No description available.

No description available.

ackground: The changes in body composition markers (weight, fat mass, lean mass, and BMI) over time can be associated with TB treatment outcome among HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in fat mass and lean mass were associated with the treatment response among patients with HIV infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Data from HIV-infected patients commencing TB therapy were analyzed. This included body weight measurement using bioimpedance equipment at baseline, one month, and two months after starting TB treatment. Results: The study was conducted in 125 patients, 17 patients (13.6%) died during treatment, of which 5 died during the first month of treatment, 4 during the second month and 8 after the second month. The group of patients with good response, increased their weight by 1.3 kg (p <0.001) at the end of the first month of TB treatment and 2.6 kg in the second month (p <0.001), and body fat increase was 1.2 Kg (p <0.001) and 2.3 kg (p <0.001), the first and second month respectively. The group of patients who died had lost 2.1 kg fat mass after the first month (p <0.001) and 3.7 kg in the second month (p <0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that the weight change during TB treatment (increased fat mass) helps us predict therapeutic response. Weight loss during the first month of starting therapy should be evaluated thoroughly to identify the probable cause of treatment failure. / Revisión por pares

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in feeding phytogenic products to poultry for their growth and health benefits. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of a phytogenic feed additive on turkey poult performance and digestive physiology over a 6-week brooding period. In total, 864 male Hybrid Converter turkey poults were obtained from a local commercial hatchery on day-of-hatch and placed into floor pens with clean pine shavings. The treatments were randomly assigned including an industry-type corn-soybean meal positive control (PC), a similar diet with a 1.5% reduction in crude protein and key amino acids (NC), or the NC with the addition of Digestarom® (PFA) included at a rate of 1 g/kg. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE), and mortality were recorded throughout the experiment. On day 14 poults fed the PFA had significantly higher BWG compared to the PC and NC fed birds. By day 42 birds fed the PC and PFA diets had significantly higher BWG compared to the NC, and the PC had significantly higher FE compared to the NC and PFA fed birds. No differences in FI or mortality were observed throughout the experiment. There were no significant differences in AMEn, crude protein digestibility, or nutrient transporter or pancreatic enzyme mRNA expression among treatments. However, aminopeptidase activity tended to be lower in the ileum of poults fed the PC or PFA diets compared to the NC, suggesting that the PFA may be improving protein utilization. / Master of Science / Recent regulations and customer demand have severely restricted the use of antibiotics in poultry production. Historically, antibiotics have been included in poultry diets at sub-therapeutic concentrations to improve performance and reduce disease incidence. Since this restriction, producers have experienced increased feed conversion ratio, decreased body weights, and increases in morbidity and mortality. Not only does this present an animal welfare issue, but producers experience decreased profits due to the decrease in performance associated with restricted antibiotic use. Many researchers are investigating the ability of alternative feed additives to help mitigate the lost performance this restriction has caused. One such alternative is a class of compounds known generally as phytogenic feed additives. These are herbs, spices, and associated products which can be included into the diet at relatively low concentrations. Previous research has demonstrated the ability of phytogenic feed additives to positively influence performance and gastrointestinal tract health, primarily in broiler chickens. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and absorption in turkey poults over the first six weeks of feeding. Previous indications with this product seem to indicate that it also increases protein utilization so this product was evaluated using a reduced protein diet. By day 14, poults fed the feed additive had significantly higher body weights compared to both the positive and negative control. At the conclusion of the experiment on day 42, the birds fed the feed additive had significantly higher body weight compared to the negative control and were similar to the positive control. This suggests the ability of the feed additive to improve performance when dietary protein is reduced. Data from aminopeptidase activity in the ileum suggest a potential improvement in the efficiency of protein utilization, which may explain the performance improvements when poults were fed the phytogenic feed additive.

Mechanically pressed Brassica napus L. meals’ digestibility nutritional compositions were evaluated with digestibility studies. Two growth trials were conducted identifying the meals’ maximum dietary inclusion level in broiler chicken diets. Heat reduced nutrient digestibility of mechanically pressed black canola meal (MPBCM). Meals with higher residual oil had higher AMEn. Enzyme addition did not affect MPBCM AMEn but increased standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of meal with high residual oil. Carbohydrase increased AMEn of mechanically pressed yellow canola meal (MPYCM) while lipase generally improved SIAAD. MPBCM with 12 and 17% residual oil can be fed up 15% in the starter and grower diets but at 10% in finisher diet. Mechanically pressed black canola meal (MPYCM) with 12% residual oil should be fed in the starter and finisher diets at 10% and 15% in grower diet. Meal with 17% residual oil should be fed only at 10% in finisher diet. / Masters Thesis

A transformação da pecuária brasileira na última década é resultado da adoção de novas técnicas de produção. Embora o Brasil esteja ocupando lugar de destaque no mercado mundial de produção e exportação de carne, sabe-se que a produtividade encontra-se, ainda, aquém do esperado. A exploração de raças zebuínas, que representam mais de 80% do rebanho, em sistemas extensivos a pasto, contribui para a baixa produtividade. Três fatores influenciam a escolha da raça e sistema de produção mais adequados: o ambiente a ser explorado, as fontes de alimento disponíveis e o mercado a ser atendido. O emprego do cruzamento, explorando a diferença entre raças, pode melhorar o desempenho do rebanho e contribuir com a eficiência de todo sistema de produção. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o desempenho prédesmame, as exigências e a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro de três sistemas de produção: vacas Nelore (NL) com bezerros NL (10), vacas NL com bezerros Angus x Nelore (ANL: 9) e vacas ANL e Simental x Nelore (SNL) com bezerros do cruzamento de três raças (TC: 20). As vacas foram alimentadas, individualmente, com dieta total contendo 11.3% PB e 2,23 Mcal EM/kg de matéria seca (MS). A partir dos 38 dias de idade, os bezerros tiveram acesso, ad libitum, à silagem de milho. Vacas e bezerros foram pesados a cada 14 dias, quando a quantidade de MS era ajustada para manter o peso e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) constantes. As vacas NL lactantes eram mais leves (P = 0,05) e apresentaram menor (P = 0,03) ECC do que as vacas cruzadas (ANL, SNL): 494 ± 10 kg e 5,0 ± 0,02 vs. 522 ± 9 kg e 5,1 ± 0,02. A produção de leite foi determinada aos 42, 98, 126 e 180 dias pós-parto, utilizando a técnica de pesagem dos bezerros antes e após a mamada. A ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM) para manter o peso constante foi menor (P < 0,0001) para as vacas NL (195 ± 3,0 kcal·kg- 0,75·d-1) comparadas às vacas cruzadas (229 ± 2,9 kcal·kg-0,75·d-1). O grupo genético dos bezerros não influenciou a IEM das vacas NL. Os bezerros foram abatidos aos 190 dias de idade, quando a composição corporal foi estimada, a partir da composição do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas e, a energia retida calculada. Os bezerros NL foram mais leves (P = 0,0006) ao desmame e depositaram menos energia (P = 0,0005) no corpo vazio do que os bezerros cruzados ANL e TC: 169 ± 7,9 kg e 295 ± 23 Mcal para os bezerros NL, 212 ± 8,3 kg e 422 ± 24 Mcal para os bezerros ANL e 230 ± 5,6 kg e 449 ± 16 Mcal para o grupo TC. O par vaca/bezerro NL apresentou menor (P = 0,07) IEM total (190 dias pré-desmame) do que os pares NL/ANL e o grupo de vacas e bezerros cruzados: 3757 ± 78, 3970 ± 83, 4597 ± 56 Mcal, respectivamente. A diferença entre os dois grupos de vacas NL é representada pelo maior (P = 0,005) consumo de silagem dos bezerros ANL comparados aos bezerros NL. O grupo genético do bezerro não influenciou a produção de leite das vacas NL, que produziram menos leite (828 ± 46 kg; P < 0,0001) do que as vacas cruzadas (1244 ± 45 kg) em 190 dias de lactação. A eficiência energética, definida como kcal de energia retida no ganho dos bezerros/IEM total do par vaca/bezerro, foi maior (P = 0,003) nos grupos com bezerros cruzados (ANL, TC): 78 ± 4,9 para o par vaca/bezerro NL, 97 ± 3,5 para o grupo de vacas cruzadas com bezerros TC e 107 ± 5,1 kcal/Mcal para o grupo de vacas NL com bezerros ANL. Nas condições do estudo, o emprego do cruzamento aumentou a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro. Entretanto, a avaliação de todo sistema de produção deve considerar a taxa reprodutiva, o desempenho e eficiência pós-desmame e, finalmente, a qualidade de carcaça. / The Brazilian livestock sector has been changing, propelled by the introduction of new technologies. Although Brazil has an important position at the international market, as the lead exporter, productivity may be greatly enhanced. Zebu breeds and their crosses represent almost 80% of the cattle herd, which is produced mainly on pasture. This production system has lower productivity than systems with more intensive feeding. The breed and the production system should be matched to: the environment, the available feed resources, and the market demands. The difference between or among breeds could be used in crossbreeding programs to increase cow\'s herd productivity and the efficiency of the whole production system. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the preweaning performance, cows\' energy requirements and cow/calf efficiency of Nellore (NL) calves from NL cows (10), crossbred (Angus sired) calves from NL cows (ANL: 9), and three-breed-cross calves from Angus x Nellore (ANL) and Simmental x Nellore (SNL) cows (TC: 20). Cows were individually fed a total mixed diet containing 11.3% CP and 2.23 Mcal ME/kg of dry matter (DM). At 38 days of age, corn silage was available to calves ad libitum. At 14 days intervals cows and calves were weighed and the amount of DM was adjusted to keep body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) of cows constant. The NL lactating cows were lighter (P = 0.05) and had lower (P = 0.03) BCS than crossbreds (ANL, SNL); 494 ± 10 kg and 5.0 ± 0.02 vs. 522 ± 9 kg and 5.1 ± 0.02. Milk production at 42, 98, 126, and 180 days postpartum were measured using the weigh-suckle-weigh technique. The NL cows had lower (195 ± 3.0 kcal·kg-0.75·d-1; P < 0.0001) metabolizable energy intake (MEI) adjusted to zero BW change than crossbreds (229 ± 2.9 kcal·kg-0.75·d-1). Calf breed type did not affect the MEI of NL cows. At 190 days of age calves were slaughtered and their body composition estimated using 9-10-11th rib section to obtain energy deposition. The NL calves were lighter (P = 0.0006) at weaning and had lower (P = 0.0005) retained energy (RE) than ANL and TC calves: 169 ± 7.9 kg and 295 ± 23 Mcal for NL, 212 ± 8.3 kg and 422 ± 24 Mcal for ANL, and 230 ± 5.6 kg and 449 ± 16 Mcal for TC calves. Straightbred NL cow/calf pair had lower (P = 0.07) total MEI (190 days) than NL/ANL and crossbred cow/calf pairs: 3757 ± 78, 3970 ± 83, and 4597 ± 56 Mcal, respectively. That difference is represented by calf silage consumption; the ANL calves had greater (P = 0,005) MEI from silage than NL calves. Calf breed type did not have effect on milk production of NL cows, which produced less milk (828 ± 46 kg; P < 0.0001) than crossbred cows (1244 ± 45 kg) during 190 days in milk. Cow/calf pairs with crossbred calves (ANL, TC) had greater (P = 0.003) energetic efficiency (kcal of RE/Mcal of total MEI by cow/calf) than straightbred NL pairs: 78 ± 4.9 for NL cow/calf pairs, 97 ± 3.5 for crossbred cows with TC calves, and 107 ± 5.1 kcal/Mcal for NL/ANL cow/calf pairs. In the conditions of this study, the crossbreeding systems have been evaluated increased the cow/calf efficiency. However, evaluation of whole production system must consider reproductive rate, postweaning productivity and efficiency and subsequently, carcass quality.

A transformação da pecuária brasileira na última década é resultado da adoção de novas técnicas de produção. Embora o Brasil esteja ocupando lugar de destaque no mercado mundial de produção e exportação de carne, sabe-se que a produtividade encontra-se, ainda, aquém do esperado. A exploração de raças zebuínas, que representam mais de 80% do rebanho, em sistemas extensivos a pasto, contribui para a baixa produtividade. Três fatores influenciam a escolha da raça e sistema de produção mais adequados: o ambiente a ser explorado, as fontes de alimento disponíveis e o mercado a ser atendido. O emprego do cruzamento, explorando a diferença entre raças, pode melhorar o desempenho do rebanho e contribuir com a eficiência de todo sistema de produção. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o desempenho prédesmame, as exigências e a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro de três sistemas de produção: vacas Nelore (NL) com bezerros NL (10), vacas NL com bezerros Angus x Nelore (ANL: 9) e vacas ANL e Simental x Nelore (SNL) com bezerros do cruzamento de três raças (TC: 20). As vacas foram alimentadas, individualmente, com dieta total contendo 11.3% PB e 2,23 Mcal EM/kg de matéria seca (MS). A partir dos 38 dias de idade, os bezerros tiveram acesso, ad libitum, à silagem de milho. Vacas e bezerros foram pesados a cada 14 dias, quando a quantidade de MS era ajustada para manter o peso e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) constantes. As vacas NL lactantes eram mais leves (P = 0,05) e apresentaram menor (P = 0,03) ECC do que as vacas cruzadas (ANL, SNL): 494 ± 10 kg e 5,0 ± 0,02 vs. 522 ± 9 kg e 5,1 ± 0,02. A produção de leite foi determinada aos 42, 98, 126 e 180 dias pós-parto, utilizando a técnica de pesagem dos bezerros antes e após a mamada. A ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM) para manter o peso constante foi menor (P < 0,0001) para as vacas NL (195 ± 3,0 kcal·kg- 0,75·d-1) comparadas às vacas cruzadas (229 ± 2,9 kcal·kg-0,75·d-1). O grupo genético dos bezerros não influenciou a IEM das vacas NL. Os bezerros foram abatidos aos 190 dias de idade, quando a composição corporal foi estimada, a partir da composição do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas e, a energia retida calculada. Os bezerros NL foram mais leves (P = 0,0006) ao desmame e depositaram menos energia (P = 0,0005) no corpo vazio do que os bezerros cruzados ANL e TC: 169 ± 7,9 kg e 295 ± 23 Mcal para os bezerros NL, 212 ± 8,3 kg e 422 ± 24 Mcal para os bezerros ANL e 230 ± 5,6 kg e 449 ± 16 Mcal para o grupo TC. O par vaca/bezerro NL apresentou menor (P = 0,07) IEM total (190 dias pré-desmame) do que os pares NL/ANL e o grupo de vacas e bezerros cruzados: 3757 ± 78, 3970 ± 83, 4597 ± 56 Mcal, respectivamente. A diferença entre os dois grupos de vacas NL é representada pelo maior (P = 0,005) consumo de silagem dos bezerros ANL comparados aos bezerros NL. O grupo genético do bezerro não influenciou a produção de leite das vacas NL, que produziram menos leite (828 ± 46 kg; P < 0,0001) do que as vacas cruzadas (1244 ± 45 kg) em 190 dias de lactação. A eficiência energética, definida como kcal de energia retida no ganho dos bezerros/IEM total do par vaca/bezerro, foi maior (P = 0,003) nos grupos com bezerros cruzados (ANL, TC): 78 ± 4,9 para o par vaca/bezerro NL, 97 ± 3,5 para o grupo de vacas cruzadas com bezerros TC e 107 ± 5,1 kcal/Mcal para o grupo de vacas NL com bezerros ANL. Nas condições do estudo, o emprego do cruzamento aumentou a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro. Entretanto, a avaliação de todo sistema de produção deve considerar a taxa reprodutiva, o desempenho e eficiência pós-desmame e, finalmente, a qualidade de carcaça. / The Brazilian livestock sector has been changing, propelled by the introduction of new technologies. Although Brazil has an important position at the international market, as the lead exporter, productivity may be greatly enhanced. Zebu breeds and their crosses represent almost 80% of the cattle herd, which is produced mainly on pasture. This production system has lower productivity than systems with more intensive feeding. The breed and the production system should be matched to: the environment, the available feed resources, and the market demands. The difference between or among breeds could be used in crossbreeding programs to increase cow\'s herd productivity and the efficiency of the whole production system. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the preweaning performance, cows\' energy requirements and cow/calf efficiency of Nellore (NL) calves from NL cows (10), crossbred (Angus sired) calves from NL cows (ANL: 9), and three-breed-cross calves from Angus x Nellore (ANL) and Simmental x Nellore (SNL) cows (TC: 20). Cows were individually fed a total mixed diet containing 11.3% CP and 2.23 Mcal ME/kg of dry matter (DM). At 38 days of age, corn silage was available to calves ad libitum. At 14 days intervals cows and calves were weighed and the amount of DM was adjusted to keep body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) of cows constant. The NL lactating cows were lighter (P = 0.05) and had lower (P = 0.03) BCS than crossbreds (ANL, SNL); 494 ± 10 kg and 5.0 ± 0.02 vs. 522 ± 9 kg and 5.1 ± 0.02. Milk production at 42, 98, 126, and 180 days postpartum were measured using the weigh-suckle-weigh technique. The NL cows had lower (195 ± 3.0 kcal·kg-0.75·d-1; P < 0.0001) metabolizable energy intake (MEI) adjusted to zero BW change than crossbreds (229 ± 2.9 kcal·kg-0.75·d-1). Calf breed type did not affect the MEI of NL cows. At 190 days of age calves were slaughtered and their body composition estimated using 9-10-11th rib section to obtain energy deposition. The NL calves were lighter (P = 0.0006) at weaning and had lower (P = 0.0005) retained energy (RE) than ANL and TC calves: 169 ± 7.9 kg and 295 ± 23 Mcal for NL, 212 ± 8.3 kg and 422 ± 24 Mcal for ANL, and 230 ± 5.6 kg and 449 ± 16 Mcal for TC calves. Straightbred NL cow/calf pair had lower (P = 0.07) total MEI (190 days) than NL/ANL and crossbred cow/calf pairs: 3757 ± 78, 3970 ± 83, and 4597 ± 56 Mcal, respectively. That difference is represented by calf silage consumption; the ANL calves had greater (P = 0,005) MEI from silage than NL calves. Calf breed type did not have effect on milk production of NL cows, which produced less milk (828 ± 46 kg; P < 0.0001) than crossbred cows (1244 ± 45 kg) during 190 days in milk. Cow/calf pairs with crossbred calves (ANL, TC) had greater (P = 0.003) energetic efficiency (kcal of RE/Mcal of total MEI by cow/calf) than straightbred NL pairs: 78 ± 4.9 for NL cow/calf pairs, 97 ± 3.5 for crossbred cows with TC calves, and 107 ± 5.1 kcal/Mcal for NL/ANL cow/calf pairs. In the conditions of this study, the crossbreeding systems have been evaluated increased the cow/calf efficiency. However, evaluation of whole production system must consider reproductive rate, postweaning productivity and efficiency and subsequently, carcass quality.

Introdução: A verificação periódica do peso corporal (PC), e as mudanças ocorridas ao longo do tempo, embora pouco realizada, é essencial no cuidado em saúde de idosos. A promoção do PC estável dependerá, pois, do conhecimento de fatores que levam tanto ao ganho como a perda de PC na velhice. Objetivos: avaliar as trajetórias de mudança de PC e os fatores relacionados à diminuição ou aumento do PC em idosos, no período de seguimento de 10 anos. Métodos: Essa pesquisa é parte do Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento), longitudinal de múltiplas coortes, com inclusão de dados da primeira onda iniciada em 2000 e reavaliada em 2006 e 2010: composta por uma amostra probabilística de indivíduos com idade >=60anos (n=571). Mudanças no índice de massa corporal (IMC) <-5% foram consideradas como diminuição no PC e >5% como aumento do PC. Realizou-se modelo de regressão logística múltipla e modelo de regressão linear de efeitos mistos para avaliar longitudinalmente os fatores associados à mudança de PC, e a relação da perda ou ganho com a mortalidade. Resultados: em média o IMC aumentou até os 65 anos e diminuiu após os 75 anos. Na segunda avaliação, em 2006, 34,00% dos participantes diminuíram o PC, e 18,22% aumentaram. Já em 2010 apenas 12,49% dos participantes diminuíram (PC) enquanto quase 40% ganharam. Ao longo dos dez anos, foram associados ao aumento do PC a idade (p<0,001), o consumo de álcool (p<0,05), ter duas ou mais doenças crônicas (p<0,001) e a inatividade física (p<0,001); a diminuição de PC associou-se ao tabagismo (p<0,05), sexo masculino (p<0,001) e relato de diminuição de ingestão no último mês (p<0,001); a mortalidade foi associada a diminuição de PC (p<0,001). Especificamente em 2006, o relato de perda, não intencional, de >3kg (RR: 3,67; p<0,001) foi um fator de risco para diminuição de PC. E em 2010 foram fatores de risco à diminuição de PC, duas ou mais doenças crônicas (RR: 2,28; p<0,05), internação (RR: 3,82; p<0,001), saúde auto avaliada como má (RR: 4,30; p<0,01), diabetes (RR: 1,94; p<0,05), dificuldade de fazer compras (RR: 3,09; p<0,001), relato de diminuição de ingestão ((RR: 3,66; p<0,05), relato de perda, >3kg (RR: 3,37; p<0,001) e dificuldade de mastigar comidas duras (RR: 2,09; p<0,05); o consumo de álcool (RR:0,42; p<0,05) foi um fator protetor à diminuição do PC; e o relato de perda de peso (>3kg) não intencional (RR:0,46; p<0,05) e a dificuldade de engolir bem (RR: 0,44; p<0,05) foram fatores de proteção para o ganho de PC ao longo dos anos avaliados. Conclusão: a diminuição de PC, associada à mortalidade, ocorreu principalmente em idosos mais longevos. Por outro lado, o ganho de PC aumentou entre os anos avaliados. Fatores clínicos, funcionais e de estilo de vida estiveram relacionados a mudança de peso corporal. O monitoramento e prevenção de mudanças do peso corporal de idosos deve fazer parte da rotina de cuidados em saúde. A investigação das consequências da obesidade no envelhecimento é um dos desafios de estudos adicionais. / Introduction. Checking body weight periodically as well as changes occurred through time, although not performed often enough, is essential to take care of the elderly health. The promotion of a stable body weight will depends on factors that leads to body weight increase and its decrease as well. Objectives: To evaluate body weight trajectories of change and the factors that lead to body weight increase or decrease in a ten years period. Methods: This research is part of the SABE (Health, Welfare, and Aging) study, which is longitudinal with several cohorts, and included data of the first wave that began in 2000 and was re-evaluated in 2006 and 2010: Composed of a probabilistic sample of individuals who were 60 years old or older. (n=571). Changes in body mass index: <5% was considered body weight decrease and >5% was considered body weight increase. A multiple logistic regression model and mixed effect linear regression model were used to evaluate longitudinally the factors related to body weight change and its relationship with mortality. Results: In average, the body mass index increased until 65 years and diminished after 75 years. In the second evaluation, in 2006, 34% of the participants diminished their body weight and 18% increased it. However, in 2010 just 12, 5% of the participants decreased their body weight while 40% increased it. In ten years, many factors were associated with the body mass increase, such as age (p<0,001), alcohol consumption (p<0,05), having two or more chronic diseases (p<0,001) and physical activity (p<0,001); body mass decrease was associated with cigarette smoking (p<0,05), male sex (p<0,001) and reporting reduced ingestion in the previous month (p<0,001); mortality was associated with body weight decrease (p<0,001). Specifically in 2006, reporting more than >3kg (RR: 3,67; p<0,001) loss was a risk factor for decreasing body weight. And in 2010 the risk factors for body weight loss were two or more chronic diseases (RR: 2,28; p<0,05), being admitted to the hospital (RR: 3,82; p<0,001), health status being self-evaluated as bad (RR: 4,30; p<0,01), diabetes (RR: 1,94; p<0,05), difficulties to go shopping (RR: 3,09; p<0,001), reporting ingestion decrease ((RR: 3,66; p<0,05), reporting losing more than >3kg (RR: 3,37; p<0,001) and difficulties to chew food (RR: 2,09; p<0,05); alcohol consumption (RR:0,42; p<0,05) was a protective factor to body weight loss; and reporting unintentional weight loss (>3kg) (RR:0,46; p<0,05) and difficulties to swallow (RR: 0,44; p<0,05) were protective factors for body weigh increase along the years which were evaluated. Conclusion: body weight loss, linked with higher morality, was associated with older elderly subjects. On the other hand, body weight gain increased in the period that was analyzed. Clinical factors and lifestyle were related to body weight change. Monitoring and preventing body weight changes among elderly patients should be part of routine health care. The investigation of obesity consequences in the aging process is one of the challenges of academic studies.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a relação entre diferentes medidas de eficiência utilizadas na bovinocultura de corte e as características de desempenho, carcaça e termografia infravermelho (TIV) em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram utilizados 111 bovinos Nelore, machos não-castrados contemporâneos, com idade aproximada de 16±2 meses, peso corporal médio de 420±55 kg. Os animais foram confinados por 91 dias, sendo 21 dias de adaptação às instalações e à dieta. A dieta foi a mesma para todos os animais e composta por 73% de concentrado e 27% de volumoso. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi avaliado diariamente, enquanto o peso vivo, medidas de ultrassom para avaliação de características de carcaça e imagens de TIV foram realizadas a cada 28 dias até o dia 70. A partir dos dados de CMS foram calculados o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho de peso residual (GPR), consumo e ganho residual (CGR). Após a obtenção dos dados foram realizadas análises de associação (correlação e regressão) visando à identificação de possíveis relações entre as diferentes características com as medidas de eficiência. Não houve correlação entre o GMD com o CAR (r=0,001), e com o CGR (r= 0,114), enquanto o GPR apresentou correlação com o GMD (r= 0,588). O CMS foi correlacionado com o CAR (r= 0,612) e com o CGR (r= -0,532) e não houve correlação com o GPR (r= -0,002). Não houve correlação entre as medidas de eficiência com as características de peso vivo inicial (PVI) e peso vivo final (PV70). Dentre as características de carcaça avaliadas ao abate, apenas o GPR apresentou correlação com a gordura renal pélvica e inguinal (GRPIkg), trato gastrintestinal (TGIkg) e peso de corpo vazio (PCVZkg) na ordem de (r= 0,240), (r= 0,226) e (r= 0,210), respectivamente. Entre as medidas de carcaça avaliadas por ultrassom, apenas a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) final apresentou correlação com o CAR (r= 0,348), GPR (r= -0,188) e CGR (r= -0,340), enquanto a espessura de gordura da picanha (EGP) final apresentou correlação apenas com o CAR (r= 0,233) e CGR (r= -0,200). Houveram correlações entre o ganho de EGS e o CAR (r= 0,371) e CGR (r= 0,345), porém o ganho de EGP se correlacionou apenas com o CAR (r= 0,202). Não foram observadas correlações entre as medidas de eficiência e TIV, porém, esses resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelos fatores ambientais. A AOL não apresentou correlação com nenhuma das medidas de eficiência avaliadas. Dessa forma conclui-se que, o CAR é a medida que mais se aplica n seleção de animais de menor CMS, sem prejuízos as características de desempenho. Adicionalmente, o CAR e CGR selecionam animais mais eficientes em termos de menor consumo, enquanto que o GPR seleciona animais de maior GMD. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between different efficiency indexes used in beef cattle and performance, carcass traits and thermography in Nellore cattle at the feedlot system. A total of 111 Nellore male, with around 16±2 months age and 420±55 kg of body weight, were used. The animals were confined for 91 days, with 21 days for adaptation to the facilities and diet. The diet was the same for all animals, and composed by 73% of concentrate and 27% of roughage. Dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily, and performance, ultrasound measurements and infrared thermography images were performed every 28 days until day 70. From the DMI measurements, residual feed intake (RFI), residual weight gain (RWG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG) were calculated. From the data obtained, association analysis (correlation and regression) were performed to identify the possibilities relationships between the different characteristics with the efficiency measures. The ADG showed no correlation with RFI (r= 0.001) and RIG (r= 0.114); however, the RWG was correlated with ADG (r= 0.588). DMI was correlated with RFI (r= 0.612) and RIG (r= -0.532) and there was no correlation with RWG (r= -0.002) There was no correlation between efficiency measures with initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (BW70). For carcass traits, evaluated at slaughter, only the RWG showed correlation with pelvic renal and inguinal fat (PRIFkg), gastrintestinal tract (GITkg) and empty body weight (EBWkg) in order of the (r= 0.240), (r= 0.226) and (r= 0.210), respectively. For carcass measurements evaluated by ultrasound, the final backfat thickness (BFT) showed correlation with RFI (r= 0.348), RWG (r= -0.188) and RIG (r= -0.340), while final subcutaneous fat thickness on the Biceps femoris muscle (BFTP8) showed a correlation with RFI (r= 0.233) and RIG (r= -0.220). In addition, BFT gain has been also correlated with RFI (r= 0.371) and RIG (r= 0.345); however, the BFTP8 gain only showed correlation with the RFI (r=0.202). There was no correlation between efficiency measures and the infrared thermography (IRT). The rib eye area (REA) showed no correlation with any the efficiency measures evaluated. In conclusion, the RFI is the measure that most applies in the selection of animals of smaller DMI, without damage to the performance traits. In addition, the RFI and RIG can promoter the selection of more efficient animals by lower consumer, whereas the RWG selected great ADG animals.

A seleção de bovinos de corte para eficiência alimentar (EA) é bastante vantajosa não só do ponto de vista produtivo e econômico como também por ajudar a diminuir o impacto ambiental da produção pecuária. Por ser uma característica multifatorial e de mensuração onerosa, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, a partir da expressão gênica global hepática de animais com alta eficiência alimentar (AEA) e baixa eficiência alimentar (BEA), identificar novos genes, funções biológicas e genes reguladores associados a esse fenótipo. Para isso, 98 bovinos Nelore foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho em confinamento, medidas de EA, ultrassonografia de carcaça, bioquímica sérica, biometria, rendimento de carcaça, maciez de carne e avaliação de líquido ruminal. Além disso, 8 animais de AEA e 8 animais de BEA, selecionados pela medida de consumo e ganho residual ao final do confinamento, tiveram dados de perfil transcriptômico hepático analisados por 3 abordagens: expressão gênica diferencial, co-expressão e co-expressão diferencial. Foi observado que os grupos de AEA e BEA apresentaram desempenho igual quanto ao peso inicial e final, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e área de olho de lombo. Por outro lado, os animais de BEA tiveram maior consumo de alimentos e maior deposição de gordura subcutânea e visceral. Além disso, os animais de BEA apresentaram níveis elevados de colesterol e de GGT e a análise de perfil transcriptômico mostrou estar relacionada à resposta imunológica, inflamação e metabolismo de lipídeos. Baseado nesses resultados e em pesquisas em humanos criou-se a hipótese de que os animais de BEA são mais susceptíveis a infecção bacteriana no fígado em resposta à mudança da dieta a pasto para a dieta de confinamento. / The selection of beef cattle to feed efficiency (FE) traits is very important not only from the productive and economic perspective but also for helping to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production. Being a multifactorial and expensive to measurement trait, the aim of this work was to analyze the liver global gene expression profile of animals with high feed efficiency (HFE) and low feed efficiency (LFE), to identify new genes, biological functions and regulatory genes associated to this phenotype. For this purpose, 98 Nellore cattle were evaluated regarding feedlot performance, FE measures, carcass ultrasound, serum biochemistry, biometric measures, carcass evaluation, meat tenderness and evaluation of ruminal fluid. In addition, 8 animals of HFE and 8 animals of LFE, selected by the measure of residual intake and body weight gain at the end of feeding trial, had liver transcriptomic profile data analyzed by three approaches: differential gene expression, co-expression and differential co-expression. It was observed that HFE and LFE groups showed equal performance for initial and final weight, weight gain, carcass yield and rib eye area. On the other hand, the animals of LFE had higher feed intake and increased deposition of subcutaneous and visceral fat. In addition, animals of LFE showed higher levels of cholesterol and GGT and transcriptomic profile analysis showed to be related to immune response, inflammation and lipid metabolism. Based on these results and research in humans we created the hypothesis that the LFE animals are more susceptible to bacterial infection in the liver in response to the change of pasture diet to feedlot diet.