a factor that mediates hypothalamus and adipose tissue crosstalk in chickens. An understanding of this system may provide a new avenue for the treatment of obesity and associated disease complications by re-orchestrating the neuronal outputs or adiposity inputs. This information may also be of value in developing strategies to improve feed conversion and meat yield in commercial broilers. / Ph. D.