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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Biomechanical Properties of Live Rat Brain Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Alfasi, Abdulghader 13 September 2010 (has links)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a 20% mortality rate and a 10-15% rate of resultant permanent disability. The consequences of TBI range from brief loss of consciousness, to prolonged coma or death. Mild TBI is amongst the common causes of admission to trauma centers all over the world. Future technologies such as magnetic resonance elastography and robotic surgery demand information about the physical properties of brain tissue. Walsh and Schettini described the mechanical behavior of brain tissue under normal status as nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and defined the associated biomechanical changes and responses in a quantitative measurement of the material changes. Yet, there is still a lack of data concerning time-dependent deformation and mechanical property changes associated with TBI. My goal in this project was to describe these mechanical responses and to create a system for measuring and evaluating the mechanical response of brain tissue in vivo. This was to be achieved by inducing cortical contusions with a calibrated weight-drop method in seventy-four young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Instrumented indentation was performed on control brains and 1 hour to 3 weeks after contusion with intact dura using a 4-mm-diameter flat punch indenter to a maximum depth of 1.2 mm at loading. Loading rates did not exceed 0.34 N/min and 1.2 mm/min. In order to obtain force displacement data, we studied the elastic response of the traumatized brain tissue and the deformation process (creep) during the loading and unloading of indenter. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and evaluated histologically with different methods to reveal acute and chronic changes related to the contusion. The results revealed that the biomechanical properties of the brain tissue were changed after cortical contusion. Brain tissue elasticity decreased in the edematous brain at one day following the contusion and increased at 3 weeks, in association with reactive astroglial changes. This experimental technique, combined with mathematical modeling, might eventually lead to a better understanding of the physical changes in brain following TBI.
12

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Directed Therapy Following Traumatic Brain Injury and Hypotension in Swine

Malhotra, Ajai K., Schweitzer, John B., Fox, Jerry L., Fabian, Timothy C., Proctor, Kenneth G. 01 September 2003 (has links)
There is a paucity of studies, clinical and experimental, attesting to the benefit of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) directed pressor therapy following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The current study evaluates this therapy in a swine model of TBI and hypotension. Forty-five anesthetized and ventilated swine received TBI followed by a 45% blood volume bleed. After 1 h, all animals were resuscitated with 0.9% sodium chloride equal to three times the shed blood volume. The experimental group (PHE) received phenylephrine to maintain CPP > 80 mm Hg; the control group (SAL) did not. Outcomes in the first phase (n = 33) of the study were as follows: cerebro-venous oxygen saturation (S cvO2), cerebro-vascular carbon dioxide reactivity (δScvO2), and brain structural damage (β-amyloid precursor protein [βAPP] immunoreactivity). In the second phase (n = 12) of the study, extravascular blood free water (EVBFW) was measured in the brain and lung. After resuscitation, intracranial and mean arterial pressures were >15 and >80 mm Hg, respectively, in both groups. CPP declined to 64 ± 5 mm Hg in the SAL group, despite fluid supplements. CPP was maintained at >80 mm Hg with pressors in the PHE group. PHE animals maintained better ScvO2 (p < 0.05 at 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 min post-TBI). At baseline, 5% CO2 evoked a 16 ± 4% increase in ScvO2, indicating cerebral vasodilatation and luxury perfusion. By 240 min, this response was absent in SAL animals and preserved in PHE animals (p < 0.05). Brain EVBFW was higher in SAL animals; however, lung EVBFW was higher in PHE animals. There was no difference in βAPP immunoreactivity between the SAL and PHE groups (p > 0.05). In this swine model of TBI and hypotension, CPP directed pressor therapy improved brain oxygenation and maintained cerebro-vascular CO2 reactivity. Brain edema was lower, but lung edema was greater, suggesting a higher propensity for pulmonary complications.
13

Kernspintomographische Untersuchungen nach "Controlled Cortical Impact Injury"

Stroop, Ralf 22 September 2003 (has links)
Fragestellung: Das von Dixon 1991 beschriebene tierexperimentelle Modell der 'controlled cortical impact injury'(CCII) wurde zur Untersuchung pathophysiologischer und pathomorphologischer Veränderungen nach traumatischer Hirnkontusion angewandt. Magnetresonanztomographische Techniken (MRT) einschließlich der diffusionswichtenden Bildgebung (DWI) wurden genutzt, um den Zeitverlauf der Hirnödementwicklung zu erfassen, eine Differenzierung unterschiedlicher Ödemformen zu ermöglichen und einen Blut-Hirn-Schrankenschaden zu detektieren. Desweiteren wurde die MRT genutzt, um den neuroprotektiven Effekt des NO-Synthase-Pathway-Modulators Lubeluzol, der bereits im Modell der zerebralen Ischämie nachgewiesen werden konnte, zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: An 46 Sprague Dawley Ratten wurde eine links parieto-temporale Kontusion appliziert. Die Tiere wurden bis zu 7 Tage nach Trauma magnetresonanztomographisch untersucht. 36 Tiere erhielten Lubeluzol resp. Plazebo. Ergebnisse: Die T2-gewichtete Bildgebung zeigte eine maximale Ödemausbreitung 24 - 48 Stunden nach Trauma. Es ließ sich mithilfe der DWI ein Kontusionskern von einem Kontusionsrand differenzieren. Der Kontusionskern zeichnete sich bis 48 Stunden nach Trauma durch eine Abfall des apparenten Diffusionskoeffizienten (ADC) aus, einem zytotoxischem Ödem entsprechend, der Kontusionsrand wies während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraums einen ADC-Anstieg auf, als Ausdruck eines vasogenen Ödems. Die T1-gewichtete Bildgebung konnte nach Kontrastmittel (KM)-Applikation durch die KM-Extravasation eine über 7 Tage anhaltende Störung der Blut-Hirnschranke detektieren. In der Lubeluzol-Studie ließ sich anhand der ADC-Veränderungen, des Ödemausmasses oder physiologischer Parameter wie Blutdruck, intrakranieller Druck oder Hirnschwellung kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Tieren der Substanz- bzw. Plazebo-Gruppe aufzeigen. Schlußfolgerung: Die in dem Modell der CCII induzierte traumatische Hirnkontusion zeichnet sich bis 48 Stunden nach Trauma durch einen zytotoxischen Kontusionskern und einen diesen umgebenen vasogenen Kontusionrand aus. Desweiteren konnte ein anhaltender Blut-Hirnschrankendefekt nachgewiesen werden. Ein neuroprotektiver Effekt des Lubeluzols konnte in diesem Traumamodell in der hier applizierten Dosierung nicht nachgewiesen werden. / Objective: The controlled cortical impact injury (CCII) device, as described by Dixon 1991, was used to investigate the brain tissue damage in an animal model of severe traumatic brain injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) have been applied to analyse the time course and the characteristics of edema formation and to detect blood-brain-barrier disruption. Furthermore MRI has been used to investigate a neuroprotective effect of the NO-synthase pathway modulator lubeluzole, which has proved markedly beneficial in a model of cerebral ischemia in rats. Material and Methods: a left parieto-temporal cortical contusion was inflicted upon 46 Sprague Dawley rats. Animals have been examined up to 7 days following trauma by MRI. 36 animals have been administered lubeluzole resp. placebo. Results: The most pronounced edema formation has been shown in T2-weighed imaging at 24 - 48 hours post trauma. DWI was able to distinguish between a contusion core and a contusion rim. The contusion core was marked by a decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) up to 48 hours post trauma, indicating cytotoxic edema, whereas the contusion rim has been characterised by vasogenic edema, as indicated by ADC-increase over the entire investigation period. In T1-weighted imaging contrast agent extravasation indicated a sustained blood brain barrier disruption up to 7 days after trauma. Compared to placebo administered rats in lubeluzole-treated animals no significant differences in ADC-changes, edema-extension or physiological parameters as blood pressure, intracranial pressure or brain swelling could be demonstrated. Conclusion: CCII induced traumatic brain injury is characterised by a cytotoxic edema up to 48 hours encircled by a vasogenic contusion rim accompanied by a sustained blood brain barrier disruption. In the model of CCII lubeluzole did not reveal a neuroprotective effect in the applied dosage.
14

Finite Element and Neuroimaging Techniques toImprove Decision-Making in Clinical Neuroscience

Li, Xiaogai January 2012 (has links)
Our brain, perhaps the most sophisticated and mysterious part of the human body, to some extent, determines who we are. However, it’s a vulnerable organ. When subjected to an impact, such as a traffic accident or sport, it may lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI) which can have devastating effects for those who suffer the injury. Despite lots of efforts have been put into primary injury prevention, the number of TBIs is still on an unacceptable high level in a global perspective. Brain edema is a major neurological complication of moderate and severe TBI, which consists of an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain parenchyma. Clinically, local and minor edema may be treated conservatively only by observation, where the treatment of choice usually follows evidence-based practice. In the first study, the gravitational force is suggested to have a significant impact on the pressure of the edema zone in the brain tissue. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate the significance of head position on edema at the posterior part of the brain using a Finite Element (FE) model. The model revealed that water content (WC) increment at the edema zone remained nearly identical for both supine and prone positions. However, the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) inside the edema zone decreased around 15% by having the head in a prone position compared with a supine position. The decrease of IFP inside the edema zone by changing patient position from supine to prone has the potential to alleviate the damage to axonal fibers of the central nervous system. These observations suggest that considering the patient’s head position during intensive care and at rehabilitation should be of importance to the treatment of edematous regions in TBI patients. In TBI patients with diffuse brain edema, for most severe cases with refractory intracranial hypertension, decompressive craniotomy (DC) is performed as an ultimate therapy. However, a complete consensus on its effectiveness has not been achieved due to the high levels of severe disability and persistent vegetative state found in the patients treated with DC. DC allows expansion of the swollen brain outside the skull, thereby having the potential in reducing the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). However, the treatment causes stretching of the axons and may contribute to the unfavorable outcome of the patients. The second study aimed at quantifying the stretching and WC in the brain tissue due to the neurosurgical intervention to provide more insight into the effects upon such a treatment. A nonlinear registration method was used to quantify the strain. Our analysis showed a substantial increase of the strain level in the brain tissue close to the treated side of DC compared to before the treatment. Also, the WC was related to specific gravity (SG), which in turn was related to the Hounsfield unit (HU) value in the Computerized Tomography (CT) images by a photoelectric correction according to the chemical composition of the brain tissue. The overall WC of brain tissue presented a significant increase after the treatment compared to the condition seen before the treatment. It is suggested that a quantitative model, which characterizes the stretching and WC of the brain tissue both before as well as after DC, may clarify some of the potential problems with such a treatment. Diffusion Weighted (DW) Imaging technology provides a noninvasive way to extract axonal fiber tracts in the brain. The aim of the third study, as an extension to the second study was to assess and quantify the axonal deformation (i.e. stretching and shearing)at both the pre- and post-craniotomy periods in order to provide more insight into the mechanical effects on the axonal fibers due to DC. Subarachnoid injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the CSF system is widely used in neurological practice to gain information on CSF dynamics. Mathematical models are important for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Despite the critical importance of the parameters for accurate modeling, there is a substantial variation in the poroelastic constants used in the literature due to the difficulties in determining material properties of brain tissue. In the fourth study, we developed a Finite Element (FE) model including the whole brain-CSF-skull system to study the CSF dynamics during constant-rate infusion. We investigated the capacity of the current model to predict the steady state of the mean ICP. For transient analysis, rather than accurately fit the infusion curve to the experimental data, we placed more emphasis on studying the influences of each of the poroelastic parameters due to the aforementioned inconsistency in the poroelastic constants for brain tissue. It was found that the value of the specific storage term S_epsilon is the dominant factor that influences the infusion curve, and the drained Young’s modulus E was identified as the dominant parameter second to S_epsilon. Based on the simulated infusion curves from the FE model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to find an optimized parameter set that best fit the experimental curve. The infusion curves from both the FE simulations and using ANN confirmed the limitation of linear poroelasticity in modeling the transient constant-rate infusion. To summarize, the work done in this thesis is to introduce FE Modeling and imaging technologiesincluding CT, DW imaging, and image registration method as a complementarytechnique for clinical diagnosis and treatment of TBI patients. Hopefully, the result mayto some extent improve the understanding of these clinical problems and improve theirmedical treatments. / QC 20120201
15

FITC-dextrans in neurobiological research

Hultström, Dieter. January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-39).
16

New insights on ammonia metabolism in endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier

Macedo de Oliveira, Mariana 12 1900 (has links)
L'encéphalopathie hépatique (HE) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique complexe, une complication majeure de la maladie du foie. L'œdème cytotoxique est une complication grave de l'encéphalopathie hépatique, connu comme étant le résultat d'un gonflement des astrocytes. Les facteurs pathogéniques dérivés du sang tels que l'ammoniaque (NH4+) et le stress oxydatif (SO) sont connus pour être synergiquement impliqués. Les cellules endothéliales (CE) de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), régulant le passage vers le cerveau, sont les premières cellules à entrer en contact avec les molécules circulantes. L'effet de l'ammoniaque et du SO sur le transport et le métabolisme des CE n'a jamais été complètement exploré. Par conséquent, notre objectif était d'évaluer les effets de NH4+ et des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) sur les CE de la BHE en utilisant des systèmes de modèles in vivo et in vitro. Il a été démontré que le cotransporteur Na-K-2Cl (NKCC1) était impliqué dans la pathogenèse de l'œdème cérébral dans de nombreuses affections neurologiques. Le NKCC1 peut transporter NH4+ vers le cerveau et est régulé par les ROS. Par conséquent, l'expression de NKCC1 a été évaluée dans des CE primaires soumises à différentes concentrations de ROS et de NH4+ ainsi que dans des microvaisseaux cérébraux (MVC) isolés chez le rat BDL (bile-duct ligated), un modèle d'EH induit par une maladie hépatique chronique. Aucune régulation à la hausse de NKCC n'était présente chez les CE traitées ou les MVC. La glutamine synthétase (GS) est une enzyme qui joue un rôle compensatoire important dans la détoxification du NH4+ au cours de la maladie du foie. La GS est exprimée dans le muscle et le cerveau (astrocytes), mais n'a jamais été totalement explorée dans les CE de la BHE. L'expression et l'activité de la protéine GS ont été trouvées dans les CE de la BHE in vitro (CE primaires) et in vivo (MVC isolés de rats naïfs). Dans le modèle BDL, l'expression de GS dans les MVC n'était pas significativement différente des témoins (SHAM). Par ailleurs, nous avons traité des CE avec du milieu conditionné à partir de plasma de rats BDL et avons trouvé une diminution de l’expression de la protéine GS et de l'activité par rapport aux SHAM. De plus, les CE traitées avec NH4+ augmentaient en activité de GS tandis que les traitements avec SO avec et sans NH4+ diminuent l'activité de GS. Globalement, ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois que la GS est présente dans les CE, à la fois in vivo et in vitro. La GS est régulée à la baisse dans les CE traitées avec du plasma de BDL (mais pas dans les MVC de BDL). Il est intéressant de noter que le NH4+ stimule l'activité de GS dans les CE, alors que le SO inhibe l'activité de GS, ce qui justifie possiblement les résultats de nos études avec les milieux conditionnés. Nous supposons que le SO empêche la régulation à la hausse de GS de la BHE, en diminuant la capacité des CE à détoxifier l'ammoniaque et à limiter l'entrée d'ammoniaque dans le cerveau. Nous envisageons qu'une régulation à la hausse de GS dans les CE de la BHE pourrait devenir une nouvelle cible thérapeutique de l'EH. / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome, which is a major complication of liver disease. Cytotoxic edema is a serious complication of HE, known to be the result of astrocyte swelling. Blood derived pathogenic factors such as ammonia (NH4+) and oxidative stress’ (OS) are known to be synergistically implicated. Endothelial cells (EC) of the blood brain barrier (BBB) are the first cells regulating passage into the brain and to contact blood-derived molecules. The effect of ammonia and oxidative stress on EC transport and metabolism has never been thoroughly explored. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effects of NH4+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on EC of the BBB using in vivo and in vitro models systems. The Na–K–2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of brain edema in numerous neurological conditions. NKCC1 can transport NH4+ into the brain and is regulated by ROS. Therefore, the expression of NKCC1 was evaluated in primary EC submitted to different concentrations of ROS and NH4+ as well as in cerebral microvessels (CMV) isolated from the bile-duct ligated (BDL) rat, a model HE induced by chronic liver disease. No upregulation of NKCC1 was present in either the treated EC or CMV. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme with an important compensatory role in NH4+ detoxification during liver disease. GS is expressed in muscle and brain (astrocytes) but has never been thoroughly explored in ECs of the BBB. GS protein expression and activity was found in EC of the BBB in vitro (primary EC) and in vivo (CMV isolated from naive rats). In the BDL model, GS expression in CMVs was not significantly different from SHAM-operated controls. In addition, we treated ECs with conditioned medium from plasma of BDL rats and found a decrease in GS protein and activity when compared to SHAM. Furthermore, EC treated with NH4+ increased GS activity while treatments with ROS with and without NH4+ decreased GS activity. Overall these results demonstrate for the first time that GS is present in EC both in vivo and in vitro. GS is downregulated in EC treated with BDL plasma (but not in BDL CMV). Interestingly, NH4+ stimulates GS activity in ECs, while ROS inhibits GS activity, possibly justifying the results found from the conditioned medium studies. We speculate that ROS prevents the upregulation of GS in the BBB, decreasing the capacity of the EC to detoxify ammonia and to limit ammonia entry into the brain. We foresee that upregulating GS in ECs of the BBB could become a new therapeutic target for HE.
17

Utveckling av en teoretisk elektrokemisk apparatur för vattentransport i hjärnvävnad / Development of an theoretical electrochemical device for the transfer of excessive water in human brain tissue

Ahlberg, Johan, Wang, Jie Yu January 2013 (has links)
Varje år i Sverige sker ca 24 000 skallskador på grund av yttre trauma och 30 000 strokeskador. Ett betydande antal får sekundära skador på grund av den ökade vattenhalten kring den skadade hjärnvävnaden. Föreslagen metod är att inducera vattenflöde från skadad till frisk vävnad baserat på teorin om elektroosmotiskt flöde. Teorin bakom elektroosmotiskt flöde är att ett flöde induceras då en spänning läggs över ett medium. Elektroosmotiskt flöde tillämpas i industrin och kallas då electro-osmotic dewatering (EOD). Tekniken används för avvattning av biomaterial, leror, tofu ark samt inom tumörbehandling. I arbetet har utförts flera experiment på hjärnfantomer av agarosgel för att undersöka om metoden kan användas för att leda bort vatten. Första experimentet gjordes för att bevisa att ett flöde induceras vid pålagd spänning över fantom. Andra experimentet undersöker förhållandet mellan flödet, spänningen och strömmen. Resultatet blev linjära förhållanden mellan flödet och spänningen, flödet och strömmen samt mellan spänningen och strömmen. Med litteraturkällor och experimentella resultat härleddes ett samband för att kunna bestämma flödet vid pålagt elektriskt fält. Arbetet avslutades med litteraturstudie i elektrodens material, utformning och placering. Rekommendationerna blev att använda platta elektroder med en strömtäthet under 25 mA/m2. Placeringen optimeras genom förbestämda Finite Element (FE) simuleringar av typskador. / Every year in Sweden there is about 24,000 head injuries due to external trauma and 30,000 strokes. A significant number may develop secondary damage because of the increased water content around the damaged brain tissue. The proposed method is to induce water flow from damaged to healthy tissue based on the theory of electroosmosis. The theory behind the electroosmosis is that a flow is induced when a voltage is applied across a medium. The theory of electroosmosis is applied in industry and called electro-osmotic dewatering (EOD) which is used as a drying technique for the dewatering of bio-materials, clays, tofu sheets and electroosmosis is also applied in clinical treatment of tumors. Several experiments were performed on brain phantoms consisting of agarose gel to examine whether the method can be used to divert water. The first experiment was done prove that a flow can be induced when a voltage is applied over the phantom. The second experiment was to investigate the relationship between the flow rate, voltage and current. The result showed linear correlation between flow rate and voltage, flow rate and current, and between the voltage and current. The literature sources and experimental results were referred to a relationship which is developed to determine the flow induced by electrical field. The work was completed with recommendations in electrode material, design and placement. The recommendations are to use plate electrodes at a current density under 25 mA/m2. Electrode placement is predetermined by Finite Element (FE) simulations of different types of injuries.
18

Modulation des P2X7-Rezeptors durch Tanshinon II A Sulfonat und pathophysiologische Bedeutung des Rezeptors bei zerebraler Ischämie

Kaiser, Melanie 28 November 2017 (has links)
Der ATP-getriggerte Ionenkanal P2X7 ist als purinerger Oberflächenrezeptor besonders auf Zellen des Immunsystems und auf Gliazellen im Nervensystem exprimiert. Seine Aktivierung führt zur Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Zytokine, zur Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies sowie zu einer Beeinflussung des Zellzyklus. Zwar konnte eine Beteiligung des Rezeptors an verschiedenen entzündlichen und degenerativen Erkrankungen nachgewiesen werden, allerdings bestehen nach wie vor viele Unstimmigkeiten darüber, ob P2X7 im Einzelfall protektiv oder schadend wirkt. Eine therapeutische Modulation des Rezeptors gestaltet sich daher bis heute schwierig. Weiterhin wurde trotz intensiver Bemühungen um selektive, potente P2X7-Modulatoren bisher kein Wirkstoff über Phase-II-Studien hinaus entwickelt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschreibt eine Studie zur Identifikation neuer P2X7-Modulatoren und deren Charakterisierung hinsichtlich Potenz, Bindeverhalten und Speziesspezifität. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Basis für die Entwicklung möglicher neuer Therapeutika zu legen, für die ein hoher Bedarf besteht. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Beteiligung des P2X7-Rezeptors an den pathophysiologischen Vorgängen nach einem Hirninfarkt untersucht. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit lag dabei auf dem Einfluss, den der Rezeptor auf die Bildung eines begleitenden, oftmals fatalen Hirnödems ausübt. In einer Wirkstoffbibliothek enthaltene zugelassene Pharmaka und Naturstoffe wurden auf ihre Wirksamkeit am rekombinant exprimierten humanen P2X7-Rezeptor (hP2X7) getestet. Dazu wurde gemessen, inwiefern diese Wirkstoffe den P2X7-vermittelten Ca2+-Einstrom modulieren können. Für potenziell selektive Substanzen wurden Konzentrations-Wirkungs-Kurven erstellt. Für den potenten Inhibitor Tanshinon II A-Sulfonat (TIIAS) und den chemisch verwandten Wirkstoff Tanshinon II A (TIIA) erfolgte diese Untersuchung auch an den rekombinant exprimierten P2X7-Rezeptoren von Maus (mP2X7) und Ratte (rP2X7). Weiterhin erfolgte eine detaillierte, auf elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen basierende Darstellung der pharmakodynamischen Eigenschaften von TIIAS. Die Selektivität der Wirkung gegenüber P2X2 und P2X4 wurde mithilfe entsprechender Zelllinien geprüft. Die Wirkung modulierender Pharmaka am nativen Rezeptor wurde in humanen, aus peripheren Blutmonozyten gereiften Makrophagen überprüft, wozu neben der Darstellung des Ca2+-Einstroms auch ein IL-1β-ELISA eingesetzt wurde. In allen Experimenten wurde die Beteiligung von P2X7 über bekannte Antagonisten verifiziert. Um zu klären, inwiefern P2X7 die pathophysiologischen Abläufe nach Hirninfarkt beeinflusst, wurde bei 20 P2X7-defizienten Mäusen (P2X7-/-) und bei 22 zugehörigen Wildtyp-Mäusen (WT) eine zerebrale Ischämie induziert, indem die mittlere Zerebralarterie mit einem dünnen Faden für 60 Minuten transient verschlossen wurde (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO). In den folgenden 72 Stunden wurde über klinische Methoden und Magnetresonanzuntersuchungen die Entwicklung neurologischer Defizite, der Infarktgröße und des begleitenden Hirnödems evaluiert. Nach schmerzloser Tötung und Hirnentnahme wurden immunhistologisch die Aktivierung und Verteilung von Mikroglia und Astrozyten sowie der Zustand des Gefäßendothels untersucht. Sham-operierte Tiere dienten in allen Experimenten als Kontrollen. TIIAS hemmte hP2X7 mit einer IC50 von 4.3 μM, während die Potenz an mP2X7 geringer war und rP2X7 kaum geblockt wurde. TIIA modulierte P2X7 nicht. TIIAS hemmte als allosterischer Antagonist die Öffnung des Ionenkanals und band vermutlich an eine intrazelluläre Bindestelle. Die Wirkung von TIIAS wurde in humanen Makrophagen bestätigt, in denen der Wirkstoff den Ioneneinstrom und die IL-1β-Freisetzung hemmte. Obwohl die neurologische Untersuchung von P2X7-/-- und WT-Mäusen nach MCAO keine signifikanten Unterschiede ergab, zeigte sich in der bildgebenden Diagnostik, dass P2X7-/--Mäuse binnen 24 Stunden nach der OP ein signifikant stärkeres Hirnödem entwickelten, welches nicht durch Unterschiede in der Infarktgröße bedingt war. Der Infarkt führte in beiden Gruppen zu einer Gliaaktivierung, die im Fall der Mikroglia in Abwesenheit von P2X7 allerdings reduziert war. Differenzen hinsichtlich der Aktivierung von Astrozyten und der Expression von Laminin im Kapillarendothel wurden nicht festgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu TIIA, das häufig als gleichwertiger Wirkstoff eingesetzt wird, blockt TIIAS hP2X7 speziesspezifisch mit einer hohen Potenz. Maus und Ratte scheiden aufgrund der geringen Wirkung von TIIAS leider als Tiermodelle aus, um die Wirkung von TIIAS in vivo zu prüfen. Weitere Arbeiten sind notwendig, um die Potenz von TIIAS in anderen Spezies zu evaluieren oder Alternativen zum Tierversuch zu finden und eine mögliche therapeutische Anwendung bei Erkrankungen mit P2X7-Beteiligung zu testen. P2X7 beeinflusst die pathophysiologischen Vorgänge nach einem Hirninfarkt und begrenzt die Entwicklung eines zytotoxischen Hirnödems, nicht aber die des vasogenen Hirnödems, das sich zeitversetzt einstellt. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diesen Sachverhalt bieten die unterschiedlichen Funktionen, die Gliazellen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach zerebraler Ischämie übernehmen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auch darauf hin, dass verschiedene Tiermodelle des zerebralen Infarkts nicht in allen Punkten vergleichbar sind.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purinerge Signaltransduktion.......................................................................... 1 1.2 P2X-Rezeptoren.............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Pharmakologie des P2X7-Rezeptors............................................................... 3 1.4 Physiologische und pathophysiologische Bedeutung des P2X7-Rezeptor...... 5 1.5 Gegenstand dieser Arbeit............................................................................... 7 2 Veröffentlichungen............................................................................................. 9 2.1 Erste Publikation............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Tanshinone II A sulfonate, but not tanshinone II A, acts as potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7................................. 9 2.1.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur ersten Publikation.......................................... 22 2.2 Zweite Publikation......................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur zweiten Publikation......................................... 42 2.2.3 Erratum to: Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery occlusion............................................ 46 3 Diskussion........................................................................................................ 49 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................... 55 5 Summary.......................................................................................................... 57 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................... 59 7 Danksagung..................................................................................................... 66 / ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 is a purinergic cell surface receptor which is mainly expressed on immune and glia cell. Upon activation of P2X7, proinflammatory cytokines are released, reactive oxygen species are generated and the cell cycle may be altered. In this regard, it has been shown that P2X7 plays a role in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. However, results regarding protective or detrimental effects mediated by P2X7 under particular conditions are often inconsistent. Thus, up to now, any therapeutic modulation of the receptor remains a challenge. Although intensive research has been conducted to find selective, potent P2X7-modulators, no active compound has been developed beyond phase II clinical trials. The first part of this work describes a study realized to identify new P2X7 modulators and to characterize them in terms of pharmacodynamic properties like potency and species specificity. This study was aimed at providing a basis for the development of new therapeutic agents, which are urgently needed. During the second part of this work, the involvement of P2X7 in pathophysiological processes after cerebral infarction was examined. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the receptor on the development of an accompanying and often fatal brain edema. A compound library containing approved drugs and natural compounds was screened for modulators of the recombinantly expressed human P2X7 receptor (hP2X7). Therefor, their effect on P2X7-mediated Ca2+ influx was evaluated. Concentration-response-curves were established for potentially selective compounds. Tanshinone II A sulfonate (TIIAS) turned out to be a potent inhibitor of P2X7. Both TIIAS and tanshinone II A (TIIA), the natural compound TIIAS has been derived from, were also tested on recombinantly expressed mouse and rat P2X7 (mP2X7 and rP2X7, respectively). Furthermore, electrophysiological assays were conducted for a detailed characterization of mechanisms of P2X7 inhibition. Antagonist selectivity was revised using cell lines expressing purinergic receptors P2X2 and P2X4. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were used in fluorometric calcium and dye-uptake assays as well as an IL-1ß ELISA to evaluate the effects of modulating compounds on native P2X7. In all experiments, involvement of P2X7 was verified using established P2X7 antagonists. In order to evaluate whether modulation of P2X7 may affect the outcome after cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia was induced in 20 P2X7-deficient mice (P2X7-/-) and 22 mice of their corresponding wild type (WT) by transiently occluding their middle cerebral artery for 60 minutes with a thin filament (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO). During 72 hours following surgery, neurological deficits, infarct size and edema development were monitored, applying clinical examinations and magnetic resonance measurements. After humane killing and brain removal, different antibodies were used in order to evaluate the distribution and activation state of microglia and astrocytes as well as the condition of the vascular endothelium. Sham-operated animals were used as negative controls in all experiments. TIIAS blocked hP2X7 with an IC50 of 4.3 μM, whereas it proved to be less potent at mP2X7 and poorly modulated rP2X7. TIIA did not modulate P2X7. TIIAS acted as an allosteric antagonist and reduced the opening of the ion channel; it presumably bound to an intracellular binding site. The effect of TIIAS could be confirmed in human macrophages. In these cells, TIIAS inhibited the ATP-induced Ca2+ entry, dye-uptake and release of IL-1β. Although neurological examinations did not reveal significant differences between P2X7-/- and WT mice that underwent MCAO, diagnostic imaging revealed that P2X7-/- mice developed significantly more severe brain edema within 24 hours after surgery, a development that was not due to differences in infarct sizes. Both groups displayed clear signs of activation of glia cells, but only microglia activation was attenuated in the absence of P2X7. Differences regarding the activation state of astrocytes or the expression of laminin by capillary endothelial cells could not be detected. TIIAS species specifically blocks hP2X7 with a high potency. TIIA does not convey this effect although both compounds are frequently used interchangeably. Due to the low potency TIIAS displays at mP2X7 and rP2X7, these species unfortunately cannot be used as animal models to evaluate the drug’s effect in vivo. Further research is necessary to evaluate the potency of TIIAS at other species’ P2X7 receptors or to find alternativespurinerge Signaltransduktion, P2X7, Tanshinon II A-Sulfonat, zerebrale Ischämie, Hirnödem to animal testing in order to study possible therapeutic applications of TIIAS in P2X7-related diseases. P2X7 does affect pathophysiological events following cerebral ischemia and restricts cytotoxic brain edema development, but does not limit vasogenic cerebral edema formation, which develops at a later stage of the disease. The different functions fulfilled by glia cells at distinct points in time after infarction may provide an explanation for this interesting fact. The results presented also imply that diverse animal models of cerebral ischemia may not be entirely comparable due to differences regarding the pathogenesis of brain edema.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purinerge Signaltransduktion.......................................................................... 1 1.2 P2X-Rezeptoren.............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Pharmakologie des P2X7-Rezeptors............................................................... 3 1.4 Physiologische und pathophysiologische Bedeutung des P2X7-Rezeptor...... 5 1.5 Gegenstand dieser Arbeit............................................................................... 7 2 Veröffentlichungen............................................................................................. 9 2.1 Erste Publikation............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Tanshinone II A sulfonate, but not tanshinone II A, acts as potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7................................. 9 2.1.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur ersten Publikation.......................................... 22 2.2 Zweite Publikation......................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur zweiten Publikation......................................... 42 2.2.3 Erratum to: Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery occlusion............................................ 46 3 Diskussion........................................................................................................ 49 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................... 55 5 Summary.......................................................................................................... 57 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................... 59 7 Danksagung..................................................................................................... 66
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Untersuchungen zu Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor von Patienten mit bakterieller und viraler Meningitis im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe / Study on aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial and viral meningitis compared to a healthy control group

Eckert, Isabel 13 September 2016 (has links)
Hintergrund: Die bakterielle Meningitis hat eine Letalität von 10-20%. Das Hirnödem stellt bei ca. 14 % der Erkrankten eine prognosebestimmende Komplikation dar. Ein aktueller Forschungsansatz umfasst die Bedeutung der Aquaporine für die Entwicklung, Aufrechterhaltung und Resorption der verschiedenen Hirnödemformen, insbesondere des zytotoxischen und des vasogenen Hirnödems. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor von Patienten mit bakterieller und viraler Meningitis, im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe, nachweisbar sind. Zudem sollte geklärt werden, ob sich hieraus eine differenzialdiagnostische Einordnung ergibt und sich Rückschlüsse auf das Ausmaß eines Hirnödems und das Outcome schließen lassen. Methode: Aquaporin 1 und 4 wurde im Liquor und im Serum von Patienten mit bakterieller (nCSF = 35 , nSerum = 20) und viraler  (nCSF = 22) Meningitis sowie in einer Kontrollgruppe (nCSF = 27 , nSerum = 12) mittels eines (kommerziell erhältlichen) ELISAs bestimmt. Klinische Daten und Routinelaborparameter wurden verglichen und in Korrelation zu den Aquaporinkonzentrationen gesetzt. Ergänzend wurde bei einer Untergruppe der Patienten mit bakterieller Meningitis (n = 8) eine neuropsychologische Testung durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Aquaporin 1 und 4 ließen sich in allen Gruppen nachweisen, ca. 40% der Aquaporin 4 Konzentrationen lagen unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze des ELISAs. Im Gruppenvergleich aller drei Gruppen unterschieden sich die Aquaporin 1-Konzentrationen (p = 0,0001) und die Aquaporin 4-Konzentrationen (p = 0,035) im Liquor signifikant voneinander. In der Gruppe der Patienten mit bakterieller Meningitis ließ sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen Aquaporin 1 und 4 im Liquor feststellen (r = - 0,519, p = 0,002). Aussagekräftige Korrelationen der klinischen Daten, der liquor- und laborchemischen Parameter sowie der neuropsychologischen Testergebnisse zu den Aquaporin 1- und Aquaporin 4-Konzentrationen fanden sich nicht.  Diskussion: In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor (und Serum) von Patienten mit einer bakteriellen und viralen Meningitis sowie in einer Kontrollgruppe nachweisbar sind. Für Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor fanden sich signifikante Unterschiede im Vergleich aller Gruppen im Kruskal-Wallis-Test. Rückschlüsse bezüglich einer differenzial-diagnostischen Einordnung zur viralen Meningitis konnten nicht gezogen werden. Aussagen zur Schwere eines Hirnödems und zur Prognose können mit den vorliegenden Daten nicht getroffen werden. Der Ursprung der gemessenen Aquaporine bei Patienten mit Meningitis lässt sich in dieser Arbeit nicht abschließend klären und bedarf weiterer Grundlagenforschung.
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Pathogenèse de l’oedème cérébral dans l’encéphalopathie hépatique minimale : rôles du stress oxydatif et du lactate

Bosoi Tudorache, Cristina 08 1900 (has links)
L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique découlant des complications de l'insuffisance hépatique. Les patients souffrant d'une insuffisance hépatique chronique (IHC) présentent fréquemment une EH minimale (EHM) caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives subtiles qui affectent leur qualité de vie. L'insuffisance hépatique entraîne une hyperammoniémie, le facteur central dans la pathogenèse de l'EH. Pourtant, les taux d'ammoniaque sérique ne sont pas corrélés avec la sévérité de l'EH lors d'une IHC, suggérant que d'autres facteurs y contribuent. L'oedème cérébral est une caractéristique neuropathologique décrite chez les patients souffrant d'une EHM et plusieurs facteurs dont le stress oxydatif, les altérations du métabolisme énergétique et l'augmentation de la glutamine cérébrale pourraient contribuer à la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. Les mécanismes sous-jacents exacts ainsi que les relations entre ces facteurs et l'ammoniaque ne sont pas connus. Présentement, le seul traitement efficace de l'IHC est la transplantation hépatique, une option thérapeutique très limitée. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'avancement des connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-jacents liés au rôle du stress oxydatif, de la glutamine et du lactate dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC afin d'envisager de nouvelles options thérapeutiques. Les objectifs précis étaient: 1. Établir le rôle de l’ammoniaque et sa relation avec le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. 2. Établir le rôle du stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral, sa relation avec l'ammoniaque et l'effet du traitement avec des antioxydants. 3. Confirmer l'effet synergique entre l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral. 4. Établir le rôle du lactate et de la glutamine dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral et leur relation avec l’ammoniaque. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, 2 modèles animaux d'EHM obtenus par microchirurgie chez le rat ont été utilisés: 1) la ligature de voie biliaire, un modèle d'IHC et 2) l'anastomose porto-cave, un modèle d'hyperammoniémie induite par la dérivation portosystémique. Nos résultats démontrent que l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif indépendamment n'induisent pas l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM. Pourtant, lorsque les 2 facteurs agissent ensemble ils présentent ii un effet synergique qui entraîne le développement de l'oedème cérébral, le stress oxydatif étant une première insulte, qui est suivie par l'hyperammoniémie comme deuxième insulte. En plus, le stress oxydatif a été mis en évidence seulement au niveau systémique, et non au niveau central dans notre modèle d'IHC en association avec l'oedème cérébral, suggérant que le stress oxydatif systémique est une conséquence de la dysfonction hépatique et que l'hyperammoniémie n’induit pas le stress oxydatif ni systémique ni central. Nous avons démontré qu’une augmentation du lactate cérébral est une conséquence directe de l'hyperammoniémie et joue un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC, tandis qu’une augmentation de la glutamine au niveau cérébral n'est pas un facteur clé. La compréhension de ces mécanismes a entraîné la proposition de 3 nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques potentielles pour l'EHM. Elles ciblent la diminution de l'ammoniaque sérique, la réduction du stress oxydatif et l'inhibition de la synthèse du lactate. / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a metabolic neuropsychiatric syndrome which occurs as a complication of liver failure/disease. Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) present often with minimal HE (MHE) characterized by subtle cognitive dysfunction which impairs their quality of life. Impaired liver function leads to hyperammonemia which is a central factor in the pathogenesis of HE. However, ammonia alone is poorly correlated with the severity of HE during CLD, strongly suggesting other factors may contribute. Brain edema is a neuropathological feature described in MHE patients and several factors such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism alterations and an increase in glutamine may to contribute to the pathogenesis of brain edema during HE related to CLD. However the exact underlying mechanisms and the relationships between these factors and ammonia are poorly understood. To date, the only effective treatment of CLD remains liver transplantation, a limited therapeutic option. The aim of this thesis is to advance the knowledge into the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress, glutamine and lactate in the pathogenesis of brain edema during MHE associated with CLD in order to uncover new therapeutic options. The study objectives were: 1. Define the role of ammonia and its relationship with oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema in CLD. 2. Define the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema, its relationship with ammonia as well as the effect of antioxidant treatment. 3. Confirm a synergistic role of ammonia and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema. 4. Define the role of lactate and glutamine in the pathogenesis of brain edema and their relationship with ammonia. To achieve these objectives, we used 2 microsurgical rat models: 1) bile-duct ligation, a cirrhosis model and 2) portacaval anastomosis, a hyperammonemia model following portal-systemic shunting. Our findings demonstrate that ammonia and systemic oxidative stress independently do not induce brain edema in MHE related to CLD. However, when both factors are present, they exert a synergistic effect leading to the development of brain edema with oxidative stress presenting as a “first hit”, followed by hyperammonemia as a “second hit”. Moreover, solely systemic and not central oxidative stress was observed in our CLD rat model in relation to brain edema implying that systemic oxidative stress is a consequence of liver dysfunction and that central oxidative stress is not a direct iv effect of hyperammonemia in the setting of CLD. Moreover, we revealed that increased cerebral lactate is a direct consequence of hyperammonemia and also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain edema, while increased cerebral glutamine does not. The understanding of these mechanisms led to the proposal of three different strategies as potential HE therapies. These are directed towards lowering ammonia, reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting lactate synthesis.

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