Este estudo se propõe a identificar os fatores que permitam melhorar a etapa de geração de ideias de um processo de inovação. A partir de um estudo de caso, de um dos processos de inovação executado pela empresa DuPont na América Latina, busca-se entender quais aspectos influenciam a etapa de geração de ideias no que se refere aos métodos utilizados e aos participantes envolvidos, de forma a identificar sugestões e melhorias para essa etapa do processo de inovação nesta empresa. No âmbito das ideias para a inovação, pesquisadores indicam que a preocupação das empresas é pela ideia excepcional, pois se sabe que, na fase de geração de ideias, o objetivo principal é gerar, capturar e selecionar a melhor ideia, aquela que pode se tornar mais lucrativa. A empresa estudada utilizou o processo de inovação denominado Emerging Markets Growth Initiatives (EMGI), implantado em 2003 e com a participação principalmente de funcionários na etapa de geração de ideias, durante doze anos, e que obteve sucesso em algumas inovações desenvolvidas com a aplicação desse processo. No entanto, com o passar do tempo houve diminuição de ideias inovadoras e, em 2015, esse processo foi substituído por um novo processo de inovação, conduzido pelos Centros de Inovação da organização. A partir do referencial teórico sobre inovação e geração de ideias e da pesquisa empírica de observação direta e de entrevistas em profundidade com uma amostra intencional, não representativa, de participantes desse processo, pode-se concluir que o método aplicado não afetou o desempenho do processo, mas que a repetição dos participantes pode ter sido um limitante após diversos anos de processo. A proteção da propriedade intelectual, que é um fator de vantagem competitiva, foi cuidadosamente observada na inclusão de colaboradores externos (clientes, consultores e acadêmicos). Colaboradores externos foram incluídos com moderação em cada etapa, não havendo consenso entre os respondentes, o que indica que a inclusão de participantes externos deve ser considerada caso a caso, haja vista também as políticas governamentais vigentes para a proteção de propriedade intelectual. Sugere-se engajar um volume maior de colaboradores externos, sendo necessário, entretanto, o aprofundamento nos estudos sobre as melhores práticas para proteger a propriedade intelectual. / The objective of this research is to identify the factors that may improve the idea generation phase of the innovation process. A case study of one of the innovation process executed by DuPont in Latin America was the basis to understand which aspects influence the idea generation phase, regarding methods applied and participants involved, with the purpose to identify suggestions and improvements to this step of the innovation process in this company. In the subject of ideas for innovation, researchers point out that companies\' main concern is to find the exceptional idea, because is known that in the idea generation phase, the main objective is to generate, capture and select the best idea, the one that may become the most profitable. The company studied executed the Emerging Markets Growth Initiatives (EMGI) process, implemented in 2003, mainly with company\'s employees in the idea generation phase, during twelve years, and it was able to develop some successful innovation with this process. However, after some time, a reduction in innovative ideas was identified and, in 2015, this process was replaced by a new innovation process, led by the company Innovation Centers. From the theorical framework about innovation and idea generation in conjunction with an empiric research and in-depth interviews with an intentional sample, non-representative, of this process\' participants, it was concluded that the method applied for idea generation did not interfere in the performance of the process, but the repetition of participants might have limited the process after several years of execution. The intellectual property protection, a factor of competitive advantage, was carefully evaluated when of the opening to external participantes (customers, consultants and academics). They were included with moderation in each step of the process, there was no consensus among the interviewees, indicating the inclusion of external participants should be considered case by case, evaluating also the current government policies regarding protection of intellectual property. It is suggested to include a higher volume of external colaborators, being needed, however, further studies about the best practices to protect the intellectual property.

Este estudo se propõe a identificar os fatores que permitam melhorar a etapa de geração de ideias de um processo de inovação. A partir de um estudo de caso, de um dos processos de inovação executado pela empresa DuPont na América Latina, busca-se entender quais aspectos influenciam a etapa de geração de ideias no que se refere aos métodos utilizados e aos participantes envolvidos, de forma a identificar sugestões e melhorias para essa etapa do processo de inovação nesta empresa. No âmbito das ideias para a inovação, pesquisadores indicam que a preocupação das empresas é pela ideia excepcional, pois se sabe que, na fase de geração de ideias, o objetivo principal é gerar, capturar e selecionar a melhor ideia, aquela que pode se tornar mais lucrativa. A empresa estudada utilizou o processo de inovação denominado Emerging Markets Growth Initiatives (EMGI), implantado em 2003 e com a participação principalmente de funcionários na etapa de geração de ideias, durante doze anos, e que obteve sucesso em algumas inovações desenvolvidas com a aplicação desse processo. No entanto, com o passar do tempo houve diminuição de ideias inovadoras e, em 2015, esse processo foi substituído por um novo processo de inovação, conduzido pelos Centros de Inovação da organização. A partir do referencial teórico sobre inovação e geração de ideias e da pesquisa empírica de observação direta e de entrevistas em profundidade com uma amostra intencional, não representativa, de participantes desse processo, pode-se concluir que o método aplicado não afetou o desempenho do processo, mas que a repetição dos participantes pode ter sido um limitante após diversos anos de processo. A proteção da propriedade intelectual, que é um fator de vantagem competitiva, foi cuidadosamente observada na inclusão de colaboradores externos (clientes, consultores e acadêmicos). Colaboradores externos foram incluídos com moderação em cada etapa, não havendo consenso entre os respondentes, o que indica que a inclusão de participantes externos deve ser considerada caso a caso, haja vista também as políticas governamentais vigentes para a proteção de propriedade intelectual. Sugere-se engajar um volume maior de colaboradores externos, sendo necessário, entretanto, o aprofundamento nos estudos sobre as melhores práticas para proteger a propriedade intelectual. / The objective of this research is to identify the factors that may improve the idea generation phase of the innovation process. A case study of one of the innovation process executed by DuPont in Latin America was the basis to understand which aspects influence the idea generation phase, regarding methods applied and participants involved, with the purpose to identify suggestions and improvements to this step of the innovation process in this company. In the subject of ideas for innovation, researchers point out that companies\' main concern is to find the exceptional idea, because is known that in the idea generation phase, the main objective is to generate, capture and select the best idea, the one that may become the most profitable. The company studied executed the Emerging Markets Growth Initiatives (EMGI) process, implemented in 2003, mainly with company\'s employees in the idea generation phase, during twelve years, and it was able to develop some successful innovation with this process. However, after some time, a reduction in innovative ideas was identified and, in 2015, this process was replaced by a new innovation process, led by the company Innovation Centers. From the theorical framework about innovation and idea generation in conjunction with an empiric research and in-depth interviews with an intentional sample, non-representative, of this process\' participants, it was concluded that the method applied for idea generation did not interfere in the performance of the process, but the repetition of participants might have limited the process after several years of execution. The intellectual property protection, a factor of competitive advantage, was carefully evaluated when of the opening to external participantes (customers, consultants and academics). They were included with moderation in each step of the process, there was no consensus among the interviewees, indicating the inclusion of external participants should be considered case by case, evaluating also the current government policies regarding protection of intellectual property. It is suggested to include a higher volume of external colaborators, being needed, however, further studies about the best practices to protect the intellectual property.

Brainstorming ist eine weit verbreitete Technik zur Ideengenerierung, die dazu dient, in kurzer Zeit möglichst viele verschiedene Ideen zu sammeln. Diese Technik wird zur Problemlösung, Entscheidungsfindung oder zur Erstellung neuer Konzepte verwendet. Entstandene Ideen können in Form eines Affinitätsdiagramms auf separaten Notizzetteln dargestellt werden. Für die kollaborative Erstellung eines Affinitätsdiagramms eignen sich wegen der Größe und der Fähigkeit der direkten Manipulation interaktive Displaywände. So können die Nutzer in der ersten Phase des Brainstormings individuell und simultan Ideen sammeln, bevor diese in der zweiten Phase gut übersichtlich auf dem großen Display sortiert und bewertet werden. In dieser Arbeit geht es um die Anforderungen, die eine Brainstorming-Anwendung besitzen muss, damit an einer interaktiven Displaywand ein Affinitätsdiagramm erstellt werden kann. Dabei liegt der Fokus zunächst auf grundlegenden Funktionalitäten, die basierend auf der Analyse von kommerziellen Brainstorming-Anwendungen ausgewählt werden. Aus dieser Analyse und weiterer verwandter Arbeiten zu den Themen Brainstorming und Kollaboration an interaktiven Displaywänden werden Konzepte für eine Brainstorming-Anwendung vorgestellt. Ausgewählte Konzepte wurden daraufhin prototypisch implementiert. Diese werden basierend auf Nutzer-Tests untersucht und ausgewertet, um daraus Schlüsse für die weitere Herangehensweise zu ziehen.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Verwandte Arbeiten 3 2.1 Interaktive Displaywände 3 2.1.1 Interaktion an Displaywänden 3 2.1.2 Kollaboration 6 2.2 Brainstorming 8 2.2.1 Analoges Brainstorming 8 2.2.2 Digitales Brainstorming 10 2.3 Designempfehlungen für eine Brainstorming-Anwendung an einer interaktiven Displaywand 15 3 Konzepte zur kollaborativen Erstellung eines Affinitätsdiagramms an interaktiven Displaywänden 19 3.1 Aufteilung der Funktionalitäten in verschiedene Menüs 20 3.1.1 Globales Menü 20 3.1.2 Lokales Menü 21 3.1.3 Kontextmenü 23 3.2 Erstellen, Bearbeiten und Löschen von Notizen 23 3.2.1 Erstellen von Notizen 24 3.2.2 Öffnen des Kontextmenüs 25 3.2.3 Bearbeiten und Löschen einer Notiz und dessen Inhalt 26 3.3 Sortieren und Gruppieren der Notizen 27 3.4 Kollaborative Funktionalitäten 28 3.5 Fingermenü als Ergänzung der bestehenden Menüs 33 4 Prototypische Implementierung 37 4.1 Technische Rahmenbedingungen 37 4.2 Implementierungsgrundlage 38 4.3 Umgesetzte Konzepte 39 4.4 Resultate 42 5 Auswertung und Ausblick 45 5.1 Auswertung der vorgestellten Konzepte und des implementierten Prototypen 45 5.2 Ausblick 49 5.2.1 Evaluation mit gut funktionierendem Prototypen 49 5.2.2 Erweiterung bestehender Funktionalitäten 49 5.2.3 Weitere Möglichkeiten der Interaktion an Displaywänden 51 5.3 Zusammenfassung 53 A Anhang 55 Literatur 57 / Brainstorming is a widely used technique aiming to collect as many different ideas as possible in a brief amount of time. This technique is used for problem solving, decision making or the creation of new concepts. Emerged ideas can be represented in the form of an affinity diagram on sticky notes. For the collaborative creation of an affinity diagram, interactive display walls are a suitable medium because of their size and the possibility of direct manipulation. In the first phase of brainstorming, users can collect ideas individually and simultaneously. These ideas can be sorted and evaluated on the large display in a clearly arranged manner in the second phase. This work deals with requirements, that a brainstorming application has to offer to create an affinity diagram on an interactive display wall. Initially, the focus will be on basic functionality based on the analysis of commercial brainstorming tools. From this analysis and other related works on the topic of brainstorming and collaboration on interactive display walls, concepts for a brainstorming application are presented. Selected concepts were then prototypically implemented. Based on user tests, the concepts will be examined and evaluated.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Verwandte Arbeiten 3 2.1 Interaktive Displaywände 3 2.1.1 Interaktion an Displaywänden 3 2.1.2 Kollaboration 6 2.2 Brainstorming 8 2.2.1 Analoges Brainstorming 8 2.2.2 Digitales Brainstorming 10 2.3 Designempfehlungen für eine Brainstorming-Anwendung an einer interaktiven Displaywand 15 3 Konzepte zur kollaborativen Erstellung eines Affinitätsdiagramms an interaktiven Displaywänden 19 3.1 Aufteilung der Funktionalitäten in verschiedene Menüs 20 3.1.1 Globales Menü 20 3.1.2 Lokales Menü 21 3.1.3 Kontextmenü 23 3.2 Erstellen, Bearbeiten und Löschen von Notizen 23 3.2.1 Erstellen von Notizen 24 3.2.2 Öffnen des Kontextmenüs 25 3.2.3 Bearbeiten und Löschen einer Notiz und dessen Inhalt 26 3.3 Sortieren und Gruppieren der Notizen 27 3.4 Kollaborative Funktionalitäten 28 3.5 Fingermenü als Ergänzung der bestehenden Menüs 33 4 Prototypische Implementierung 37 4.1 Technische Rahmenbedingungen 37 4.2 Implementierungsgrundlage 38 4.3 Umgesetzte Konzepte 39 4.4 Resultate 42 5 Auswertung und Ausblick 45 5.1 Auswertung der vorgestellten Konzepte und des implementierten Prototypen 45 5.2 Ausblick 49 5.2.1 Evaluation mit gut funktionierendem Prototypen 49 5.2.2 Erweiterung bestehender Funktionalitäten 49 5.2.3 Weitere Möglichkeiten der Interaktion an Displaywänden 51 5.3 Zusammenfassung 53 A Anhang 55 Literatur 57

[pt] O presente trabalho trata das principais causas que geram armazenagem alfandegada acima do prazo inicial concedido pelos armazéns alfandegados para realização da nacionalização da carga. Esta pesquisa está restrita aos processos de importação de uma empresa de grande porte da indústria de óleo e gás. Tendo em vista que os valores de armazenagens são pagos de forma correspondente ao valor FOB de cada carga e que o setor da empresa analisado foi responsável pela importação de um valor FOB de 35.157.935.870 bilhões no ano de 2017, o que representa 4 por cento do PIB do Brasil, buscou-se uma proposta de melhoria que reduzisse os índices da empresa através da utilização de ferramenta Lean. A investigação foi realizada através de verificação dos registros da empresa em sistema informatizado, os dados recolhidos foram analisados através da análise dos cinco porquês e classificados em sete fatores principais. Após esta etapa, houve a priorização de análise das causas de armazenagens superiores ao tempo estabelecido dos fatores com maior recorrência e sugestões de ações corretivas foram informadas através de brainstorming. Como resultado alcançado, houve a indicação de uma nova forma de contratação de prestação de serviços para a empresa em questão e diversas sugestões de melhoria nos demais fatores causais. A utilização do Lean nos processos de armazenagem já foi foco de diversos estudos na área acadêmica, no entanto, a utilização do Lean em processos de gestão de armazenagem alfandegada representa um avanço, visto que o tratamento entre a armazenagem comum e a alfandegada diverge de forma muito significativa entre si. Além disso, as proposições de melhoria do estudo foram aplicadas e estão em exercício no ano de 2019. Novas pesquisas na área podem ser aplicadas buscando a verificação e quantificação do resultado obtido pelas sugestões informadas. / [en] This paper deals with the main causes that generate bonded warehousing above the initial deadline - granted by bonded warehouses for the nationalization of the cargo. This research is restricted to the importation processes of a large company, on the oil and gas industry. Considering that the storage figures are paid corresponding to the FOB value of each load, and that the analyzed company s sector was responsible for importing a FOB value of 35,157,935,870 billions in 2017, which represents 4 percent of Brazil s GDP, an improvement proposal was sought, in order to reduce the company s indexes through the use of the Lean tool. The examination was performed by verifying the company s records in a computerized system, the collected data was then analyzed through the analysis of the five whys and categorized into seven main factors. Then, there was a prioritization of analysis of storage causes that were higher than the established time of the most recurrent factors, and suggestions for corrective actions were informed through brainstorming. As a result, a new form of service contracting was indicated for the company in question and several suggestions for improvement in the other causal factors were given. The use of Lean tools in warehousing processes has been the focus of several studies in the academic area, however, the use of Lean in bonded warehousing management processes represents a breakthrough, since the treatment regarding common and bonded warehousing diverges significantly. Furthermore, during the year of 2019, the study s improvement propositions have being applied and are currently in operation. New research in the area can be applied seeking the verification and quantification of the result obtained by the informed suggestions.

<p><strong> </strong></p><p>Kreativitet är ett mycket omskrivet ämne, dock är området mycket smalt när det gäller ”kreativitetskonsulters” arbete. Syftet med denna uppsats är, att få en ökad förståelse för deras arbete med verktyg och metoder i kreativa processer, speciellt i idégenereringsfasen. Avsikten är att belysa deras upplevelser av svårigheter och fördelar med redskapen. Utifrån mitt syfte formulerades fem frågeställningar, som studien utgått ifrån. Frågeställningarna rör helt och hållet ”kreativitetskonsulternas” verktyg och metoder. Vilka de använder sig av och hur de bestämmer sig för vilka de ska nyttja. Deras upplevelse av arbetet med dessa, samt för- respektive nackdelar. Vidare en frågeställning som rör agerandet när processen inte går som det är tänkt. Tre stycken kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts. Emedan respondenterna inte är anonyma presenteras dessa under rubriken introduktion. Den teoretiska referensramen förklarar begreppet kreativitet och innovation samt dess skillnader. Den kreativa processen, ”kreativitetskonsultens” roll samt idégenereringens utgångspunkt tas även upp. Slutligen presenteras lärandet samt de faktorer som påverkar den kreativa processen.</p><p>Resultatet visar, att basen i ”kreativitetskonsulternas” verktygslåda var brainstorming och varianten brainwriting, ”tyst brainstorming”. Utöver dessa var de individuella skillnaderna stora. De flesta redskapen var till för att bryta det rotade och vanemässiga, genom en viss typ av provokation. Valet av verktyg och metod hade bland annat att göra med valet av frågeställningen i sessionen. Fem olika tillvägagångssätt användes när det blev problem under sessionen och det inte fungerade som respondenterna hade tänkt sig. Exempel på dessa är; nytt verktyg och metod, paus och två facilitatorer.</p><p>Jag uppfattar, att kärnan i den kreativa processen bland annat handlar om, att få individen att våga vara kreativ, för att hitta nya och annorlunda idéer. För att kunna åstadkomma detta, har ”kreativitetskonsulterna” sina verktyg och metoder.</p>

Kreativitet är ett mycket omskrivet ämne, dock är området mycket smalt när det gäller ”kreativitetskonsulters” arbete. Syftet med denna uppsats är, att få en ökad förståelse för deras arbete med verktyg och metoder i kreativa processer, speciellt i idégenereringsfasen. Avsikten är att belysa deras upplevelser av svårigheter och fördelar med redskapen. Utifrån mitt syfte formulerades fem frågeställningar, som studien utgått ifrån. Frågeställningarna rör helt och hållet ”kreativitetskonsulternas” verktyg och metoder. Vilka de använder sig av och hur de bestämmer sig för vilka de ska nyttja. Deras upplevelse av arbetet med dessa, samt för- respektive nackdelar. Vidare en frågeställning som rör agerandet när processen inte går som det är tänkt. Tre stycken kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts. Emedan respondenterna inte är anonyma presenteras dessa under rubriken introduktion. Den teoretiska referensramen förklarar begreppet kreativitet och innovation samt dess skillnader. Den kreativa processen, ”kreativitetskonsultens” roll samt idégenereringens utgångspunkt tas även upp. Slutligen presenteras lärandet samt de faktorer som påverkar den kreativa processen. Resultatet visar, att basen i ”kreativitetskonsulternas” verktygslåda var brainstorming och varianten brainwriting, ”tyst brainstorming”. Utöver dessa var de individuella skillnaderna stora. De flesta redskapen var till för att bryta det rotade och vanemässiga, genom en viss typ av provokation. Valet av verktyg och metod hade bland annat att göra med valet av frågeställningen i sessionen. Fem olika tillvägagångssätt användes när det blev problem under sessionen och det inte fungerade som respondenterna hade tänkt sig. Exempel på dessa är; nytt verktyg och metod, paus och två facilitatorer. Jag uppfattar, att kärnan i den kreativa processen bland annat handlar om, att få individen att våga vara kreativ, för att hitta nya och annorlunda idéer. För att kunna åstadkomma detta, har ”kreativitetskonsulterna” sina verktyg och metoder.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas at Arlington, 2009.

Tikslas. Darbo tikslas yra susipažinus su „smegenų šturmo“ metodika atlikti pasirinktos „smegenų šturmo“ PĮ analizę ir pateikti pasirinkimo rekomendacijas. Tyrimo objektas. Tyrimo objektas yra 6 diegiamos „smegenų šturmo“ programos ir 4 internetinės sistemos. Egzistuojanti problema. Renkantis „smegenų šturmo“ PĮ kyla problema, kad gamintojai nepateikia pakankamai informacijos apie savo produktą, taip pat trūksta ir informacijos lietuvių kalba. Jie pateikia technines ir programines charakteristikas, tačiau nepateikia duomenų apie funkcionalumą ir našumą, nors šie aspektai taip pat svarbūs vartotojams. / The aim of bachelor's is to review the brainstorming methodology, to carry out the analysis and give recommendation of selection to users, because manufacturers provide information about systems requirements but don’t provide information about functionality of systems. These aspects are important for users. Also there is little information in Lithuanian. While applying the research of the theoretical methods, brainstorming methodologies, rules and execution are reviewed in this paper.

This experiment was designed to compare two problem solving strategies, brainstorming and the hierarchical technique, and two problem solving technologies, computer software and pencil and paper. The first purpose of this study was to explore what effects computer software and pencil and paper have on the facilitation of solutions for individual problem solvers. Subjects generated solutions by either recording ideas on a computer or by writing ideas down on paper. The second purpose of this study was to examine how individuals evaluate solutions they have generated.Specifically, we were looking for solution evaluations to differ according to which problem solving strategy subjects received training on, brainstorming or the hierarchical technique. Solutions were rated on overall quality, practicality, and originality on a scale ranging from 0 (being the lowest possible score) to 4 (being the highest possible score).Subjects who used a computer to record ideas generated significantly more solutions than those subjects recording ideas on paper. Subjects trained with the hierarchical technique generated ideas higher in quality than those trained with brainstorming. Subjects trained with brainstorming generated more original ideas than those trained with the hierarchical technique. Finally, subjects rating of practicality did not differ according to problem solving strategy. / Department of Psychological Science

This experiment was designed to give further understanding of the underlying factors which influence group idea generation. The first objective of this study was to compare the impact of using computer technology and traditional technologies for creating ideas. The effectiveness of three idea generating techniques, original brainstorming, nominal group technique, and electronic brainstorming were considered. It was, however, hypothesized that electronic brainstorming would outperform the nominal group technique and original brainstorming regardless of the length of time provided.The second objective of this study was to probe how subjects in different idea generating conditions discerned their performance during and after sessions. It was expected that subjects in the original brainstorming groups would perceive that they produce more ideas and they would be more satisfied with results and the process.An ANOVA with a 3x2 factorial design was planned for the study. The independent variables for the study were types of group and types of session. Yet, on account of small sampling size an inferential analysis was precluded. A descriptive analysis was followed.The analysis of five dependent variables, quality, originality, practicality, numbers of nonoverlapping ideas, and perceptions showed that there were no significant differences among three idea generation techniques regarding the length of time provided. However, a quantity variable showed that numbers of nonoverlapping ideas were increased as the length of time were prolonged in six idea generating conditions. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services