During the latest decade Somali-born women with experiences of long-lasting war followed by migration have increasingly encountered Swedish maternity care, where antenatal care midwives are assigned to ask questions about exposure to violence. The overall aim in this thesis was to gain deeper understanding of Somali-born women’s wellbeing and needs during the parallel transitions of migration to Sweden and childbearing, focusing on maternity healthcare encounters and violence. Data were obtained from medical records (paper I), qualitative interviews with Somali-born women (II, III) and Swedish antenatal care midwives (IV). Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. Compared to pregnancies of Swedish-born women, Somali-born women’s pregnancies demonstrated later booking and less visits to antenatal care, more maternal morbidity but less psychiatric treatment, less medical pain relief during delivery and more emergency caesarean sections and small-for-gestational-age infants (I). Political violence with broken societal structures before migration contributed to up-rootedness, limited healthcare and absent state-based support to women subjected to violence, which reinforced reliance on social networks, own endurance and faith in Somalia (II). After migration, sources of wellbeing were a pragmatic “moving-on” approach including faith and motherhood, combined with social coherence. Lawful rights for women were appreciated but could concurrently risk creating power tensions in partner relationships. Generally, the Somali-born women associated the midwife more with providing medical care than with overall wellbeing or concerns about violence, but new societal resources were parallel incorporated with known resources (III). Midwives strived for woman-centered approaches beyond ethnicity and culture in care encounters, with language, social gaps and divergent views on violence as potential barriers in violence inquiry. Somali-born women’s strength and contentment were highlighted, and ongoing violence seldom encountered according to the midwives experiences (IV). Pragmatism including “moving on” combined with support from family and social networks, indicate capability to cope with violence and migration-related stress. However, this must be balanced against potential unspoken needs at individual level in care encounters.With trustful relationships, optimized interaction and networking with local Somali communities and across professions, the antenatal midwife can have a “bridging-function” in balancing between dual societies and contribute to healthy transitions in the new society.

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BAKGRUND: Samhället blir allt mer mångkulturellt. Människor från olika delar av världen immigrerar till Sverige och det är därför av stort värde att känna till dessa människors kulturella bakgrund och trosuppfattning.  Som vårdpersonal är det viktigt att vara uppmärksam på eventuella kulturella skillnader och bemöta patienten med respekt för att skapa en god vårdrelation. SYFTE: Vårt syfte med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka utlandsfödda patienters upplevelse av vårdrelationen med personalen på en vårdavdelning. METOD: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där tretton artiklar granskades för att kunna sammanställa en helhetsbild av det valda ämnet. RESULTAT: De flesta patienterna i artiklarna beskriver olika svårigheter med att skapa en god relation med vårdpersonalen. Två kategorier identifierades: Att inte bli förstådd av vårdpersonal och Att inte känna sig delaktig i vårdrelationen. Från dessa två kategorier framkom fem underkategorier som beskriver på vilket sätt patienterna kände sig missförstådda eller inte kände sig delaktiga i relationen med vårdpersonalen. KONKLUSION: Det finns svårigheter att skapa en god transkulturell vårdrelation mellan patient och vårdpersonal. Patienter beskriver hur de inte alltid blev mötta med samma respekt och kulturella förståelse som de andra infödda patienterna. Detta tyder på att det finns ett behov av bättre utbildning hos vårdpersonalen inom ämnet kulturell förståelse. Vårdpersonalen måste också se till de individuella behoven hos patienterna. / BACKGROUND: The society is becoming more and more diverse in its many cultures. People from all over the world are migrating to Sweden and it is therefore of great worth to be familiar with the cultural background and religious belief of these people. As a caregiver, one must be sensitive to cultural differences and approach patients with respect in order to establish a good relationship. AIM: This paper reports a review of an examination of foreign-born patient’s experience of a caring relationship with the personnel in a care division. METHOD: A literature review was used in this survey, where the findings of thirteen articles were examined to establish an overview of the subject. FINDINGS: Most of the patients in the articles described different challenges in establishing a good relationship with the caregivers. Two main categories were constructed: Not being understood by the caregiver and Not feeling a part of the caring relationship. From these two categories, five sub-categories were formed to describe in what way the patients were misunderstood or not being included in the relationship with the caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: There are challenges in creating a good transcultural relationship between the patient and the caregiver. Patients described how they not always were being met with the same respect and cultural awareness by the caregivers as the native patients were. This implies that there is a need of better cultural education amongst caregivers. The caregivers also need to se the individual needs of the patients.

Time-lapse seismic monitoring repeats 3D seismic imaging over a reservoir to map fluid movements in a reservoir. During hydrocarbon production, the fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature of a reservoir change, thereby altering the acoustic properties of the reservoir. Time-lapse seismic analysis can illuminate these dynamic changes of reservoir properties, and therefore has strong potential for improving reservoir management. However, the response of a reservoir depends on many parameters and can be diffcult to understand and predict. Numerical modeling results integrating streamline fluid flow simulation, rock physics, and ray-Born seismic modeling address some of these problems. Calculations show that the sensitivity of amplitude changes to porosity depend on the type of sediment comprising the reservoir. For consolidated rock, high-porosity models show larger amplitude changes than low porosity models. However, in an unconsolidated formation, there is less consistent correlation between amplitude and porosity. The rapid time-lapse modeling schemes also allow statistical analysis of the uncertainty in seismic response associated with poorly known values of reservoir parameters such as permeability and dry bulk modulus. Results show that for permeability, the maximum uncertainties in time-lapse seismic signals occur at the water front, where saturation is most variable. For the dry bulk-modulus, the uncertainty is greatest near the injection well, where the maximum saturation changes occur. Time-lapse seismic methods can also be applied to monitor CO2 sequestration. Simulations show that since the acoustic properties of CO2 are very different from those of hydrocarbons and water, it is possible to image CO2 saturation using seismic monitoring. Furthermore, amplitude changes after supercritical fluid CO2 injection are larger than liquid CO2 injection. Two seismic surveys over Teal South Field, Eugene Island, Gulf of Mexico, were acquired at different times, and the numerical models provide important insights to understand changes in the reservoir. 4D seismic differences after cross-equalization show that amplitude dimming occurs in the northeast and brightening occurs in the southwest part of the field. Our forward model, which integrates production data, petrophysicals, and seismic wave propagation simulation, shows that the amplitude dimming and brightening can be explained by pore pressure drops and gas invasion, respectively.

A lot of research has been done concerning the internationalization process of companies. However, researchers have identified a new type of firm that is leapfrogging and is operating internationally right after inception. These companies are Born Globals. We are interested in this trend and the purpose of this research is to understand the strategic behaviour of Born Globals. Therefore, we have done qualitative research on these companies and we will focus on their pre-internationalization steps, their key drivers and their relation to the home market. We have found three case companies, who have helped us in our understandings and we have made several conclusions, regarding their strategic behaviour.

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Šio darbo tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos ugdymo poreikio santykį ir sąsajas su kitataučių destigmatizacijos problemomis visuomenės transformacijos kontekste. Tyrimų instrumentai – trys autorės sukurti klausimynai ir du lauko tyrimo protokolai. Darbe tiriami tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos Lietuvoje šių laikų ypatumai ir esminės jos ugdymo prielaidos. Tarpkultūrinių kompetencijų ugdymas - kitataučių destigmatizacijos programa yra žmogaus asmenybės bei visuomenės požiūrio į kitataučius transformacijos mechanizmas. Tyrimai patvirtina autorės suformuluotas mokslinio tyrimo hipotezes, kad Lietuvos gyventojų tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos lygis yra vidutinis, kad rasinė bei etninė destigmatizacija susijusi su tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos ugdymu, kad efektyviausias ugdymo metodas, sprendžiant kitataučių destigmatizacijos problemą, yra patirtinis mokymas(-sis). / The arm of this work is to determine and evaluate the relations and connections of the need of foresting of intercultural competence with foreign– born destigmatization problems in public transformation contecst. Investigation instruments – three author`s created questionares and two field investigation proceedings. This paper analyses the modern peculiarities and educational assumptions of ethnical tolerance in Lithuania. The development of intercultural competence is the foreign-born destigmatization program, the mechanism of transformation of the human personality and the attitude of society to the foreign-born. Investigations approve the author`s formulated scientific research hypotheses, that intercultural competence level of the citizens of Lithuania is medium, that racist and ethnic destigmatization is related with the foresting of intercultural competence, that the most effective foresting method, solving foreign – born destigmatization, is experiential learning.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis seeks to examine Indian political development in South Africa during the period 1933-1939, with specific reference to the emergence of the Colonial-Born and Settlers' Indian Association and its influence on the course of Natal Indian politics. The primary aim of the thesis is to examine the role played by this Association in obstructing the Union government's assisted emigration plans and colonisation scheme. To achieve this aim it was necessary to examine the establishment of the Association and to determine whether the Association fulfilled its main objective. After a brief exposition of early Indian immigration, the activities of the successive Agent-Generals are examined in the context of their relationship with the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Association and how these diplomats articulated the aspirations of their government. The Agency attempted to secure improvements in the socio-economic position of the South African Indian community. In terms of various directives from the Indian government it was clear that they emphasised the value of negotiations and compromise and aggressively suppressed the strategies of those who opposed this approach. This attitude surfaced particularly in its relationship with the Association relative to the Association's stance on the colonisation issue. Notwitstanding the disabilities experienced by the Association in its fight for the equal status of its supporters and for the right to remain in South Africa, the Association is seen to have succeeded in the realisation of its fundamental objective. The thesis also seeks to establish that there was a need for the creation of the Association and later after it had served its function the need for its dissolution. In this process the author also deals with the general activities of the Association and the crucial negotiations conducted with the Congress to the point of amalgamation in 1939 when the Association and the NIC amalgamated to form the Natal Indian Association. The significant influence of the Agency in the process of negotiations is emphasised. There are three main themes in this study. The first reflects the manner In which the moderate leadership articulated the aspirations of their supporters. Secondly, it demonstrates the internal differences, sectionalism and the class struggles within the Indian organisations. , The third theme seeks to reveal the often devious roles played by the respective governments, their intransigence, connivance and particularly the apathy of the government of India. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.