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This dissertation documents efforts to evaluate metabolic variables and the fecal microbiome in adult horses fed grass hay. In the first study, eight Arabian geldings limit-fed an 18% vs. 12% non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) hays in a cross-over design during two 28-day periods were included to evaluate the influence of grass hay NSC on serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations. Serum insulin concentrations was higher in geldings fed the 18% NSC hay; however, this difference was only detected on day 7 and none of the geldings developed hyperinsulinemia. Blood glucose concentrations did not differ between hay groups. The second and third studies were extensions of the first and were conducted to use denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR in evaluating the effect of forage carbohydrates on equine fecal bacteria diversity and abundance, respectively. Fecal microbiomes were similar (80.5-87.9%) between geldings. The abundance of bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phylum increased (p = 0.02) in the feces of geldings fed 12% NSC hay (mean 8.06 range [8.03-8.11] log10 copies/g feces) compared to the feces of the same geldings when fed the 18% NSC hay (7.97 [7.97-7.98] log₁₀ copies/g feces). The Firmicutes (43.7%), Verrucomicrobia (4.1%), Proteobacteria (3.8%), and Bacteroidetes (3.7%) phyla dominated the fecal microbiomes. This work was the first to report the presence of the Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and TM7 phyla in the equine fecal or gut microbiome. There was a high abundance (38%) of unclassified bacterial sequences in the gelding fecal microbiome. In the fourth study, 5 overweight adult mixed-breed mares and 5 adult mixed-breed mares in moderate condition, limit-fed a grass hay, were used to evaluate the effect of body condition on diet digestibility, plasma and fecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and fecal bacterial abundance. Hay, fecal, and blood samples were taken daily for 4 days after a 10 day adaptation period. A difference in hay digestibility, fecal VFA concentration, or bacterial abundance was not detected between overweight mares and mares in moderate condition. Plasma acetate, a product of microbial fermentation of fiber, was higher in the overweight mare group. / Ph. D.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / David A. Haukos / Mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) are dabbling waterfowl species native to coastal wetlands of the Gulf of Mexico of the United States and Mexico. Although closely related to common waterfowl species such as the mallard (A. platyrhynchos) and American black duck (A. rubripes), the mottled duck exhibits unique behavior, mainly in its life history as a non-migratory species. As such, because of population declines caused by predation, habitat destruction, and environmental contaminants, this species requires specialized conservation concerns and species-specific management to protect population numbers. The goal of this study was to assess ongoing effect of observed lead (Pb) contamination and exposure issues in mottled ducks and their habitats, which I achieved by conducting assessments that will provide managers habitat and organism level metrics to detect and mitigate lead in mottled ducks and their environments. My field study was conducted at the Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex (TCPC), which was the area of greatest mottled duck density on the Texas Coast. I first created a body condition index to provide managers a tool to monitor population health, and a proxy for lead exposure and avian health without destructively sampling individuals. I then used presence-only maximum entropy (MaxENT) and multivariate statistical modeling procedures in conjunction with mottled duck movement data to elucidate sets of habitat conditions that were conducive to predicting the occurrence of mottled ducks and environmental lead “hot spots”. MaxENT analyses suggested that lead in the top portion of the soil column is similarly related to all environmental variables considered, may be increasingly available after large-scale environmental disturbances. Lack of variation in coarse-scale habitat use between breeding and non-breeding seasons may further point to a food-based exposure pathway for lead as mottled ducks switch from an invertebrate to plant diet, either as a result of changing age classes or normal adult phenology, during the period of increased lead exposure. Using stable isotope ratio analysis, I then tested environmental samples of soil and vegetation as well as mottled duck blood to determine isotopic signatures that were consistent with particular sources of lead deposition (e.g., lead shot pellets, leaded fossil fuel combustion, industrial effluents). Comparisons suggested a great deal of similarity to lead shot reference values in vegetation and blood samples, especially in blood samples with higher concentrations of lead present. Last, I conducted a formal Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) procedure to quantify the risk to mottled ducks from lead exposure in their current habitat and direct managers towards effective mitigation and habitat management strategies to reduce exposure in the future. One scenario suggested that mottled ducks were at greatest risk from eating an invertebrate-based diet, but lead content values at the TCPC suggest that a plant-based diet may provide a higher lead exposure risk for mottled ducks, depending on true levels of bioavailability in environmental media. Overall, I determined that mottled ducks experience greatest lead exposure risk from lead shot pellets on the TCPC or in nearby habitat, while potentially also experiencing low levels of exposure from several other sources. Additionally, management efforts that focus on plants that do not provide food resources for mottled ducks as a potential environmental sink for lead contamination, such as phytoremediation, may prove effective in reducing the overall lead load from historical activities that likely deposited much of the lead in this ecosystem.

<p><em>Natrix tessellata </em>predstavlja vrstu neotrovne zmije koja ima &scaron;iroko rasprostranjenje.<br />Posebno interesantnu populaciju ribarica čine zmije koje naseljavaju izolovana ostrva kao &scaron;to je to slučaj na ostrvu Golem grad koje se nalazi na Prespankom jezeru u Makedoniji.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Imajući u&nbsp; vidu da je ova populacija na ovom lokalitetu izuzetno brojna i slabo istražena, cilj studije je bio da se ispita životna istorija date vrste zmija, njene osnovne morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike, seksualni polimorfizam, zastupljenost različitih kolor morfi, dnevnu i sezonsku aktivnost, predaciju kao i njihove reproduktivne karakteristike.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Studija je sprovedena na ukupno 3850 jedinki ribarica na ostrvu Golem grad tokom prolećne i letnje sezone u periodu od 2008. do 2012. godine, a uključila je i određivanje kondicionog indeksa i njegovu vezu sa kolor morfama, polom i uzrasnim kategorijama.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Rezultati ove studije su pokazali da je populacija ribarica koja naseljava ostrvo Golem grad, specifična iz nekoliko razloga. Najpre, na relativno malom prostoru stalno je naseljen veliki broj jedinki, sa podjednakom zastupljeno&scaron;ću sve tri kolor morfe (tačkasta, siva i melanična kolor morfa) &scaron;to predstavlja specifičnost i različitost u odnosu na sve ostale lokalitete koje naseljava ova vrsta zmije. Takođe, prosečne vrednosti ispitivanih morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika ženki su značajno veće u odnosu na mužjake u sve tri uzrasne kategorije (juvenilni, subadulti i adulti). Fertilitet i fekunditet, kao i kondicioni indeks je pokazao specifičnost u odnosu na ispitivane zone ostrva.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Sumiranjem i analizom svih iznesenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je populacija<br />ribarica <em>Natrix tessellata</em> na ostrvu Golem grad jako specifična zbog ujednačenog prisustva sve tri kolor morfe koje pokazuju svoju ekolo&scaron;ku, reproduktivnu i morfolo&scaron;ku specifičnost u odnosu na populacije ribarica koje su ispitivane na drugim lokalitetima njihovog rasprostranjenja. Kako bi se posebnost ove populacije u potpunosti&nbsp; objasnila sa različitih evolutivnih i ekolo&scaron;kih aspekata, neophodno je izvr&scaron;iti dalja ispitivanja tokom sledećih aktivnih sezona.</p> / <p><em>Natrix tessellata</em> represents one specific type of non-toxic snake that have a wide distribution. Particularly this population of dice snake is interesting because it is consists of snakes that inhabit the isolated island Golem grad in Prespa lake in FYR Macedonia.</p><p>Bearing in mind that this population at this particular site is extremely dense and poorly investigated, the goal of this study was to examine the life history of these species, its morphological characteristics, sexual polymorphism, presence of the&nbsp; different color morphs, duirnal and seasonal activity, predation and their&nbsp; reproductive &nbsp; characteristics. The study was conducted on a total of 3850 individuals of dice snake on the island Golem grad during the spring and summer season in the period from 2008. to 2012., and included the determination of the fitness index and its relationship with a color morph, sex and age categories.&nbsp;</p><p>Results of this study showed that the population of dice snakes that inhabits the island Golem grad, are specific for several reasons. First, the relatively small area has been inhabited by large number of individuals, with equal representation of all three color morphs&nbsp; (dotted, gray and melanic morph) which represents the specificity&nbsp; and diversity in relation to all other localities inhabited by this species of snake. Also, the average value of measured morphological characteristics in females&nbsp; were significantly higher than in males in all three age categories (juvenile, subadult and adult). Fertility and fecundity, and fitness index have showed the specificity acording to specific zone of the island.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; By summarizing and analyzing of results it can be conclude that the population of <em>Natrix tessellata</em> which inhabits island Golem grad are very specific due to the uniform presence of all three color morphs that demonstrate their&nbsp; environmental, reproductive and morphological specificity in comparison of dice snakes populations that have been studied in other localities of their distribution range. In order to be fully explained unicity of this population from different&nbsp; evolutionary and ecological aspects, it is necessary to do further research during the next active seasons.</p>

A presente tese foi dividida em 5 Experimentos. Os objetivos do Experimento 1 foram avaliar a utilização da gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) e/ou do cipionato de estradiol (ECP) na dinâmica folicular e taxa de concepção de vacas holandesas submetidas a inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF). No D0, todos os animais (n = 782) receberam 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) e um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR). Oito dias depois, o CIDR foi retirado e todos os animais receberam PGF2?. Simultaneamente, os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: G1) eCG + ECP no Dia 8; G2) eCG no Dia 8 + GnRH após 48h; G3) ECP no Dia 8; G4) GnRH após 48h. Amostras de sangue e exames utlra-sonográficos foram realizados frequentemente em um subgrupo de animais (n = 96). As análises estatísticas de todos os experimentos foram efetuadas com o proc GLIMMIX e proc MIXED do SAS. O uso de eCG e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) dos animais afetaram as concentrações circulantes de progesterona no diestro. Os animais do G2 apresentaram maior taxa de concepção que os do G4 (33,8% vs. 28,9%). Além disso, para animais de menor ECC, ficou evidente o benefício da aplicação de eCG (G2 = 44,4% vs. G4 = 6,1%). No Experimento 2 (n = 26), o objetivo foi comparar o efeito da administração da eCG no dia da remoção do CIDR em animais de menor (2,0-2,5) ou maior (3,0-3,5) ECC. Foram avaliadas algumas características do corpo lúteo (CL) como o volume e histologia, assim como as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona no diestro. Independentemente da condição corporal dos animais, a eCG aumentou o volume do CL e a concentração plasmática de progesterona no diestro. O ECC afetou negativamente o volume e concentração de progesterona sérica no diestro. Não foi encontrado diferença na proporção de células grandes/pequenas, assim como no fluxo sanguíneo no CL entre os grupos experimentais. No Experimento 3, foi comparado a taxa de concepção em vacas de leite de alta produção (n = 388) após o uso do protocolo G2 do Experimento 1 (Capítulo I), com ou sem adição de ECP no momento da retirada do CIDR (novo ou usado). Não foi verificado efeito da adição do tratamento com ECP e nem do tipo do dispostivo na taxa de concepção. No Experimento 4 (n = 199), apesar no aumento verificado no diâmetro folicular no grupo tratado com GnRH 56h (17,8 mm) comparado com GnRH 48h (16,5 mm); e do atraso no momento da ovulação após a retirada do CIDR (GnRH 56h = 75,3h; GnRH 48h = 79,8h) não foi constatado qualquer diferença na concepção ao se atrasar a aplicação do GnRH de 48h para 56h em vacas inseminadas 16h depois do GnRH. No Experimento 5 (n = 185), a taxa de concepção não diferiu em animais que receberam o GnRH 48h ou 56h (momento da IATF) após a retirada do CIDR, indicando a possibilidade do emprego de um protocolo com apenas 3 manejos em vacas de leite de alta produção. / The current thesys has been divided in 5 Experiments. Objectives of Experiment 1 were to evaluate the effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and/or estradiol cypionate (ECP) on follicular dymanics and conception rate in Holstein cows receiving fixed timed artificial insemination (TAI). On D0, all cows (n = 782) received 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) and one intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR). Eight days later, CIDR was removed and all animals were treated with PGF2?. Simultaneously, animals were divided in 4 groups: G1) eCG + ECP on Day 8; G2) eCG on Day 8 + GnRH 48h later; G3) ECP on Day 8; G4) GnRH 48h later. Blood samples and ultrasound exams were frequently performed in a subset of the animals (n = 96). All the statistical analyses for all experiments were performed with proc GLIMMIX and proc MIXED of SAS. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) treatment and body condition score (BCS) affected circulating progesterone in the diestrus. Cows in G2 had greater conception rates than cows in G4 (33,8% vs. 28,9%). In addition, in cows with lower BCS, eCG seems to be even more affective (G2 = 44,4% vs. G4 = 6,1%). In Experiment 2 (n = 26), the objective was to compare the effect of eCG the day of CIDR removal in animals with lower (2,0-2,5) or higher (3,0-3,5) BCS. Some variables such as corpus luteum (CL) volume, histology and circulating progesterone concentration in the diestrus were evaluated. Regardless of the body condition of the animals, eCG increased CL volume and circulating progesterone concentration in the diestrus. BCS negatively affected CL volume and circulating progesterone. There were no differences in large/small CL cell ratio, as well as CL blood flow between experimental groups. In Experiment 3, it was compared conception rate in dairy cows (n = 388) after using the same protocol G2 from Experiment 1 (Chapter I), with or without an ECP treatment at the time of CIDR (new or used) removal. Both ECP treatment and type of CIDR did not significantly affected conception rates. In Experiment 4 (n = 199), despite the fact that follicular diameter was increased in group GnRH 56h (17,8 mm) compared with GnRH 48h (16,5 mm); and of the delayed time of ovulation after CIDR removal (GnRH 56h = 75,3h; GnRH 48h = 79,8h), there were no differences in conception rates after delaying the GnRH treatment from 48h to 56h in cows inseminated 16h after GnRH. In Experiment 5 (n = 185), conception rate did not differ in animals that received GnRH 48h or 56h (at the time of TAI) after CIDR removal, indicating the possibility of using a protocol with only 3 handlings in high producing dairy cows.

A presente dissertação foi dividida em 2 Capítulos. O objetivo do Capítulo 1 foi determinar a relação entre as variáveis: peso vivo (PV), avaliação do escore de condição corporal (ECC) e espessura da gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGPU) mensurada por ultra-sonografia. 266 vacas Nelores foram avaliadas quanto ao ECC, a EGPU e PV, em cinco momentos distintos: M1) no momento da desmame; M2) ao parto, M3) no dia da sincronização; M4) aos 82 dias e M5) aos 112 dias pós-parto. Foi atribuído um ECC para cada vaca na escala 1 a 5 (MACIEL, 2006). Para a obtenção das imagens ultra-sonográficas para mensuração EGPU, foi utilizado um transdutor linear com freqüência de 3,5 MHz. As imagens ultra-sonográficas obtidas foram congeladas e imediatamente analisadas. As relações entre ECC e as mensurações de EGPU foram investigadas utilizando modelos de regressão. Para a análise de semelhança entre os cinco modelos foi utilizado o proc MIXED do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. O ECC foi capaz de predizer a EGPU de vacas Nelores em diferentes momentos do ciclo de criação. Ainda, foi demonstrado que o ECC apresentou alta correlação (r = 0,82 a 0,93) e relação (R2 = 0,73 a 0,92) com a EGPU. Porém, tanto o ECC, quanto a EGPU apresentam baixa correlação e baixíssima relação com o peso. No Capítulo2, o objetivo foi determinar o impacto do ECC, da EGPU, do PV e de suas variações nos 5 momentos descritos acima na eficiência reprodutiva (ER) de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com o touro e determinar o(s) momento(s) de avaliação com maior impacto na ER. Foram utilizados os mesmas animais do Capítulo 1. No dia 0, todos os animais receberam implante auricular de Norgestomet, reutilizado e a aplicação de 2,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (D42). Oito dias após (D50), os implantes foram retirados e foi administrado 400 UI de eCG e PGF. No dia seguinte (D51), foi administrado 1,0 mg de Benzoato de estradiol. Os animais foram inseminados 56 horas após a retirada do implante (D52). Após 10 dias da inseminação, houve a introdução de touros. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado aos 30 e 60 dias após à IATF. Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao PV, ECC e EGPU com a mesma metodologia do Capítulo 1. A ER foi avaliada pela taxa de concepção à IATF aos 82 e aos 112 dias pós-parto e a taxa de prenhez acumulada até 82 dias pós-parto. Os dados binomiais foram analizados com o proc GLIMMIX do SAS. Os modelos de regressão foram gerados através do Guide Data Analysis do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. Os resultados apontam que vacas com maior ECC, EGPU e ganho destas medidas entre desmame-parto apresentaram melhor ER e a avaliação do peso apresentou baixa correlação com a ER. Porém, a menor perda de ECC e gordura subcutânea entre parto-sincronização não melhorou a ER. Avaliação do ECC e a EGPU no momento do parto demonstraram ter o maior impacto na ER de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com touro. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar os dados deste estudo. / The present study was divided in two Chapters. The objective of the first Chapter was to determine the relationship among the variables: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), measured by ultrasonography. Two hundred and six Nelore cows had their BW, BCS and BFT evaluated at five different moments: M1) weaning; M2) parturition, M3) synchronization; M4) 82 days post-partum and M5) 112 days post-partum. A BCS value was attributed for each cow following a 1 to 5 points scale (MACIEL, 2006). Ultrasound images for BFT measurement were obtained using a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. Images were immediately analyzed as soon as they were formed and frozen. The relationship between BCS and BFT values was investigated by regression models. The analysis of similarity among the five obtained models was performed using the proc MIXED from SAS and the correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The BCS was able to predict BFT in Nelore cows in all different moments evaluated. Also, it was shown that BCS presented high correlation (r = 0.82 to 0.93) and relationship (R2 = 0.73 to 0.92) with BFT. However, both BCS and BFT showed poor correlation and extremely pour relationship with BW. On Chapter 2, the objective of the study was to determine the impact of BCS, BFT and BW, and their variations in that five previously cited moments, on reproductive efficiency (RE) of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed by exposition to clean-up bulls. Also, this work aimed to determine the moment(s) of evaluation that presented greater impact on RE. The same animals used on Chapter 1 were used here. All animals received a norgestomet ear implant (previously used for 9 days) associated to 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (D42). Eight days after (D50), the implants were removed and 400 IU of eCG plus PGF were administered. On the following day (D51), cows received 1.0 mg of estradiol benzoate and all animals were inseminated 56 hours after implant withdrawal (D52). Ten days after insemination females were exposed to clean-up bulls. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 and 60 days post-FTAI. All animals had their BW, BCS and BFT measured using the same methods described on Chapter 1. Reproductive efficiency was evaluated considering pregnancy per AI at 82 and 112 days post-partum and cumulative pregnancy until 82 days post-partum. Binomial data were analyzed using the proc GLIMMIX from SAS, regression models were generated via Guide Data Analysis from SAS, and correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The obtained results evidenced that cows with higher BCS and BFT and greater gain of these measures during the interval weaning-partum presented better RE. However, the decreased loss of BCS and BFT between parturition and synchronization did not increase the RE. Also, BW evaluation showed poor correlation with RE. The evaluation of BCS and BFT at partum demonstrated that these parameters had great impact on RE of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed exposition to bulls. However, more studies are demanded in order to reaffirm the results obtained in this particular study.

A presente dissertação foi dividida em 2 Capítulos. O objetivo do Capítulo 1 foi determinar a relação entre as variáveis: peso vivo (PV), avaliação do escore de condição corporal (ECC) e espessura da gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGPU) mensurada por ultra-sonografia. 266 vacas Nelores foram avaliadas quanto ao ECC, a EGPU e PV, em cinco momentos distintos: M1) no momento da desmame; M2) ao parto, M3) no dia da sincronização; M4) aos 82 dias e M5) aos 112 dias pós-parto. Foi atribuído um ECC para cada vaca na escala 1 a 5 (MACIEL, 2006). Para a obtenção das imagens ultra-sonográficas para mensuração EGPU, foi utilizado um transdutor linear com freqüência de 3,5 MHz. As imagens ultra-sonográficas obtidas foram congeladas e imediatamente analisadas. As relações entre ECC e as mensurações de EGPU foram investigadas utilizando modelos de regressão. Para a análise de semelhança entre os cinco modelos foi utilizado o proc MIXED do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. O ECC foi capaz de predizer a EGPU de vacas Nelores em diferentes momentos do ciclo de criação. Ainda, foi demonstrado que o ECC apresentou alta correlação (r = 0,82 a 0,93) e relação (R2 = 0,73 a 0,92) com a EGPU. Porém, tanto o ECC, quanto a EGPU apresentam baixa correlação e baixíssima relação com o peso. No Capítulo2, o objetivo foi determinar o impacto do ECC, da EGPU, do PV e de suas variações nos 5 momentos descritos acima na eficiência reprodutiva (ER) de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com o touro e determinar o(s) momento(s) de avaliação com maior impacto na ER. Foram utilizados os mesmas animais do Capítulo 1. No dia 0, todos os animais receberam implante auricular de Norgestomet, reutilizado e a aplicação de 2,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (D42). Oito dias após (D50), os implantes foram retirados e foi administrado 400 UI de eCG e PGF. No dia seguinte (D51), foi administrado 1,0 mg de Benzoato de estradiol. Os animais foram inseminados 56 horas após a retirada do implante (D52). Após 10 dias da inseminação, houve a introdução de touros. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado aos 30 e 60 dias após à IATF. Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao PV, ECC e EGPU com a mesma metodologia do Capítulo 1. A ER foi avaliada pela taxa de concepção à IATF aos 82 e aos 112 dias pós-parto e a taxa de prenhez acumulada até 82 dias pós-parto. Os dados binomiais foram analizados com o proc GLIMMIX do SAS. Os modelos de regressão foram gerados através do Guide Data Analysis do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. Os resultados apontam que vacas com maior ECC, EGPU e ganho destas medidas entre desmame-parto apresentaram melhor ER e a avaliação do peso apresentou baixa correlação com a ER. Porém, a menor perda de ECC e gordura subcutânea entre parto-sincronização não melhorou a ER. Avaliação do ECC e a EGPU no momento do parto demonstraram ter o maior impacto na ER de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com touro. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar os dados deste estudo. / The present study was divided in two Chapters. The objective of the first Chapter was to determine the relationship among the variables: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), measured by ultrasonography. Two hundred and six Nelore cows had their BW, BCS and BFT evaluated at five different moments: M1) weaning; M2) parturition, M3) synchronization; M4) 82 days post-partum and M5) 112 days post-partum. A BCS value was attributed for each cow following a 1 to 5 points scale (MACIEL, 2006). Ultrasound images for BFT measurement were obtained using a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. Images were immediately analyzed as soon as they were formed and frozen. The relationship between BCS and BFT values was investigated by regression models. The analysis of similarity among the five obtained models was performed using the proc MIXED from SAS and the correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The BCS was able to predict BFT in Nelore cows in all different moments evaluated. Also, it was shown that BCS presented high correlation (r = 0.82 to 0.93) and relationship (R2 = 0.73 to 0.92) with BFT. However, both BCS and BFT showed poor correlation and extremely pour relationship with BW. On Chapter 2, the objective of the study was to determine the impact of BCS, BFT and BW, and their variations in that five previously cited moments, on reproductive efficiency (RE) of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed by exposition to clean-up bulls. Also, this work aimed to determine the moment(s) of evaluation that presented greater impact on RE. The same animals used on Chapter 1 were used here. All animals received a norgestomet ear implant (previously used for 9 days) associated to 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (D42). Eight days after (D50), the implants were removed and 400 IU of eCG plus PGF were administered. On the following day (D51), cows received 1.0 mg of estradiol benzoate and all animals were inseminated 56 hours after implant withdrawal (D52). Ten days after insemination females were exposed to clean-up bulls. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 and 60 days post-FTAI. All animals had their BW, BCS and BFT measured using the same methods described on Chapter 1. Reproductive efficiency was evaluated considering pregnancy per AI at 82 and 112 days post-partum and cumulative pregnancy until 82 days post-partum. Binomial data were analyzed using the proc GLIMMIX from SAS, regression models were generated via Guide Data Analysis from SAS, and correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The obtained results evidenced that cows with higher BCS and BFT and greater gain of these measures during the interval weaning-partum presented better RE. However, the decreased loss of BCS and BFT between parturition and synchronization did not increase the RE. Also, BW evaluation showed poor correlation with RE. The evaluation of BCS and BFT at partum demonstrated that these parameters had great impact on RE of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed exposition to bulls. However, more studies are demanded in order to reaffirm the results obtained in this particular study.

Recently, Hudson Bay experienced unidirectional trends in temperature, sea-ice extent, time of break-up, and length of the open-water season. Predicted impacts on population dynamics of ice-associated species include habitat loss and shift in prey availability. The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) depends on a stable ice platform with sufficient snow depth and a productive open-water season for reproduction and survival. Evidence of ringed seal sensitivity to environmental variations has been reported, but mechanisms involved were poorly understood. In western Hudson Bay, density, life-history traits, and diet of ringed seals were monitored over two decades, providing an opportunity to understand the effects of climatic variations on the population dynamics of this long-lived carnivore. Ringed seal density was estimated through strip-transect analyses after aerial surveys were flown in western Hudson Bay in late spring during the annual moult in the 1990s and 2000s. During these periods, ringed seals were also sampled from Inuit subsistence fall harvests In Arviat, NU, and ages, reproductive status, percentage of pups in the harvest, body condition, and diet were assessed. Strong inter-annual variations in these parameters were observed, and a decadal cycle was suggested and related to variations in the sea-ice regime. The cold and heavy ice conditions that prevailed in western Hudson Bay in 1991-92 likely induced a decrease in pelagic productivity, reducing the availability to ringed seals of sand lances (Ammodytes sp.), their major prey. The nutritional stress endured, combined with a strong predation pressure, led to a decrease in ringed seal reproductive performances, pup survival, and density during the 1990s. The recovery of ringed seal demographic parameters and number in the 2000s was associated with the immigration of pups, juveniles, and young adults into western Hudson Bay. Impact of current climatic trends on ringed seal population dynamics was not apparent, but considering the limited range of environmental variations tolerated by ringed seals, the response of this species to climate warming might be of a catastrophic type. Ringed seals were found to be good indicators of ecosystem changes, and long-term monitoring of the species in Hudson Bay should be a priority.