Bone drilling is an essential part of many orthopaedic surgical procedures, including those for internal fixation and for attaching prosthetics. Drilling into bone is a fundamental skill that can be both very simple, such as drilling through long bones, or very difficult, such as drilling through the vertebral pedicles where incorrectly drilled holes can result in nerve damage, vascular damage or fractured pedicles. Also large forces experienced during bone drilling may promote crack formation and can result in drill overrun, causing considerable damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of bone material quality on the bone drilling forces to select favourable drilling conditions, and improve orthopaedic procedures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 macedo_lgs_dr_sjc.pdf: 1328056 bytes, checksum: 2dc22b18ce2b29898eeed7a8c9f63b1d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de enxerto ósseo autógeno previamente à instalação de implantes osseointegráveis tem apresentado bons resultados, entretanto, a necessidade de uma segunda área cirúrgica como fonte doadora e o grau de morbidade da técnica têm direcionado a busca por alternativas seguras para a reconstrução óssea. O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado, oriundo de Banco de Tecido, em comparação ao autógeno no processo de reparação de enxertos na calvária de coelhos. Foram utilizados 15 coelhos adultos, nos quais foram realizados 2 enxertos em blocos nos ossos parietais, divididos aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos de acordo com o tratamento: autógeno (A – enxerto com osso autógeno) e alógeno (B – enxerto com osso alógeno processado em Banco). Decorridos 15, 30 e 60 dias, 5 animais foram sacrificados por período, sendo as peças contendo os enxertos processadas para análises histológica e histomorfométrica. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste RM ANOVA e de comparação múltipla de Tukey, demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos e entre os tempos estudados. Concluímos que o enxerto alógeno promove formação óssea, porém em menor quantidade e de forma mais lenta em comparação ao enxerto autógeno / The use of autogenous bone graft prior to installation of dental implants has shown good results, however, the need for a second surgical site and donor source and degree of morbidity of the technique have led the search for safe alternatives to bone reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of allogeneic bone graft, fresh frozen from Bank of tissue, as compared to autograft in the repair of calvarial grafts in rabbits. A total of 15 adult rabbits, in which grafts were performed in two blocks in the parietal bone were divided randomly into four groups according to treatment: autogenous (A - with autogenous bone graft) and allogeneic (B - allogeneic bone graft processed in Bank Bone). After 15, 30 and 60 days, five animals were sacrificed by period, and the pieces containing the grafts were processed for histology and histomorphometry. The results were submitted to the RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison, statistically significant differences between groups and between time points. We conclude that allograft promotes bone formation, but fewer and more slowly compared to autografts

Orientador: Osvaldo Magro Filho / Banca: Élio Hitoshi Shinohara / Banca: Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior / Banca: Fábio Yoshio Tanaka / Banca: André Caroli Rocha / Resumo: Proposição: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de três meios de armazenamento temporário no processo de reparo de enxertos ósseos retirados de calota craniana e fixados em mandíbula de coelhos. Material e Método: Foram removidos dois blocos ósseos de 9mm da calota craniana de 40 coelhos machos e colocados no ângulo mandibular direito e esquerdo. O enxerto ósseo foi fixado ao leito receptor imediatamente após a sua remoção (G1), fixado 2 horas após armazenamento em meio seco (G2), 2 horas imerso em solução fisiológica (G3) e 2 horas imerso em solução de Euro Collins® (G4), todos a temperatura ambiente. Os animais foram sacrificados aos 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias pós-operatórios. Uma medida macroscópica padronizada da espessura do enxerto posicionado no leito receptor foi aferida no transoperatório e após o sacrifício de cada grupo. Os cortes histológicos foram corados pela hematoxilina e eosina e pela técnica de imunoistoquímica, através da expressão das proteínas osteocalcina (OC) e fosfatase ácida tartarato-resistente (TRAP). Resultado: A espessura do enxerto e rebordo evidenciou um comportamento uniforme entre os grupos, quando comparados no mesmo período, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa. A análise histométrica do percentual de osso neoformado na interface entre o leito receptor e o enxerto demonstrou não haver diferença estatística entre os grupos, no período de 7 e 15 dias pós-operatórios, exceto o grupo G1 que mostrou-se estatisticamente superior em relação ao grupo G4 (p=0,0227) aos 15 dias. Houve uma maior imunomarcação para TRAP e OC verificada no grupo G1, porém sem diferença significante entre os grupos do mesmo período. Conclusão: A solução fisiológica e de Euro Collins® utilizadas como meio de armazenamento temporário, demonstraram influenciar de forma semelhante na biocompatibilidade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three temporary storage environments in the repair process of bone grafts removed from the calvaria and fixed in rabbits' mandible. Materials and Methods: Two bone blocks with 9 mm were removed from the calvaria of 40 male rabbits and placed on their right and left mandible angles. Bone graft was placed at the receptor site immediately after its removal (G1), placed 2 hours after storage in dry environment (G2), 2 hours immersed in physiological solution (G3) and 2 hours immersed in Euro Collins® solution (G4), all of them at room temperature. The animals were euthanized at 7, 15, 30 and 60 post-operative days. A standard macroscopic measurement of the graft thickness positioned at the receptor site was done at the trans-operative period and after the euthanasia of each group. Histological sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemical technique, through the expression of the proteins osteocalcin (OC) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Results: Ridge and graft thicknesses evidenced an uniform behavior among the groups, when the same periods were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference. Histometric analysis of the newly formed bone percentage at the interface between the receptor site and the graft showed no statistical difference among the groups in the post-operative periods of 7 and 15 days, except G1 group, which showed to be statistically higher when compared to G4 group (p=0,0227), at 15 days. There was a higher immunomarking for TRAP and OC, verified at G1 group, however without significant difference between the groups of the same period. Conclusion: Physiological and Euro Collins® solutions used as temporary storage environments showed to influence, similarly, the biocompatibility process of the autogenous bone graft, presenting a repair process dynamics close to immediate grafting procedure. / Doutor

Submitted by Aneliza de Fatima Moraes da Silva null (aneliza_moraes@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-26T13:05:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OK FINAL - ANELIZA MORAES - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1506310 bytes, checksum: 9ff93a27f9c5ede3653d1720e5cf64c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-30T17:59:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_afm_me_araca.pdf: 1506310 bytes, checksum: 9ff93a27f9c5ede3653d1720e5cf64c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T17:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_afm_me_araca.pdf: 1506310 bytes, checksum: 9ff93a27f9c5ede3653d1720e5cf64c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas pode ocasionar problemas econômicos, sociais e psicológicos, além de ser prejudicial a muitos órgãos e tecidos, incluindo o tecido ósseo. O álcool é um fator de desequilíbrio entre a formação e a reabsorção óssea, entre osteoblastos e osteoclastos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos do consumo excessivo de álcool no tecido ósseo de ratos tratados com aguardente de cana de açúcar (cachaça), através da análise de fêmures e tíbias de ratos adultos-jovens. 24 ratos foram utilizados (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar), divididos em 4 grupos de 6 animais, separados aleatoriamente, sendo: – Grupo com 90 dias de tratamento, grupo controle (GC90) e grupo experimental (GE90); e grupo com 105 dias de tratamento, grupo controle (GC105) e grupo experimental (GE105). Após tratamento e eutanásia, os fêmures e tíbias foram submetidos as análises radiográficas, densitometria óssea e teste biomecânico, respectivamente, avaliados através do Sistema Digital Digora, DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) e Ensaio mecânico. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste homocedasticidade com significância de 5% e realizada análise de variância – ANOVA- two-way e pós-teste Tukey. Os animais dos grupos controles apresentaram maior espessura óssea total e cortical, maior densidade óssea e conteúdo mineral ósseo (p<0,05), assim como maior resistência a fraturas comparados com os grupos experimentais. Ainda, observou-se que além do padrão de consumo os efeitos do etilismo sobre o tecido ósseo são influenciados pelo tempo de exposição ao álcool. Conclui-se, assim, que o consumo excessivo de aguardente de cana de açúcar além de ocasionar danos ao tecido ósseo, exerce efeito dose dependente nos parâmetros estudados em ratos adultos-jovens. / The excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages can cause economic, problems social and psychological, in addition to being harmful to many organs and tissues, including the bone tissue. Alcohol is a factor of an imbalance between the formation and bone resorption, between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This study aimed to analyze the effects of excessive alcohol consumption in bone tissue of rats treated with Sugarcane brandy (Sugarcane liquor, aqua vitae), through examinations of femurs and tibias. Twenty-four animals were used (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar) were divided in 4 groups of 6 animals, randomly divided into: - Group with 90 days of treatment, control group (GC90) and experimental group (GE90); and group with 105 days of treatment, control group (GC105) and experimental group (GE105). After treatment and euthanasia, the femurs and tibias radiographic analyzes were submitted, bone densitometry and biomechanical test, respectively, evaluated by Digora Digital System, DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and mechanical testing. The data were submitted to the homoscedasticity test with 5% significance and performed analysis of variance - ANOVA- two-way and Tukey test. Control group animals showed higher total and cortical bone thickness, higher bone density and bone mineral content (p<0,05), as well as greater resistance to fractures comparad to the experimental groups. Furthermore, it was observed that in addition to the consumption pattern, the effects of alcohol on bone tissue are influenced by the time of exposure to alcohol. Concluded that the excessive consumption of Sugarcane brandy besides causing damage to the bone tissue exerts dose-dependent effect on the parameters studied in young adult rats.

Orientador: Marco Antonio Bottino / Banca: Lafayette Nogueira Jr. / Banca: Wilson Roberto Sendyk / Banca: Márcia Carneiro Valera Garakis / Banca: Renata Faria / Resumo: A utilização de enxerto ósseo autógeno previamente à instalação de implantes osseointegráveis tem apresentado bons resultados, entretanto, a necessidade de uma segunda área cirúrgica como fonte doadora e o grau de morbidade da técnica têm direcionado a busca por alternativas seguras para a reconstrução óssea. O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado, oriundo de Banco de Tecido, em comparação ao autógeno no processo de reparação de enxertos na calvária de coelhos. Foram utilizados 15 coelhos adultos, nos quais foram realizados 2 enxertos em blocos nos ossos parietais, divididos aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos de acordo com o tratamento: autógeno (A - enxerto com osso autógeno) e alógeno (B - enxerto com osso alógeno processado em Banco). Decorridos 15, 30 e 60 dias, 5 animais foram sacrificados por período, sendo as peças contendo os enxertos processadas para análises histológica e histomorfométrica. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste RM ANOVA e de comparação múltipla de Tukey, demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos e entre os tempos estudados. Concluímos que o enxerto alógeno promove formação óssea, porém em menor quantidade e de forma mais lenta em comparação ao enxerto autógeno / Abstract: The use of autogenous bone graft prior to installation of dental implants has shown good results, however, the need for a second surgical site and donor source and degree of morbidity of the technique have led the search for safe alternatives to bone reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of allogeneic bone graft, fresh frozen from Bank of tissue, as compared to autograft in the repair of calvarial grafts in rabbits. A total of 15 adult rabbits, in which grafts were performed in two blocks in the parietal bone were divided randomly into four groups according to treatment: autogenous (A - with autogenous bone graft) and allogeneic (B - allogeneic bone graft processed in Bank Bone). After 15, 30 and 60 days, five animals were sacrificed by period, and the pieces containing the grafts were processed for histology and histomorphometry. The results were submitted to the RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison, statistically significant differences between groups and between time points. We conclude that allograft promotes bone formation, but fewer and more slowly compared to autografts / Doutor

O objetivo do atual trabalho, foi correlacionar os eventos celulares e teciduais com a expressão das proteínas VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL e OPG durante a osteogênese ectópica e ortotópica, induzida pela matriz óssea (MO) e dentinária (MD) alogênica. Matrizes alogênicas desmineralizada em HCl a 0,6N, obtidas de fêmur e incisivo de ratos, fori implantada entre as fáscias musculares da coxa e em defeito trans-ósseo de 8mm de diâmetro nos ossos parietais. As análises radiográfica e histomorfométrica da neoformação óssea e, a imunohistoquímica e o western blotting para as proteínas VEGF, BMP, RANKL e OPG, mostraram que: a) o volume da região do enxerto nos sítios ortotópicos reduziu 19% em 42 dias; b) em ambos tipos de enxerto e locais de implantação, ocorreu formação de tecido cartilaginoso e ósseo; c) nos sítios intramusculares, a reabsorção da matriz alogênica e a remodelação do tecido cartilaginoso, ósseo e medular foi mais acelerado, em relação a implantação ortotópico; d) o aumento na densidade de volume dos vasos sanguíneos e no número de osteoblastos/osteócitos e osteoclastos ocorreu simultaneamente e estava associado à maior reabsorção da matriz alogênica e à formação do tecido medular (hematopoiético); e) as proteínas VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL, OPG foram expressas em condrócitos, osteoblastos ativos, osteócitos recém aprisionados na matriz e em células estromais próximas aos osteoblastos ou às áreas da matriz alogênica reabsorvida; e f) a expressão das proteínas VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL e OPG foi maior no grupo MO. O pico de expressão dessas proteínas ocorreu nos períodos de 14 aos 21 dias no grupo da MO e 21 e 28 dias no grupo da MD. Concluímos que, a capacidade osteoindutora da matriz alogênica desmineralizada está relacionado a origem da matriz e ao sítio de implantação e que, as proteínas VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL e OPG estão associadas a maior reabsorção da matriz implantada, promovendo uma rápida e contínua liberação dos morfógenos contidos em seu interior que, induzem temporal e espacialmente a formação óssea/medular. / The aim of the present work was to correlate the cellular and tissue events with the expression of VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL and OPG during ectopic and orthotopic osteogenesis, induced by bone and dentin allogeneic matrix. Allogenic matrices obtained from femur and incisor of rats and demineralized in 0.6 N HCl were implanted into a intramuscular pocket and a 8mm-diameter bone defect in the skull. The radiographic and histomorphometric analysis of new bone formation, and immunohistochemistry and western blotting for VEGF, BMP, RANKL and OPG proteins, showed that: a) the total volume of the graft region in orthotopic site decreased 19% at 42 days b) in both graft types and implantation sites occurred formation of cartilaginous and bone tissues, c) in intramuscular sites, the resorption of allogenic matrix and remodeling of the new formed cartilage and bone were faster, in relation to orthotopic implantation sites; d) the increase in the volume density of blood vessels and in the number of osteoblasts/osteocytes and osteoclasts occurred simultaneously and was associated with greater reabsorption of the allogenic matrix and hematopoietic bone marrow formation; e) VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL, OPG proteins were expressed in chondrocytes, active osteoblasts, newly osteocytes confined and stromal cells located near the osteoblasts or in the surface of the reabsorbed matrix; and f) the VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL and OPG expression was higher in MO grafts than in the MD. The peak of expression of these proteins each occurred at 14 and 21 days in MO and 21 and 28 days in MD. We concluded that, the osteoinductive capacity of allogeneic demineralized matrix is related to matrix origin and implantation site and that the VEGF, BMP-7, RANKL and OPG proteins are associated with greater reabsorption of the implanted matrix, promoting rapid and continuous matrix-release morphogens that induces spatially and temporally the bone and bone marrow formation.

Para testar a hipótese de que a desmineralização in situ das superfícies de contato enxerto-leito, e a forma como o enxerto é estabilizado ao leito, podem influenciar os mecanismos envolvidos na consolidação do enxerto, fragmentos ósseos de 10 mm de diâmetro foram removidos das metáfises proximais tibiais de 36 coelhos (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) e transplantados para uma área adjacente. Na tíbia esquerda dos animais, as superfícies de contato do enxerto e do leito hospedeiro foram desmineralizadas com ácido cítrico pH 1,0 por 3 minutos antes dos enxertos serem fixados ao leito. Na tíbia direita, o transplante do bloco ósseo não foi precedido de desmineralização. Metade dos enxertos foi imobilizada sobre o leito pela superposição de uma membrana não reabsorvível de politetrafluoretileno colada com cianoacrilato ao leito à distância da interface enxerto-leito. A outra metade dos enxertos foi fixada por um parafuso de titânio no centro do enxerto. Assim, foram formados 4 grupos de estudo: membrana (M), membrana + ácido (MA), parafuso (P) e parafuso + ácido (PA). Três animais de cada grupo forneceram espécimes para análise microscópica quantitativa e qualitativa aos 15, 30 e 45 dias de pós-operatório. A análise qualitativa demonstrou que não houve formação óssea na interface em nenhum espécime aos 15 dias e que nos demais períodos, em todos os grupos, a quantidade de tecido ósseo neoformado na interface e seu estágio de maturação aumentaram com o tempo. Ambos os métodos de fixação empregados foram eficientes em manter os enxertos em posição, porém a membrana promoveu menor reabsorção da estrutura do enxerto. A análise quantitativa computadorizada revelou que, aos 30 dias, os grupos MA e PA apresentaram maior área de formação óssea na interface (71,34 ± 12,03%; 56,74 ± 2,15% respectivamente) em relação aos grupos M e P (51,75 ± 11,02%; 43,95 ± 4,05% respectivamente) e superfícies de consolidação óssea mais extensas (93,41 ± 5,95%; 93,73 ± 4,96% respectivamente) do que os grupos sem tratamento ácido (73,49 ± 7,7%; 73,77 ± 11,77% respectivamente para M e P), sendo essas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). Aos 45 dias de pós-operatório, os grupos MA e PA (71,18 ± 8,9%; 58,97 ± 3,97% respectivamente) apresentaram resultados superiores aos grupos M e P (59,78 ± 11,28%; 46,08 ± 3,53% respectivamente) em relação à área de neoformação óssea na interface, porém essa diferença não foi significativa. Concluiu-se que a desmineralização ácida das superfícies contactantes nos enxertos ósseos autógenos em bloco na tíbia de coelhos promoveu a osteogênese na interface enxerto-leito e acelerou a consolidação dos enxertos. Além disso, quando o tratamento ácido foi associado ao uso de membrana como método de fixação, a consolidação e grau de reabsorção óssea foram otimizados. / In order to test the hypothesis that the demineralization \"in situ\" of contacting surfaces of bone graft/bone bed and the fixation method used for graft stabilization can influence the mechanisms involved in the consolidation of the graft, bone fragments of 10 mm in diameter were removed from the proximal tibial metaphysis of thirty-six male rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) and transplanted to an adjacent area. In the left tibia of the animals, the contacting surfaces of the graft and host bed were demineralized with citric acid pH 1.0 for 3 minutes before the grafts were fixed to the receptor bed. In the right tibia, the bone block transplantation was not preceded by demineralization. Half of the grafts were immobilized on the bone bed by a nonresorbable polytetrafluoroethylene membrane glued with cyanoacrylate adhesive to the host bed distant from the bone graft-bone bed interface. The other half of the grafts were fixed by a titanium screw in the center of the graft. Thus, four groups were formed: membrane (M), membrane + acid (MA), screw (P) and screw + acid (PA). Three animals from each group provided specimens for quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis at 15, 30 and 45 days postoperatively. Qualitative analysis showed no significant bone formation at the interface in any specimen of the groups at 15 days and on the other periods in all groups, the amount of newly formed bone at the interface as well as the stage of bone maturation increased with time. Both fixation methods were effective in maintaining the graft in position, but the membrane resulted in less resorption of the graft. Quantitative analysis, performed by means of a computer program for image analysis, showed that at day 30, groups MA and PA, showed greater area of bone formation at the interface (71.34 ± 12.03%; 56.74 ± 2 15%) than groups M and P (51.75 ± 11.02%, 43.95 ± 4.05%) and more osseointegrated bone surfaces (93.41 ± 5.95%, 93.73 ± 4.96%) than those without acid treatment (73.49 ± 7.7%, 73.77 ± 11.77%), and these differences were statistically significant. At 45 days postoperatively MA and PA groups (71.18 ± 8.9%, 58.97 ± 3.97%) showed better results than the M and P groups (59.78 ± 11.28%, 46 , 08 ± 3.53%) compared to the area of new bone formation at the interface and osseointegrated surfaces, but these differences were not significant. It was concluded that the acid demineralization of contacting surfaces in autogenous onlay bone grafts in the tibia of rabbits promotes osteogenesis in bone graft-host bed interface and accelerates the consolidation of the grafts. Furthermore, the association of this surface treatment to the use of membrane/cyanoacrylate fixation method, optimizes the results regarding consolidation and degree of bone graft resorption.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2017. / Background Abnormalities of mineral bone disease have been consistently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The consequences of these changes have also been shown to differ across races. However, in Africa the impact of derangements of CKD -mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) on patients with CKD is largely unknown. In addition, studies from the USA have reported racial variations in markers of CKD and it remains unclear whether genetic factors may explain this discrepancy in the levels of biochemical markers of CKD-MBD across ethnic groups. Therefore, this study has been conducted to determine the existence of racial differences in the levels of fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23) and traditional markers of mineral bone metabolism in a heterogeneous African CKD population, and to provide important insights into the pattern and genetic variability of CKD-MBD in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This was a cross sectional multicenter study carried out from April 2015 to May 2016, involving two hundred and ninety three CKD patients from three renal units in Johannesburg, South Africa. The retrospective arm of this study involved two hundred and thirteen patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) from two dialysis centers in Johannesburg between January 2009 and March 2016. The first part of this study described the pattern of CKD-MBD in MHD patients using traditional markers of CKD-MBD. The second part of the study looked into the spectrum of CKD-MBD and racial variations in markers of CKD-MBD in pre dialysis and dialysis patients. This was followed by the genetic aspect of the study that examined the influence of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on biochemical markers of mineral bone disorders. Lastly, the study also evaluated the association between markers of CKD-MBD and mortality in MHD patients. Results The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (iPTH>150 pg/mL), hyperphosphataemia, hypocalcaemia and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (<30 ng/mL) was 73.4%, 57.0%, 20.3% and 80.7 % respectively in our MHD patients. The combination of markers of bone turnover (iPTH>150 pg/mL and total alkaline phosphatase > 112 U/L) suggestive of high turnover bone disease, was present in 47.3 % of the study population. The odds ratios for developing secondary hyperparathyroidism with hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia were 5.32 (95% CI 1.10 - 25.9, P =0.03) and 3.06 (95 % CI 1.15 - 8.10, P =0.02) respectively. The 293 CKD patients (208 blacks, 85 whites) had an overall mean age of 51.1±13.6 years, and black patients were significantly younger than the white patients (48.4 ±.13.6 versus 57.1±15.5 years; p<0.001). In comparison to whites, blacks had higher median iPTH (498 [37-1084] versus 274[131-595] pg/ml; P=0.03), alkaline phosphatase (122[89-192] versus 103[74-144] U/L; P=0.03) and mean 25- hydroxyvitamin D (26.8±12.7 versus 22.7 ±12.2 ng/ml, P=0.01) levels, while their median FGF23 (100 [34-639] versus 233[80-1370] pg/ml; P=0.002) and mean serum phosphate (1.3±0.5 versus 1.5±0.5, P =0.001) levels were significantly lower. With the exception of vitamin D receptor (VDR) Taq I polymorphism, the distribution of the VDR polymorphisms differs significantly between blacks and whites. In hemodialysis patients, the BsmI Bb genotype was significantly associated with moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism (OR, 3.88; 95 CI 1.13-13.25, P=0.03) and severe hyperparathyroidism (OR, 2.54; 95 CI 1.08-5.96, P=0.03). Patients with high total alkaline phosphatase (TAP) had significantly higher risk of death compared to patients with TAP <112 U/L (hazard ratio, 2.50; 95% CI 1.24–5.01, P = 0.01). Similarly, serum calcium >2.75 mmol/L was associated with increased risk of death compared to patients within levels of 2.10–2.37 mmol/L (HR 6.34, 95% CI 1.40–28.76; P = 0.02). The HR for death in white patients compared to black patients was 6.88; 95% CI 1.82–25.88; P = 0.004. Conclusions Secondary hyperparathyroidism and 25–hydroxyvitamin D deficiency were common in our haemodialysis patients. The study also highlighted the existence of racial differences in the circulating markers of mineral bone disorders in our African CKD population. In addition, the study showed that both moderate and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism are predicted by the BsmI Bb genotype, and the over expression of this genotype in black patients may partly explain the ethnic variations in the severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the CKD population. High levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, hypercalcaemia, and white race are associated with increased risk of death in MHD patients. / LG2018

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to further quantify adult ovine ovariectomized bone for new remodeling characteristics to obtain a better understanding of how remodeling is occurring and the effectiveness of this animal model for the study of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a major health concern and animal models to test new treatment options are needed. The ovine model is a good option because the ewes undergo Haversian remodeling, are a large sized animal, and have a similar hormone profile to humans. Ewes, however, do not undergo a natural menopause, so an ovariectomy surgery was conducted in the sheep to simulate the decreased levels in estrogen. Columbia-Rambouillet sheep were used in this study: some that have been ovariectomized as a model for postmenopausal osteoporosis and some that underwent a sham surgery to serve as a control. The sheep were sacrificed 12 months post operatively in the month of August, so the seasonal effects of remodeling were accounted for. The left radius was then processed into microradiographs of 6 regional cortical beams, where the cranial (tensile side) and caudal (compressive side) anatomical sections were analyzed in this study to determine regional differences in remodeling. Previous students’ theses have analyzed the similar samples for basic bone remodeling histology measurements, resulting in some significant seasonal, anatomical, and treatment differences. However, most of the results showed no particular increase in the amount of remodeled area for the ovariectomized sheep compared to the sham sheep, even though an ovariectomy is believed to cause a burst of remodeling in bone due to the decreased levels in estrogen. In this study, a new repeatable method was developed that further examines secondary bone by quantifying the extent to which secondary osteons encroach on previously-existing secondary osteons. Encroached and unencroached secondary osteons were quantified using two different methods: a point count method that measured the percentage of the area the encroached and unencroached secondary osteons inhabited and an osteon count method that measured the number of encroached and unencroached secondary osteons per area. These raw measurements were calculated into 18 parameters and 2-way repeated measures ANOVAs were run to determine the effects of surgery and anatomical region on each of the bone remodeling parameters. The results found significant effects from estrogen deletion which were different depending on if the bone region was predominately in compression or tension. The ovariectomy surgery caused an increase in remodeling, which was mostly confined on the compressive side to areas that have been previously remodeled, but on the tensile side, bone remodeling expanded into areas that used to be primary bone. The new secondary osteons, as a result of the ovariectomy surgery, were larger than in the control animals. There however, was not an increase in porosity from the ovariectomy surgery, which is one of the main characteristics of osteoporosis. The model could be further studied to determine what sheep are doing that prevents them from losing bone and that knowledge could be greatly beneficial for human treatment plans of postmenopausal osteoporosis.