Titel: Celebrity endorsement är väl ingen sport – En studie om hur sportmodevarumärken använder celebriteter i varumärkesbyggande syfte Författare: Erik Hagberg & Niklas Radhammar Handledare: Thomas Helgesson Nivå: Kandidatuppsats, Marknadsföring 15 hp, VT 2012 Nyckelord: Varumärke, varumärkeskapital, celebrity endorsement, celebrity endorser, sportmodevarumärke, varumärkesbyggande Problemformulering: Hur arbetar sportmodevarumärken på den svenska marknaden med celebriteter i sina varumärkesbyggande processer? Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i den teoretiska referensramen och en abduktiv fallstudie av fem varumärken, kartlägga hur sportmodevarumärken arbetar med celebriteter i varumärkesbyggande ändamål på den svenska marknaden. Vi vill även analysera positiva effekter och risker vid användning av celebriteter i varumärkesstrategier. Metod: En kvalitativ ansats med ett abduktivt angreppssätt har använts, där beslutsfattare från fem varumärken har intervjuats inom uppsatsens ämne. De fem företagen är adidas, Craft, Tenson, Peak Performance samt Unihoc. Alla dessa arbetar aktivt med celebrity endorsement som strategi i varumärkesbyggande och marknadskommunikation. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Avsnittet inleds med en grundläggande beskrivning av varumärkeskapital samt hur celebriteter kan addera ytterligare värde till kapitalet. Därefter behandlas fenomenet celebrity endorsement samt processen vid urval av celebritet inom samma ämne. Teoriavsnittet berör även de positiva effekter samt risker som kan uppstå vid användningen av celebrity endorsement. Avslutningsvis behandlas även return on investment gällande celebrity endorsement. Empiriskt perspektiv: I det empiriska kapitlet presenteras de intervjuer vi utfört med ansvarig för respektive varumärke. Empirin speglar deras användning av celebrity endorsement. Slutsats: Studien visar att celebrity endorsement kan användas på olika sätt för att bygga varumärkeskapital, men även för att stärka varumärket i sin helhet. Vi anser att celebrity endorsement är en långsiktig strategi och inte som många teorier hävdar, en kortsiktig. Vi kan även dra slutsatsen att den risk som tas upp i samband med de teorier som präglar uppsatsen inte överensstämmer med våra fallföretags upplevda risk. De anser att risken är liten vid användning av celebrity endorsers.

As companies are focused on and capable of creating brand images aimed at supporting their brands, some choose to strategically associate them with specific countries or regions in hopes of attaining perceivably higher consumer-based brand equity. Although such a strategy could prove itself effective in the sense of increasing the amount of positive consumer perceptions, it might also result in harmful effects if the marketed country-of-brand origin is not in congruence with the brand‟s other country-of-origin constructs.   With regards to what theory implies and what this study‟s results suggest, this thesis analyzes the effects of country-of-origin incongruence on consumer-based brand equity in the case of Lexington. What this thesis uncovers is that the country-of-origin incongruence of Lexington does not, contrary to theory, have negative consequences on its consumer-based brand equity. Yet, what is suggested is that further research should focus on whether these results are simply restricted to this study‟s exact settings or would be attained even in another setting in which consumer ethnocentrism would not play a significant role.

The focus of the thesis is how football clubs can increase their revenues through brand equity and different marketing activities. The purpose is to develop a professional attitude towards football brands among the Swedish clubs and to increase the awareness of aspects possible to improve. Due to current regulations the Swedish league differs in some aspects from other leagues in Europe. Therefore this thesis will provide guidelines of how Swedish football clubs could increase their revenues. The theoretical framework includes concepts such as brand equity, stakeholders and the European revenue model. In addition to this a general discussion about sport marketing and its differences from regular marketing will be provided. In order to answer the main research question; "How can Swedish football clubs increase their revenues through marketing activities in order to keep a competitive squad?" interviews with people associated to Swedish football have been conducted. Different aspects have been identified that will provide the Swedish football clubs with important insights of how to improve their revenue stream. Recommendations will be given of how to proceed with increasing the clubs revenues.

Avregleringen som skedde på mitten av åttiotalet medförde att fler aktörer etablerade sig på marknaden vilket genererade en hårdare konkurrens. En branschglidning uppstod som innebar att bank och försäkring blev ett. Förändringar av de befintliga tjänsterna inom finanssektorn har resulterat i att den mänskliga faktorn i bank- och försäkringsbolagen till stor del har fallit bort och ersatts av mer automatiserade tjänster. Fler bankkontor har slagit igen portarna och de som finns kvar har fått en ny roll i samhället och fungerar idag främst som rådgivningsplatser. De tjänster som kontoren idag erbjuder är av mer komplex karaktär och får därigenom en högre betydelse för kunden. Utformningen av kontor har således visat sig bli ett allt viktigare komplement vilket bank- och försäkringsbolagen kan differentiera sig med och sända ut signaler till sina kunder, detta på en marknad som präglas av mycket hård konkurrens. Utformningen av den fysiska mötesplatsen blir förutsättning för bank- och försäkringsbolagens framtida överlevnad. Syftet med denna uppsats var att analysera och utvärdera två bank- och försäkringsföretag som differentierar genom utformning av den fysiska mötesplatsen. Studien visade att det finns en designstrategisk tanke bakom implementeringen av den fysiska mötesplatsen i bank- och försäkringskontoren. Men är inte personalen nöjd med utformningen finns det en risk att detta kan påverka den service företaget levererar. Det framkom att kunderna hade höga förväntningar på den service som ges av bank- och försäkringskontoren och att omgivningen inte är det primära för kunden i servicemötet utan kommer sekundärt efter den service som ges men att omgivningen ändå har en betydelse. Studien visade även att det finns en koppling mellan utformningen av bankkontoren och den levererade servicekvaliteten. Design kan stärka intrycket och uppfattningen om den service som ges. Rätt arbetsmiljö gör att företagen kan leverera en bättre kvalitet till kund. En god servicekvalitet leder till nöjda kunder vilket i sin tur leder till lojala kunder. Det är således viktigt att företagen ser till både service och miljö när de ska utforma den fysiska mötesplatsen och inte utesluter miljön även om detta inte är det huvudsakliga för kunden. / The deregulation that occurred in the mid-eighties meant that more companies established themselves on the market which generated a fiercer competition. An industry shift occurred whereby the banking and insurance became one unit. Changes of the existing services in the financial sector has led to the human factor in the banking and insurance companies have largely disappeared and been replaced by the more automated services. Many bank offices have closed down and those that are left have been given a new role in society and work today mainly as advisory sites. The services provided by offices today offers is more complex in nature and therefore have a higher importance to the customer. Design of the office has thus proved to be an increasingly important complement which the banking and insurance companies can differentiate themselves and send out signals to its customers, that in a market characterized by strong competition. The design of the physical location is becoming essential for banking and insurance companies future survival.  The purpose of this paper was to analyze and evaluate two banks and insurance companies that differentiate through the design of the physical meeting place. The study showed that there is a design-strategic thinking behind the implementation of the physical meeting place in the banking and insurance offices. But is not the staff satisfied with the design, there is a risk that this may affect the service company delivers. It was found that customers had high expectations of the service provided by the banking and insurance offices and the surroundings is not the primary for the customer in the service meeting but are secondary after the service that is provided, but nevertheless the atmosphere still has a significant. The study also showed a connection between the design of bank offices and the delivered service quality. Design can enhance the impression and perception of the service provided. The right working environment enables companies to deliver a better quality to the customer. A good quality of service leads to a happy customer which in turn leads into loyal customers. It is therefore important that companies ensure both service and environment when designing the physical meeting location and do not exclude environment, although this is not the principal for the customer.

Background: Previously, marketing has focused on audiovisual stimulus but as a result from the information overload of the modern society, companies find it harder to differentiate from the competitors through the traditional marketing channels. Consumers of today tend to take functional attributes for granted and seek for an emotional involvement in the purchasing process. Sensory marketing aims at strengthening the relationship between a brand and its consumers on a deeper level through the involvement of the human senses; sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. Since the phenomenon is relatively new, the amount of studies concerning the eventual benefits on brand perception is limited. Purpose: This study investigates how sensory branding can influence the perception of a brand for the consumer. Method: The use of sensory branding was explored by conducting interviews with specialists within the field. The main basis for this research was an experiment, where the effect of using an ambient scent in the branding process was tested in order to investigate and analyze its effect on brand perception. Conclusion: Sensory marketing changes brand perception positively when the stimulus is congruent with the other brand elements. It can thus be seen as a suitable tool for reinforcing the value of a brand. A congruent stimulus influences the consumer on an unconscious level and can affect preference positively hence triggering impulse buying behavior.Adding a sensory dimension to the marketing strategy can strengthen the brand equity implying a stronger bond between the brand and the consumer. However,the authors argue that a strong brand platform is required to benefit ultimately from an investment in sensory branding. The use of sensory branding is growing rapidly and it is predicted to be the future of strategic branding.

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Previously, marketing has focused on audiovisual stimulus but as a result from the information overload of the modern society, companies find it harder to differentiate from the competitors through the traditional marketing channels. Consumers of today tend to take functional attributes for granted and seek for an emotional involvement in the purchasing process. Sensory marketing aims at strengthening the relationship between a brand and its consumers on a deeper level through the involvement of the human senses; sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. Since the phenomenon is relatively new, the amount of studies concerning the eventual benefits on brand perception is limited.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>: This study investigates how sensory branding can influence the perception of a brand for the consumer.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>: The use of sensory branding was explored by conducting interviews with specialists within the field. The main basis for this research was an experiment, where the effect of using an ambient scent in the branding process was tested in order to investigate and analyze its effect on brand perception.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Sensory marketing changes brand perception positively when the stimulus is congruent with the other brand elements. It can thus be seen as a suitable tool for reinforcing the value of a brand. A congruent stimulus influences the consumer on an unconscious level and can affect preference positively hence triggering impulse buying behavior.Adding a sensory dimension to the marketing strategy can strengthen the brand equity implying a stronger bond between the brand and the consumer. However,the authors argue that a strong brand platform is required to benefit ultimately from an investment in sensory branding. The use of sensory branding is growing rapidly and it is predicted to be the future of strategic branding.</p>

Previous research has proven that perceived Brand Authenticity functions as a differentiator, which brands can use to stand out in today’s marketplace. However, few studies have investigated whether it is possible for brands to become more profitable by utilizing their authenticity. This thesis therefore investigates the relationship between the two branding concepts Brand Authenticity and Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE). An explanatory survey study is made on the Swedish retail clothing industry, which measures the effect of the Brand Authenticity associations Continuity, Originality, Trustworthiness, Genuineness, Heritage, and Symbolism on the CBBE outcomes (1) consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium, (2) recommend a brand, and (3) buy a brand before other brands. The results show that while some Brand Authenticity associations increase the CBBE outcomes, others seem to give no effect and some even to undermine them. If brand managers of authentic brands wish to increase their value sales through price premiums and increase volume sales through increased purchases, they should focus on communicating Symbolism, Originality and Genuineness. If decreased marketing costs through word of mouth is the goal, brand recommendations can be achieved through communicating Trustworthiness as well. However, Continuity and Heritage should be avoided in all brand communication if increased profits is the primarily goal.

This report examines the role of Latino consumers, specifically looking at Mexican-Americans and their first generation experiences. It looks at how these experiences influence their consumption patterns. While observing the idea that first generation Latinos are much like ‘adolescent consumers’, a concept stemming from the idea that much like teenagers Latino immigrants are in a sense coming of age in this country. They are under a whole different set of social norms, cultural expectations and values different from their country of origin. This report proposes a reconsideration of the heuristics that marketers hold for Latino consumer spending habits. It maintains the idea that Latino consumer behaviors should be attributed and conceptualized as a process of maturation, not just based on culture and class. Lastly it re-examines the Customer Based Brand Equity model and places it in the context of the Latino consumer while keeping in mind the above framework about Latinos as adolescent consumers. / text

Abstract Title: Cheap Monday – A qualitative study of the consumers’ opinions of the brand (Cheap Monday – En kvalitativ studie av konsumenternas åsikter om märket) Number of pages: 38 (40 including enclosures) Author: Oskar Norlander Tutor: Göran Svensson Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Autumn 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this essay is to examine from the customers’ perspective how the Swedish jeans-brand Cheap Monday in just three years time could become such a prominent brand on the Swedish market. An additional purpose is to examine whether there is some kind of brand community connected to the brand or not. Material/Method: The main method used in this essay has been qualitative interviews with ten consumers of the brand. The answers from these interviews has then been analysed using two different theories, Keller’s Customer Based Brand Equity and Muniz and O’Guinnn’s Brand Community. Main results: The main results of this essay is that Cheap Monday is a brand that has become successful due to people’s perception of who the users of the brand are. The consumers has already from the start gotten a good impression of the brand, since they’ve seen people who they liked, and people who they thought were cool and well dressed wearing Cheap Monday clothing. This is linked to the fact that Cheap Monday costs so much less than their competitors, since the “cool people” that use Cheap Monday clothing makes the low price acceptable and a good thing from the customers perspective, instead of it being a indicator that the brand is unfashionable and no good. It has also been proved that there is somewhat of a brand community connected to the brand, even though the respondents in this essay did not feel connected to this community. On the other hand, almost all of the respondents did think that other people who wear Cheap Monday in some way felt some kind of connection to each other, and most of them a reed on that the brand on its own more or less has originated a new style. Keywords: Cheap Monday, CM, Brand Equity, Brand Community, consumer, associations, Keller, Muniz, O’Guinn

I den här studien undersöks genom semistrukturerade intervjuer hur elitidrottsföreningar bygger upp sitt varumärkeskapital inom den professionella idrotten. Sex stycken marknadsansvariga inom idrottsföreningarna som är verksamma inom respektive förening har intervjuats för att få reda på deras syn på byggnationen av ett varumärkeskapital inom den nämnda kontexten. Anledningen till detta var för att på bästa sätt kunna ta del av kunskap erfarenhet och information som dessa respondenter sitter på. Så som många författare fastslår som jag påvisar i min inledning som Uggla, (2002) Lagergren, (1998), Aaker, (1996) så blir vikten av varumärket allt viktigare för organisationer i dagens samhälle. För att nå ett bra resultat och samtidigt följa med i marknadens utveckling och hävda sig mot sina konkurrenter blir det allt mer diskussion kring varumärkesfrågor inom organisationer.   Resultaten av denna studie påvisar hur ett varumärkeskapital skapas för elitidrottsföreningar genom en intern process och påverkan. Studien visar fyra faktorer som är betydelsefulla för byggnationen av ett varumärkeskapital för en elitidrottsförening. Idrottsliga framgångar Produkten Identiteten Kommunikationen Dessa beståndsdelar kan ses som en organisk enhet som påverkas av och påverkar varandra. Samtliga delar inom enheten är viktiga men kan endast fungera optimalt om kommunikation är allierad inom varumärkets samtliga delar. Det är kommunikationen som fördelar och transporterar information till samtliga delar i varumärket och den organiska enheten cirkulerar och fungerar på bästa sätt om flödet inom enheten är rent, det vill säga att kommunikationen når sin fulla potential.     Varumärke, varumärkeskapital, kommunikation, identitet, idrott / This study explored through semi-structured interviews how elite sports associations build their brand equity in professional sport . Six marketing managers within sports clubs operating in the respective compounds were interviewed to find out their views on the construction of a brand equity within this context. The reason for this was for the best way to take advantage of knowledge of experience and information that these respondents are sitting on. As many authors stating that I demonstrate in my introduction that Uggla (2002) Lagergren (1998) , Aaker (1996 ), so, the importance of brand increasingly important for organizations in today's society. In order to achieve good results while keeping abreast of market trends and assert itself against its competitors , it is becoming more discussion regarding trademark issues within organizations. The results of this study demonstrate how brand equity is created for elite sport associations through an internal process and impact. The study shows four factors that are important for the construction of a brand equity for an elite sports club. • Sporting achievements • The product • identity • Communication. These elements can be seen as an organic device that are affected by and interact . All parts of the unit are important but can only function optimally if the communication is an ally in the brand all parts. It is communication that distributes and transports information to all parts of the brand and the organic unity circulates and works best if the flow within the device is clean , that is, that the communication reaches its full potential. Brand , brand equity , communication , identity, sport