This thesis suggests that consensus is a critical blind spot in crisis management models. The authors have grounded their argument in one conceptual framework by integrating two model theories in crisis management models and consensus theory and its related behaviors; Abilene Paradox and Groupthink. The authors evaluated these theories against Lehman Brothers between 2007 and September 2008. The results demonstrate that consensus is problematized in the decision-making process throughout the crisis management model. This suggests that consensus is a dormant risk factor that should be viewed as problematic in crisis management models. The authors conclude that the role of a principled constructive dissenter should be formalized in leadership and management of organisations to short circuit problematic consensus in crisis models.

The aim of this study is to discover how primary scholars as substitute parents, contemplate the perceiving aspect of their substitute parenting. In the theoretical chapters the demands set for adults as primary educators and their development, are viewed. A comparative study between the primary edu­ cator and the child, rounds it off. The experiencing, giving meaning to, and the consequent involvement of substitute parents in their life-world, follow. The research design, substantiates the choice of format, methods of data col­ lection and analyses. Examples of raw data gathered from various tests are presented. Finally, the consolidated data is interpreted. The findings of this study is that substitute parents experience their tasks as being pleasant. Substitute parents are generally over involved with their siblings. This culminates in the development of a strong bond between substitute parents and younger siblings. Substitute parents require support and guidance from an adult to enable them to become adults and venture in their life-world. / In bierdie studie is die leefWereld van die substituut-ouer bestudeer. Die oorhoofse doel van hierdie studie is om met behulp van teoretiese en empiriese studies, ondersoek in te stel na substituut-ouers se belewing van bulle besondere taak. Die studie neem 'n amwang met 'n beskrywing van die primere opvoeder se verantwoordelikhede en eise. Die ontwikkeling van die volwassene word daama bestudeer. Verder Is gelet op die e1se en ontwikkeling wat aan kindwecs gelykgestel word. Die doel hiermee, is om uiteindelik 'n vergelyking te kan tref tussen die volwassene en die kind. Nadat so 'n vergclyking tussen die kind en volwassene gemaak is, sal die probleme wat die kind as substituut-ouer ervaar, oorweeg kan word. Die literatuurstudie kulmincer in substituut-ouers se unieke betekenisgewing, betrokkenheid en belewing aan en by bulle leefWereld. Dan word die literatuurstudie opgevolg deur die navorsingsontwerp, keuse van steekproef­ neming asook wyses van dataverameling en -analisering. Ten slotte word daar gekyk na die verslaggewing aangaande inligting soos bekom met behulp van die verkenningsmedia, te wete individuele onderhoude met die deelnemers aan die navorsing, die Bene-Anthony gesinsverhou­ dingstoets, die Persoonlikheidsvraelys vir kinders, die projeksiemedia van Jacobs en Vrey en die Kinestetiese huisgesinstekeninge. Die gekonsolideerde data word dan geinterpreteer en weergegee ten einde die postulate soos in boofstuk 5 uiteengesit te beantwoord. Die belangrikste bevindings van die studie is dat die taak van substituut­ ouerswees vir laerskoolkinders aangenaam is. Hierdie aangename belewing van hulle taak as substituut-ouers, dra egter nie by tot die vonning van 'n positiewe selfkonsep by die substituut-ouer nie. Substituut-ouers ervaar angs en kommer aangaande hulle substituut-ouerskap. Hulle voel nie bevoeg om as substituut-ouers op te tree nie. Substituut-ouers IS oar die algemeen oorbetrokke by hulle broers en susters. Hulle sien om na hulle sibbe, verseker dat hulle veilig is en verleen hulp aan hulle, waar nodig. Hierdie betrokkenheid veroorsaak 'n sterk band tussen die leerlinge. Hierdie sterk band wat tussen die substituut-ouers en hulle sibbe bestaan, is egter afwesig tussen die substituut-ouers en hulle eie ouers. Substituut-ouers toon dan oak teen die verwagting van die navorser in, dat hulle nie beskik oor 'n verantwoordelikheidsin nie. Substituut-ouers k:an eerder beskryf word as teruggetrokke, met min deursettingsvennoe, prikkelbaar, goedhartig, onderdanig, athanklik en inskiklik. Die studie toon ten slotte dat substituut-ouers betrokke raak by hulle taak as substituut-ouers, vanwee 'n aansporingsmiddel, te wete sakgeld. Benewens vir die bogenoemde bevindings, toon die studie oak dat die ondersteuning en begeleiding van substituut-ouers deur 'n volwassene tot volwassenheid noodsaaklik is. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

The aim of this study is to discover how primary scholars as substitute parents, contemplate the perceiving aspect of their substitute parenting. In the theoretical chapters the demands set for adults as primary educators and their development, are viewed. A comparative study between the primary edu­ cator and the child, rounds it off. The experiencing, giving meaning to, and the consequent involvement of substitute parents in their life-world, follow. The research design, substantiates the choice of format, methods of data col­ lection and analyses. Examples of raw data gathered from various tests are presented. Finally, the consolidated data is interpreted. The findings of this study is that substitute parents experience their tasks as being pleasant. Substitute parents are generally over involved with their siblings. This culminates in the development of a strong bond between substitute parents and younger siblings. Substitute parents require support and guidance from an adult to enable them to become adults and venture in their life-world. / In bierdie studie is die leefWereld van die substituut-ouer bestudeer. Die oorhoofse doel van hierdie studie is om met behulp van teoretiese en empiriese studies, ondersoek in te stel na substituut-ouers se belewing van bulle besondere taak. Die studie neem 'n amwang met 'n beskrywing van die primere opvoeder se verantwoordelikhede en eise. Die ontwikkeling van die volwassene word daama bestudeer. Verder Is gelet op die e1se en ontwikkeling wat aan kindwecs gelykgestel word. Die doel hiermee, is om uiteindelik 'n vergelyking te kan tref tussen die volwassene en die kind. Nadat so 'n vergclyking tussen die kind en volwassene gemaak is, sal die probleme wat die kind as substituut-ouer ervaar, oorweeg kan word. Die literatuurstudie kulmincer in substituut-ouers se unieke betekenisgewing, betrokkenheid en belewing aan en by bulle leefWereld. Dan word die literatuurstudie opgevolg deur die navorsingsontwerp, keuse van steekproef­ neming asook wyses van dataverameling en -analisering. Ten slotte word daar gekyk na die verslaggewing aangaande inligting soos bekom met behulp van die verkenningsmedia, te wete individuele onderhoude met die deelnemers aan die navorsing, die Bene-Anthony gesinsverhou­ dingstoets, die Persoonlikheidsvraelys vir kinders, die projeksiemedia van Jacobs en Vrey en die Kinestetiese huisgesinstekeninge. Die gekonsolideerde data word dan geinterpreteer en weergegee ten einde die postulate soos in boofstuk 5 uiteengesit te beantwoord. Die belangrikste bevindings van die studie is dat die taak van substituut­ ouerswees vir laerskoolkinders aangenaam is. Hierdie aangename belewing van hulle taak as substituut-ouers, dra egter nie by tot die vonning van 'n positiewe selfkonsep by die substituut-ouer nie. Substituut-ouers ervaar angs en kommer aangaande hulle substituut-ouerskap. Hulle voel nie bevoeg om as substituut-ouers op te tree nie. Substituut-ouers IS oar die algemeen oorbetrokke by hulle broers en susters. Hulle sien om na hulle sibbe, verseker dat hulle veilig is en verleen hulp aan hulle, waar nodig. Hierdie betrokkenheid veroorsaak 'n sterk band tussen die leerlinge. Hierdie sterk band wat tussen die substituut-ouers en hulle sibbe bestaan, is egter afwesig tussen die substituut-ouers en hulle eie ouers. Substituut-ouers toon dan oak teen die verwagting van die navorser in, dat hulle nie beskik oor 'n verantwoordelikheidsin nie. Substituut-ouers k:an eerder beskryf word as teruggetrokke, met min deursettingsvennoe, prikkelbaar, goedhartig, onderdanig, athanklik en inskiklik. Die studie toon ten slotte dat substituut-ouers betrokke raak by hulle taak as substituut-ouers, vanwee 'n aansporingsmiddel, te wete sakgeld. Benewens vir die bogenoemde bevindings, toon die studie oak dat die ondersteuning en begeleiding van substituut-ouers deur 'n volwassene tot volwassenheid noodsaaklik is. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

The focus of this qualitative study is the way siblings of children with autism experience their nuclear family. Five participants in their middle childhood (6 to 12 years), with a younger sibling with autism, participated in the study. Individual unstructured interviews were conducted with all participants to describe their experience of their family. The interviews were, with the consent of the parents and children, video-recorded and transcribed. Eight recurring themes were identified in the transcriptions and studied relative to the existing literature. True to the qualitative nature of this study, the aim was not to generalize the findings, but to give each of the participants the opportunity to tell his/her story. The result of this study is the detailed description of how siblings of children with autism experience their nuclear family. / Social Work / M.Diac.(Play Therapy)

Sibling relationships are dynamic within any family context and disabilities add a different and even more complex dimension to a family context. In addition, inclusion is a relatively new concept in South Africa, especially as an inclusive society. This means that it is challenging for a family that has children with disabilities to live and function in the greater society as children with disabilities have specialised needs and expectations. However, siblings of children with disabilities have their own needs and expectations as participating individuals within a family context and within society; therefore it is of relevance to be fully aware of their personal views, perceptions, understanding and challenges they are confronted with. The primary aim of this study was to gain a rich and in-depth understanding of how the disabilities of a child could impact on a non-disabled sibling. With the above mentioned taken into account, siblings of children with disabilities are faced with an array of unique challenges that may change as the siblings develop, therefore, this study focused on siblings who are in their middle childhood phase (six to twelve years old). Qualitative research methods were applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the children‘s experiences and views. The review of the literature provided the theoretical framework against which the qualitative research was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were constructed from the comprehensive literature review. Observations and documents were also used as research instruments to collect descriptive and supportive data. Interpretations were made from the data collected. The literature review exposed and recognised variances regarding sibling experiences about living with children with disabilities. Five information rich participants were interviewed. The findings of this empirical investigation revealed that not all the siblings identified the same experiences as shared experiences of being siblings to children with disabilities. Therefore, it is recommended that the challenges these siblings are faced with should be taken into account since it has been revealed that there seems to be a need to support these siblings and their families. The whole family is a nested system interacting with each other, within the family system and with other systems beyond the family system, including the wider community and society. Thus, siblings need regular, understandable and updated information as they grow up, regarding the challenges the families are faced with, pertaining to the disabilities experienced, within this nested system. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study focused on South African siblings' experiences of a brother or sister with cancer. Social constructionism was used as an epistemological framework. Three in-depth interviews with siblings (ages 12 – 16 years) of pediatric cancer patients, were done. The case study approach was chosen as the most suitable method to gain the information. The thematic content analysis was the method of analysis. Participants' experiences with regard to their siblings' cancer were reconstructed according to themes. Recurring themes were elucidated and linked with the literature. The study allowed participants to express their conscious and unconscious experiences by means of verbal and non-verbal (art activities) communication. Results support the concern by previous studies about siblings' vulnerability since the diagnosis of a brother's/sister's cancer. The uniqueness of each sib's experience and the implementation of individualy-centered intervention strategies is emphasized. Educational Psychologists as well as members of the multidisciplinary team (teachers, medical and nursing staff, parents, family and peers) interested in supporting siblings of pediatric cancer patients can benefit from this study.

M.A. / A child's life-threatening illness has severe implications for the family. Changes in lifestyle which result from an illness of this nature influence the child-patient's own life, as well as the lives of people who are in close contact with him, i.e. his parents and healthy siblings. Literature on the subject suggests that the healthy siblings suffer due to the illness and that their needs are not addressed during the illness. They often become the victims of emotional neglect, due to the lack of meaningful contact with their parents. Literature also suggests that parents often judge their healthy children to he handling the situation of one child's lifethreatening illness far more successfully than they actually are. Healthy siblings may also develop death anxiety due to this experience. Due to these, and various other reasons, the healthy siblings of children with life-threatening illnesses constitute a population which is at risk of developing moderate and severe personal, social and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to investigate how healthy siblings experience a child's lifethreatening illness and how this experience influences the healthy siblings. The study also aimed to determine the effect of a child's life-threatening illness on healthy siblings' levels of death anxiety. These aims were achieved by conducting interviews with healthy siblings, as well as their parents. The three families which were included in this study were contacted through a local state hospital. In all three families one child had been diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. All the healthy siblings who were interviewed were between the ages of nine and 16. Both qualitative and quantitative data analyses were incorporated by this study. The qualitative data for the study was gathered by means of open-ended interviews with healthy siblings and their parents. These interviews were then analysed according to the phenomenological research method. The quantitative data for the study was gathered by means of the Death Anxiety Questionnaire for Children (Malan, 1996) which was constructed far the study. The results of the qualitative data of all the participants of the study were combined in the final analysis, to determine how healthy siblings experience a child's life-threatening illness and what effect this experience has on them. The quantitative results of the study were analysed and interpreted in association with the qualitative results. The findings of this study suggest that a child's life-threatening illness constitutes a traumatic and emotional experience for the child's healthy siblings. Various conclusions were drawn as to the effects which this experience may have on the healthy siblings. The study also determined that a child's life-threatening illness influences healthy siblings' levels of death anxiety. According to these findings hypotheses may be set for future research. The results of this study is of value to the fields of psychology, social work and medicine. In the .fields of counselling and child psychology, the results serve to improve the understanding of families, and especially , children, who are experiencing the life-threatening disease of a family member. In the fields of social work and medicine the results serve to improve the relations between professionals and families of child-patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Partindo-se do pressuposto de que o foco da presente tese, o livro ilustrado de conto de fadas, consiste em um objeto artístico multissemiótico estruturado a partir de três sistemas de linguagem, a saber, a palavra, a imagem e o design, procura-se, aqui, compreender como esses três sistemas se articulam entre si com vistas à geração de sentidos. Por esse motivo, parte-se da semiótica peirciana como fundamentação teórica para perquirir essa questão, com o auxílio de semióticas específicas voltadas à análise da imagem. Assim, procura-se investigar as propriedades semióticas e fenomenológicas dos principais tipos de signos encontrados no seio dessas obras. Entre os objetivos específicos, encontram-se a investigação dos termos da conjugação livro ilustrado/conto de fadas, a construção verbovisual das personagens e ambientes nas obras principais do corpus (Grimm-Janssen e Grimm-Pacovská) e a comparação entre essas obras e as chamadas ilustrações de tradição, integrantes de livros com ilustrações de contos de fadas. Para realizar a leitura das textualidades presentes no corpus principal e expandido, procura-se verificar como cada semiose funciona, de acordo com o eixo ao qual pertence, e como se integra aos signos dos demais códigos, proporcionando uma direção de sentido geral. Parte-se do princípio de que cada interpretação de signos, principalmente aqueles mais ambíguos e com formas mais obscurecidas, consiste em um interpretante dinâmico que ruma em direção a um interpretante final ideal, porém, na realidade, inatingível. A análise das obras nos leva a concluir que as propostas contemporâneas, ao gerarem potencialmente maior estranhamento e suscitarem questionamentos e dúvidas junto ao leitor-visualizador, representam um desafio perceptivo/sensorial e intelectual maior que aquele representado pela ilustração/arte de tradição, gerando potencialmente maior carga de sensação, pensamento e choque. / Based on the assumption that the focus of the present thesis, the fairy-tale picturebook, consists of a multisemiotic artistic object structured upon three language systems, namely word, image and design, the goal of this work is to understand how these three systems articulate with each other by generating meanings. For this reason, the work is based on Peircean semiotics as a theoretical basis to investigate this question, with the help of specific semiotics aimed at image analysis. Thus, it is sought to investigate the semiotic and phenomenological properties of the main types of signs found within these works. Among the specific objectives are the investigation of the terms of the relationship picturebook / fairy tale, the verbal construction of the characters and environments in the main works of the corpus (Grimm-Janssen and Grimm- Pacovská) and the comparison between these works and the so-called traditional illustrations, parts of illustrated fairy tale books. In order to read and understand the textualities present in the main and expanded corpus, we try to verify how each semiosis works, according to the axis to which it belongs, and how it integrates with the signs of the other codes, providing a general direction of meaning. It is assumed that each interpretation of signs, especially those of more ambiguous and more obscured forms, consists of a dynamic interpretant that heads towards an ideal final interpretant that is, in reality, unattainable. The analysis of the works leads us to conclude that contemporary proposals, by generating potentially greater strangeness and raising questions and doubts for the reader-viewer, represent a perceptual / sensorial and intellectual challenge greater than that represented by traditional illustration / art, potentially generating a greater burden of sensation, thought and shock.

Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit den Formen des nicht natürlichen Todes und weiteren rechtsmedizinischen Sachverhalten wie Leichenerscheinungen, Scheintod, Identifizierung von Personen und Leichen, Selbstverstümmelungen und Spuren von Tätern und Opfern in den deutschen Volksmärchen. Rechtsmedizinische Zusammenhänge von Ursache und Wirkung werden nach ihrer Gültigkeit im Märchen hinterfragt. Wie werden beispielsweise Gewaltwirkungen auf äußere Erscheinungsbilder betroffener Märchenfiguren, Tötungsgeschehen und Tatwerkzeuge dargestellt? Inwiefern entsprechen Schilderungen der Tatbestände und ihre Bewertung im Märchen auch historischem Rechtsverständnis? Was unterliegt den epischen Gesetzen des Märchens? Für die rechtsmedizinische Fragestellung nach den Verletzungsspuren am Getöteten, dem Tötungsgeschehen und den Tatwerkzeugen sind die Märchen als Quelle des Volkswissens nur begrenzt verwertbar. Zum Beispiel sind keine Wunden, innere Blutungen oder kleinere Verletzungen nach Gewalteinwirkung beschrieben. Es wurden nahezu alle klassischen Todesarten wie Ertrinken, Vergiften, Verbrennen, Verhungern, Erhängen, Erfrieren, Selbsttötung und Tod durch scharfe und stumpfe Gewalt im Märchen vorgefunden und betreffende Textstellen unter Benutzung der "historisch-geographischen Methode" regional verglichen. Zusammenhänge von Ursache und Wirkung konnten jedoch nicht im Sinne einer rechtsmedizinischen Rekonstruktion des zum Tode führenden Geschehens nach heutigen Maßstäben aufgestellt werden. Das Märchen als Volksüberlieferung kennt keinen historisch konkreten Zeitbezug. Mit der zeitlich und regional variierenden Wiedergabe des Erzählstoffes fließen neue Motive und anderes Wissen mit ein. Daraus ergab sich für die Arbeit eine zurückhaltende Aufstellung von Vergleichen des rechtshistorischen Alltags und der geschilderten Märchenwirklichkeit. Der nicht natürliche Tod konnte bei der rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchung nicht unabhängig von seinem Zusammenhang im Märchen betrachtet werden. Er ist im Märchen oft ein Mittel, entsprechend den Moralvorstellungen Gerechtigkeit herzustellen, aber auch die Protagonisten von ihrem positiven Weg abzubringen. Seine sozialisierende Funktion in der Märchengesellschaft kann nicht übersehen werden. / This thesis reports about the types of the non-natural death and further issues of legal medicine in the German folk tales such as the sure signs of dead bodies, appearently dead people, identification of persons and corpses, mutilation of its own and traces of perpetrators and victims. Do forensic correlations between cause and effect appear in the fairy tales? How do fairy tales describe the violent effects to the concerned figures? outward appearance, the killing event and the tools of crime? How does the facts of the cases? description and their valuation in the fairy tales correspond to the historical comprehension of the rights? The folk tales are only of restricted use as a source of general knowledge for the forensic issue of the injury traces on a dead body, of the killing event or of the tools of crime. For example, there are not described any wounds, internal bleedings or smaller injuries after violence. Nearly all classical causes of non-natural death are found in the fairy tales: drowning, freezing to death, hanging, burning to death, poisoning, dying of starvation, suicid and death by sharp and blunt force. There could not be shown any correlations between cause and effect in the sense of a killing event?s forensic reconstruction after today's standards. The folk tales as an oral tradition are not exactly related to a certain historical period. With each new performance a story was influenced by new motivs or knowledge. For that reason the comparison between fairy tales and historical reality of everyday life is very restrained. The non-natural death as a forensic fact can only be interpretated in ist function in the folk tales. By means of the non-natural death the fairy tales? characters are doing justice corresponding to their moral ideas, but positive figures can also be pushed away from their good ways. The non-natural death? socializing function in the fairy tales? society is evident.

The Grimm Brothers’ Little Briar-Rose is a beloved fairytale, which is more commonly known as Sleeping Beauty. What began as a Volksmärchen, is now a world famous and beloved Kunstmärchen. The Brothers collected and adapted the tale, incorporating their own literary style, helping to develop a literary Germanic cultural history. In this thesis I analyze how the tale evolves from the original oral tale to the literary story, and how various perspectives of culture and authors, with particular audiences in mind, adapt their versions. Historical background of the Grimms and their influences, an analysis of how the story was revised by the Grimms in the 1812 and 1857 editions, how American children’s versions compare to the Grimms’ version and how Jane Yolen’s version of Sleeping Beauty meets the structural and cultural expectations of the Grimms’ tale are examined.