Esta pesquisa averigua a forma como tem sido estabelecido o estatuto de recepção de algumas obras de arte no registro bruto/culto. Os artistas que abordamos são frequentemente classificados segundo tais categorias, ainda que tradicionalmente opostas: Arthur Bispo do Rosario (1909-1989), artista cujas obras foram alinhadas à Arte Contemporânea, e Judith Scott (1943-2005), artista com apenas algumas obras inseridas no campo da Arte Moderna e Contemporânea. O intento é examinar se os critérios e modos de leitura, praticados por críticos e curadores em mostras e exposições nacionais e internacionais, contemporaneamente, têm observado o vivido como significante preponderante do acervo desses artistas ou se, por outro lado, a prática é a de aproximação e incorporação no sistema de arte por aspectos meramente formais. Através do recolhimento da literatura referida a esses eventos, pretendemos explicitar os critérios de leitura e de fruição das obras desses artistas que compartilham o gosto por materiais têxteis, cujo processo de tecimento/destecimento é ingrediente-base de suas poéticas, mas que participam do sistema de arte em diferentes estatutos de integração. Finalmente, a pesquisa visa investigar até que ponto o sentido da escolha de têxteis no desenvolvimento de suas mitopoéticas foi considerado no campo da recepção crítica. A meio termo, destacamos um olhar de dentro do sistema de arte, contabilizando alguns dos pronunciamentos da artista francesa contemporânea Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010), considerando-os especialmente em dois aspectos que nos interessam neste estudo: sua relação com os têxteis, dos pontos de vista formal ou conceitual, e também sua singular perspectiva sobre o processo criativo e o engajamento do criador. A artista não tece julgamentos ou considerações de modo a estabelecer uma delimitação ou alguma fronteira entre os campos (in-) e (out-)sider, o que torna sua perspectiva particularmente atrativa. Colaborar para a reflexão sobre a interpretação de obras estrangeiras à esfera da arte institucionalizada é importante instrumento de compreensão dos processos de construção do saber artístico e de consolidação da fortuna crítica, além de proporcionar uma discussão sobre a possibilidade de pensar lArt Brut a partir de um ponto de vista do próprio sistema de arte / This research aims to enquire how the statute of some art works has been established in the outsider/cultivated art reception register. In this approach the artists are often classified accordingly to those categories, even though they are traditionally opposites: Arthur Bispo do Rosario (1909-1989), an artist whose works are linked to the contemporaneous art, and Judith Scott (1943-2005), an artist who has only some of her work included in the modern and Contemporary Arts system. The intent is to examine what is the criteria and reading tools currently used by curators and art critics in both national and international exhibits, to evaluate if they have considered that bulk of work as something of significant value or if the approach is one of incorporating it into the system in merely formal terms. Through the investigation of the available literature related to those events, we intend to think the criteria used in the evaluation and fruition of those artists work. They have in common the preference for textile materials; the weaving/unweaving process is the basis of their poetic. However, they hold different status of integration in the arts system. Finally, this research aims to investigate how much the choice of textile materials in the development of mythopoetic has been considered and accepted by the critics. In the middle ground, we point to a view that is inside the arts system, listing some of the pronoucements of the contemporary french artist Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010), regarding specially two aspects of interest in the present study: her relation with textiles, be it from the formal or conceptual point of view, and also her singular perspective about the creative process and the creators commitment to it. The artist does not judge or deliberate in order to establish or set out a boundary between the fields of (in-) and (out-)sider art, which makes her perspective even more interesting. Reflecting on the interpretation of foreign works connected to the institutionalized art is an important and valuable contribution to the construction of artistic knowledge and to the consolidation of critical fortune. It also provides a discussion on how to consider the possibility of viewing the Outsider Art from the art systems perspective

Esta pesquisa averigua a forma como tem sido estabelecido o estatuto de recepção de algumas obras de arte no registro bruto/culto. Os artistas que abordamos são frequentemente classificados segundo tais categorias, ainda que tradicionalmente opostas: Arthur Bispo do Rosario (1909-1989), artista cujas obras foram alinhadas à Arte Contemporânea, e Judith Scott (1943-2005), artista com apenas algumas obras inseridas no campo da Arte Moderna e Contemporânea. O intento é examinar se os critérios e modos de leitura, praticados por críticos e curadores em mostras e exposições nacionais e internacionais, contemporaneamente, têm observado o vivido como significante preponderante do acervo desses artistas ou se, por outro lado, a prática é a de aproximação e incorporação no sistema de arte por aspectos meramente formais. Através do recolhimento da literatura referida a esses eventos, pretendemos explicitar os critérios de leitura e de fruição das obras desses artistas que compartilham o gosto por materiais têxteis, cujo processo de tecimento/destecimento é ingrediente-base de suas poéticas, mas que participam do sistema de arte em diferentes estatutos de integração. Finalmente, a pesquisa visa investigar até que ponto o sentido da escolha de têxteis no desenvolvimento de suas mitopoéticas foi considerado no campo da recepção crítica. A meio termo, destacamos um olhar de dentro do sistema de arte, contabilizando alguns dos pronunciamentos da artista francesa contemporânea Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010), considerando-os especialmente em dois aspectos que nos interessam neste estudo: sua relação com os têxteis, dos pontos de vista formal ou conceitual, e também sua singular perspectiva sobre o processo criativo e o engajamento do criador. A artista não tece julgamentos ou considerações de modo a estabelecer uma delimitação ou alguma fronteira entre os campos (in-) e (out-)sider, o que torna sua perspectiva particularmente atrativa. Colaborar para a reflexão sobre a interpretação de obras estrangeiras à esfera da arte institucionalizada é importante instrumento de compreensão dos processos de construção do saber artístico e de consolidação da fortuna crítica, além de proporcionar uma discussão sobre a possibilidade de pensar lArt Brut a partir de um ponto de vista do próprio sistema de arte / This research aims to enquire how the statute of some art works has been established in the outsider/cultivated art reception register. In this approach the artists are often classified accordingly to those categories, even though they are traditionally opposites: Arthur Bispo do Rosario (1909-1989), an artist whose works are linked to the contemporaneous art, and Judith Scott (1943-2005), an artist who has only some of her work included in the modern and Contemporary Arts system. The intent is to examine what is the criteria and reading tools currently used by curators and art critics in both national and international exhibits, to evaluate if they have considered that bulk of work as something of significant value or if the approach is one of incorporating it into the system in merely formal terms. Through the investigation of the available literature related to those events, we intend to think the criteria used in the evaluation and fruition of those artists work. They have in common the preference for textile materials; the weaving/unweaving process is the basis of their poetic. However, they hold different status of integration in the arts system. Finally, this research aims to investigate how much the choice of textile materials in the development of mythopoetic has been considered and accepted by the critics. In the middle ground, we point to a view that is inside the arts system, listing some of the pronoucements of the contemporary french artist Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010), regarding specially two aspects of interest in the present study: her relation with textiles, be it from the formal or conceptual point of view, and also her singular perspective about the creative process and the creators commitment to it. The artist does not judge or deliberate in order to establish or set out a boundary between the fields of (in-) and (out-)sider art, which makes her perspective even more interesting. Reflecting on the interpretation of foreign works connected to the institutionalized art is an important and valuable contribution to the construction of artistic knowledge and to the consolidation of critical fortune. It also provides a discussion on how to consider the possibility of viewing the Outsider Art from the art systems perspective

Comptant parmi les figures les plus éminentes de la littérature arthurienne, célèbre au Moyen Âge comme dans les périodes postérieures, Merlin demeure pourtant un personnage polymorphe et contradictoire. Un double angle d’étude permettra de saisir ses ambiguïtés et de constituer une poétique du personnage. D’abord, dans une perspective relationnelle, le bestiaire, c’est-à-dire la faune littéraire, constitue un élément de sa définition. Dans les Suites rétrospectives du Merlin en prose (la Suite dite « Vulgate » la Suite dite « Post-Vulgate » et le Livre d’Artus), romans qui constituent l’aboutissement des proses arthuriennes du XIIIe siècle, cet axe relationnel rencontre ensuite une perspective intertextuelle. Par son extension et sa nature, le bestiaire merlinien se révèle extrêmement variable et difficilement classable, à l’image du personnage. Présidant aux relations entre le personnage et le bestiaire, les paradigmes de l’incarnation et de la voix, ainsi que la dialectique intus/foris, laissent percevoir une complexification croissante de Merlin, qui allie un rôle de vates responsable de la fiction et du bestiaire prophétique et une dimension proprement romanesque à l’issue du Merlin en prose. Enfin, dans les Suites du Merlin en prose, le bestiaire rend aussi bien compte du (re)développement et de la fin conjoints de ces deux aspects du personnage que de la poétique des textes. Par le biais de relations métonymiques, métaphoriques et analogiques avec Merlin, le bestiaire construit ainsi trois conceptions synchroniquement contrastées du personnage, en adéquation avec la tonalité et les objectifs poétiques différents des Suites. Il participe alors du message moral et des réflexions poétiques que chacun de ces romans, conscient de ses enjeux, véhicule. / One of the most eminent figures of Arthurian literature, renowned in the Middle Ages as in later periods, Merlin remains however a polymorphous and contradictory character. A study focusing on two aspects will allow us to perceive his ambiguities and to form the poetics of the character. Firstly, from a relational perspective, the bestiary, that is to say the literary fauna, constitutes an element of this definition. In Prose Merlin’s retrospective prose sequels (the “Vulgate” Suite, the “Post-Vulgate” Suite and the Livre d’Artus), romances which constitute the apex of thirteenth century Arthurian texts in prose, this relation axis encounters an intertextual perspective. By its extent and its nature the Merlin bestiary reveals itself to be extremely variable and difficult to categorize, as is the nature of the character. The paradigms of incarnation and voice, together with the intus/foris dialectics, that govern the relations between the character and the bestiary, show that Merlin becomes increasingly complex, because he combines a role of vates responsible for the fiction and the prophetic bestiary with a distinctly romantic dimension by the end of the Prose Merlin. Finally, in the Prose Merlin sequels, the bestiary also explains both the (re)development and the end of these two aspects of the character, as well as the poetics of the texts. Through the metonymical, metaphorical and analogical relations with Merlin, the bestiary thus builds up three different synchronically contrasting conceptions of the character, matching the tone and the various poetical purposes in the Suites. It contributes thus to the moral message and the poetical thoughts that each of these romances, aware of their portent, consciously carry.

L'état actuel de l'art lié à la technologie de conversion de la biomasse a, jusqu'à présent,principalement concerné les méthodes enzymatiques, éventuellement couplées à des prétraitements thermomécaniques ; les biomasses concernées sont généralement riches en cellulose, mais le matériel à haute teneur en amidon brut est également important des deux points stratégique et économique. Notre nouvelle stratégie est une contribution à l’étude de ce dernier type de biomasses riches en amidon, en vue d’une conversion comportant une seule étape de transformation en oligosaccharide et en glucose, à l’aide de la technologie thermo-mécanique de Détente Instantanée Contrôlée DIC. Cette opération a été étudiée,analysée, modélisée et optimisée. Contrairement à un traitement thermique conventionnel,la technologie DIC comporte deux étapes incluant l’instauration d’un vide capable d'accroître l'accessibilité de la vapeur dans la biomasse, puis d’une étape de vide final en vue de réduire la génération de molécules de dégradation thermique du glucose. L’analyse des composés (oligosaccharides, glucose…) a été réalisée ; elle a pu démontrer que le process était étroitement associée à la sévérité du traitement brut. Le prétraitement DIC de faible sévérité mène à des rendements élevés en fractions oligo saccharidiques avec une petite fraction de glucose. Par contre, le traitement DIC de haute sévérité permet d’accéder au glucose comme principal produit final. Au cours de l'étude exploratoire, le cycle de vide et de haute pression d'humidité a été établi, avec comme facteur de réponse le taux de conversion de l'amidon en glucose brut. Les deux facteurs de pression de vapeur d’eau et de vide ont été combinés ensemble afin d'optimiser trois autres facteurs opératoires : la concentration d'acide, le couple de pression/température et le temps de traitement. Le traitement DIC de haute sévérité a été démontré comme étant capable de convertir près de50% d'amidon brut en glucose à l'étape du simple et unique traitement thermomécanique.Une autre étape du processus a été impliquée : il s’agit de l'hydrolyse à l’acide dilué, souvent à la suite du prétraitement DIC. Au cours de l’étape d'optimisation du prétraitement DIC, la méthodologie de surface de réponse a été utilisée pour aider au développement de modèles cinétiques auto-hydrolysés DIC. D'autre part, les modèles empiriques de la cinétique ont été développés. Dans le cas de faible sévérité, le modèle aboutit à des réponses étroitement associées aux deux limites inférieures et supérieures de la concentration acide et du temps de traitement. Par contre, ces modèles quand ils sont obtenus à de niveaux de traitement grande sévérité, ont été jugés seulement associés aux valeurs supérieures de ces paramètres opératoires. Cette observation a été déduite de l’équation polynomiale utilisée, tandis que les modèles cinétiques ont été basés sur une série exponentielle. Une série polynomiale de plus grand ordre serait donc nécessaire pour pouvoir explorer avec précision les données de la surface de réponse pour ce genre d'analyse approfondie à tous les niveaux des facteurs.Lors de l'étape d'optimisation de l’hydrolyse dans une solution d'acide dilué, le premier modèle cinétique consécutive a été développé pour étudier les mécanismes de conversion des polysaccharides totale en glucose et en ses produits de dégradation. Le modèle empirique de surface de réponse a été utilisé pour étudier les effets de facteurs pendant le processus opératoire. La teneur en humidité et le cycle de vide ont été des facteurs communs. Plus le temps de traitement est court et plus la température est élevée, et plus la génération du glucose est importante. Cette étude montre que le traitement DIC de haute sévérité est capable de convertir les polysaccharides totaux en glucose avec une faible dégradation du glucose. Les produits solides résiduels pourraient également faire l’objet d'un traitement enzymatique. / Present state of art related to biomass conversion technology so far was found to concentrate on an enzymatic process, coupled with thermal pretreatment on biomass rich in cellulose. Biomass that rich in crude starch is also important in terms of strategic and economic point of view. The main objective of this study is to adopt a new strategy for a single step conversion of a crude starch material into oligosaccharide and glucose utilizing DIC technology. In contrast to existing thermal based pretreatment, DIC technology involves two vacuum cycles; first vacuum cycle was to increase steam accessibility on biomass and to reduce generation of steam condensate thus avoid losing of monosaccharide and hemicelluloses, while second vacuum cycle was to reduce potential thermal degradation of glucose. Distributions of products formed were found to be closely associated with severity of treatment on crude starch material. At lower DIC severity, pretreatment favors the formations of high oligosaccharide composition with small fraction of glucose; while at high DIC severity, pretreatment favors formation of high glucose as a major end product. During an exploratory study to establish the relevant reaction factors; vacuum cycle and moisture content were the two main factors influencing the conversion of crude starch into glucose.DIC starch conversion into glucose was found to be moisture dependent. Both factors were combined together to optimize the other three factors: pressure/temperature, treatment times, and acid concentration. High DIC severity treatment alone could convert nearly 50% of crude starch into glucose. During DIC optimization, an experimental design was developed and tested with DIC pretreatment in order to obtain a second order polynomial mathematical model that was then applied for response surface methodology (RSM). The interaction nature of above factors was examined and was found they depend on DIC treatment severity. Two experimental designs with low and high DIC severity were developed; Low DIC severity (acid: 0.01-0.05 molar, time: 0.5-3.0 min) and High DIC severity (acid: 0.05-0.20 molar, time: 3.0-10.0 min) with similar temperature range (144-165oC) were used. Data mining operation was done on RSM model to develop a kinetic model at both treatment severities. Kinetic data, including rate constant and activation energy were calculated from kinetic models of both severities to compare with actual dilute acidhydrolysis kinetic studies on two DIC treated samples. It was found that activation energy (Ea)for glucose generation at High DIC severity (Ea: 59.44 kJ/mol) was lower than at optimum dilute acid hydrolysis (Ea: 91.30 kJ/mol); while for glucose degradation, Ea was higher with High DIC severity (Ea: 144.12 kJ/mol) if compared to dilute acid hydrolysis (Ea: 45.14 kJ/mol).This indicates that glucose generation with DIC requires less energy while its degradation needs high energy. This combination was required to maximize glucose generation and minimize glucose degradation. Further studies with non-isothermal state during DIC and dilute acid hydrolysis support this finding. In normal polysaccharide conversion to low molecular weight (LMW) oligosaccharides and glucose procedures; two process steps were involved, namely the first process involved thermal pretreatment followed by a second process with dilute acid hydrolysis. In the present work, attempt was made to exclude dilute acid hydrolysis stage in order to establish that DIC process alone is sufficient for total polysaccharides conversion into LMW mainly glucose fraction. Information gathered from quantitative and statistical analysis on (i) exploratory studies, (ii) kinetic models from RSM of DIC process and (iii) kinetic data based on experimental works during dilute acid hydrolysis study; support the assumption that DIC treatment alone is sufficient for the total conversion required.

This dissertation is focused on phenomenon of madness in French surrealism and genre called "écrits bruts". The main theme is confrontation of surrealism aesthetics madness with written production of psychotic and mostly schizophrenic patients. The primary outcome is presented by analysis and interpretation of two chosen literary works, which are collection of experimental poetry by André Breton and Paul Éluard called L'Immaculée conception (Immaculate Conception, 1930) and diary entries, known as Premier Cahier: de l'ordre des messages, mai 1935, written by one of the most significant French women representatives Jeanne Tripier,. The aim of this analysis is on one hand to identify and characterize forms through which simulated and "real" madness in texts presented are, and on the other hand to describe its poetic function. The methodology part is based on structural and genre analysis of both aforementioned movements and moreover is formed on outcomes of the phenomenologically oriented psychiatry and psychoanalysis.

Please note: creative writing theses are permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for these. To request private access, please click on the lock icon and filled out the appropriate web form. / BEASTS is a character driven play that explores the chaos of American womanhood through the dark underbelly of a relationship between Fran, a pregnant suburbanite and her older sister Judy, an irreverent artist with a propensity for disruption. When Judy hears that Fran’s husband, Jim is on a business trip she decides to pay Fran a visit. The friction between these siblings is palpable and continues to intensify as Judy unearths confounding secrets and infringes upon the relationship that Fran has with her Doula, Amelia, an elitist earth mama who’s been Fran’s only female friend since relocating back East. The world of the play begins in realism and ends in magical realism; as their environment starts to mirror the anarchy of their psychological labyrinthine world: a giant tree falls in the middle of the living room, the walls of the house cave in, raging wolves howl in the distance. Form and logic disintegrate into another realm as Fran and Judy unwittingly fight through pain to arrive at a moment of love which is devitalized when Jim returns home. / 2999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse collections of outsider art in two Swedish Medical History Museums, Medicinhistoriska museet in Uppsala and Mentalvårdsmuseet in Säter. The work explores how the history of the museums, how art collections were established, the outsider artist as well as how the two museums work the collections today. The empirical part of the study is based on the fieldwork that the author conducted at the Medicinhistoriska museet in Uppsala and Mentalvårdsmuseet in Säter during two separate days in the winter/spring of 2022. Both observations of the museum room were made, as well as interviews with the two curators in charge of the art collections. Attentive observations and systematic notes from constitute the basis for the description of the material and immaterial features of the museum. For the chapters on the historical and cultural context concerning outsider art, art brut, psychiatric care and how the hospitals became museums, literary sources were used.  The result of the study shows that outsider art made in a hospital is a very specific part of outsider art and art brut because of the very special conditions of an often locked psychiatric care unit. It implies that outsider art made in psychiatric care have not been seen as real art, not been viewed as interesting for the public. There has existed an authorised heritage discourse (“AHD”) in the hospitals and well as in the later museums which has led to the collections not been correctly taken care of, and research about the patients has not been made. Instead, the patients work has been stored incorrectly in attics, basements and in un-locked storage areas with only a few ”aesthetically pleasing” works showed in the museum.      Further, the study shows how the art collections in the two medical hospitals correctly used and worked with, can be a part of removing the stigma around mental disease and people living with it.  The conclusions to be drawn from this are that the complexity of the art collections of outsider art made in psychiatric care lie in the fact that mental illness, psychiatric hospitals, and outsider art have been under a stigma, as well as the fact that the patients’ stories being stories from the margin. This is a two-years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

Cette étude analyse les effets multiplicateurs différenciés des chocs de dépenses publiques d'investissement et de dépenses publiques générales sur le PIB réel canadien à court et long terme. La démarche méthodologique s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'une approche VAR. Cette étude a permis d'établir la différence fondamentale entre les effets des chocs de dépenses publiques sur l'activité économique canadienne à court et à long terme. L'idée d'une telle problématique étudiée est d'évaluer si les chocs des dépenses publiques d'investissement ont un impact plus important sur l'activité économique à long terme, et si l'effet multiplicateur de ces chocs est supérieur à 1 à long terme. Selon les résultats obtenus, l'effet multiplicateur des chocs positifs de dépenses publiques d'investissement sur le PIB réel canadien est plus important que celui des dépenses publiques générales à court et long terme, et cet effet est aussi supérieur à 1 à long terme. Ces résultats suggèrent que les dépenses d'infrastructure sont un meilleur véhicule pour stimuler l'activité économique à court et long terme.

Des nouveaux procédés éco-efficients basés sur une meilleure utilisation des ressources renouvelables sont nécessaires pour assurer la continuité du développement énergétique. La thèse étudie le procédé de gazéification en eau supercritique (T>374°C et P>22,1 MPa) de la biomasse très humide pour l’obtention de l’hydrogène, molécule ayant un potentiel énergétique très intéressant à valoriser avec un impact environnemental très favorable. L’étude porte sur l’application du procédé à la biomasse modèle (solutions de glucose, glycérol et leur mélange) ainsi qu’au bioglycérol, résidu de la fabrication du biodiesel. Les propriétés du solvant et les mécanismes prépondérants développés par l’eau en phase souset supercritique peuvent être contrôlés par les paramètres opératoires imposés au processus : température, pression, concentration en molécules organiques et catalyseur alcalin, temps de réaction... Les études paramétriques des systèmes réactionnels ont été menées dans des réacteurs batch à deux échelles différentes, les phases résultantes étant caractérisées par des protocoles analytiques élaborés et validés dans le cadre de l’étude. Le suivi du milieu réactionnel en batch lors de son déplacement vers l’état supercritique a mis en évidence une conversion avancée des molécules organiques et une identification de certains intermédiaires générés. Parmi les paramètres étudiés, la température et le temps de réaction influent le plus le rendement à l’obtention d’hydrogène en présence de catalyseur (K2CO3) dans les réacteurs batch, rendements de 1,5 et 2 mol d’H2 respectivement par mol de glycérol et de glucose introduites. Les gaz obtenus contiennent des proportions variables d’hydrocarbures légers et du CO2. Environ 75% du carbone est converti en phase gaz et liquide (sous forme de carbone organique et inorganique), le restant étant déposé sous forme solide ou huileuse. L’analyse du solide généré (plus de 90% de C) laisse apparaître différentes phases, y compris la formation de nanoparticules sphériques. Enfin, la gazéification en réacteur continu du glycérol préchauffé a montré de meilleurs rendements en hydrogène que le procédé batch, pendant que celle du bioglycérol demande une évolution du procédé à cause de la précipitation en phase supercritique des sels contenus dans le réactant. En conclusion, la gazéification en eau supercritique de la biomasse peut être considérée comme une alternative intéressante à d’autres procédés physico-chimiques de production de l’hydrogène. L’amélioration du procédé sera possible par son intensification menée en parallèle avec l’utilisation de matériaux plus performants et le contrôle de la salinité de la phase réactante. / Supercritical water (T > 374 ° C and P > 22.1 MPa) gasification of wet biomass for hydrogen production is investigated. This process converts a renewable resource into a gas, which is mainly composed of hydrogen and hydrocarbons with interesting energy potential, and which can be separated at high pressure. In addition, the greenhouse gas effect of the process is zero or negative. Model biomasses (glucose, glycerol and their mixture) and bio-glycerol, residue from bio-diesel production, have been gasified by different processes: two-scale batch reactors (5 mL and 500 mL) and a continuous gasification system. Supercritical water acts as a reactive solvent, its properties can be adjusted by the choice of the experimental (P, T) couple. The operating parameters, e.g. temperature, pressure, concentration of biomass and alkaline catalysts, reaction time… allow favoring certain reaction mechanisms. In order to characterize the processes, specific analytical protocols have been developed and validated. The intermediates, formed during the heating time in the batch reactors, have been identified. Among the investigated operating parameters, temperature and reaction time have the greatest influence on the hydrogen production in batch reactors. In the presence of catalyst (K2CO3), H2 yields of 1.5 mol/mol glucose and 2 mol/mol glycerol have been respectively observed. The obtained gas contains different proportions of light hydrocarbons and CO2. About 75% of the carbon is converted into gas and liquid (in form of organic and inorganic carbon). The conversion leads also to a solid or oily residue. In the generated solid phase (composed over 90% of C), spherical nanoparticles are observed via electronic microscopy. The hydrogen production from glycerol is improved in the continuous process compared to batch reactors, however, bio-glycerol supercritical water gasification requests process improvement due to the precipitation of the salt contained in the reactant. In conclusion, supercritical water gasification of biomass can be considered as an promising alternative process for hydrogen production. The process should be improved by more performing equipments and by the control of the salinity content of the crude biomass.

L'objectif de cette étude consiste à développer une approche permettant d'économiser de l'énergie de haut niveau thermique dans le procédé de la distillation atmosphérique du pétrole. Cette approche repose sur le fait que l'installation de plusieurs flashs sur le train de préchauffage de ce procédé associée à un choix approprié du plateau d'alimentation des vapeurs résultantes à la colonne de distillation, provoque une diminution de la chaleur apportée à ce train de préchauffage. Le déficit de chaleur de haut niveau thermique ainsi créé est causé par la réduction des débits des reflux latéraux de la colonne de distillation et il est compensé par de la chaleur de bas niveau thermique apportée par les effluents résiduaires disponibles dans toute la raffinerie. Cette approche peut être appliquée aux nouveaux procédés comme à l'expansion des procédés existants et l'économie d'énergie de haut niveau thermique dans le four peut atteindre les 21%. Une réduction équivalente des gaz à effet de serre est aussi observée / The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, on thermodynamic grounds, that introducing a flash in the preheating train of an atmospheric oil distillation process , together with an appropriate feeding of the resulting vapors into the column, could potentially bring substantial energy savings by reducing the duty of the preheating furnace and by reducing the distillation column irreversibilities. This idea has been expended by showing how this can be done while keeping the throughput and the product characteristics unchanged. The outcome is that placing several flashes after the heat exchangers and feeding the corresponding vapor streams to the appropriate trays of the column, reduces the pumparound flows and then the heat brought to the preheating train. The resulting heat deficit may then be compensated in additional heat exchangers by using low level heat recuperated from the products of the distillation and/or imported from other processes. The use of this residual heat reduces the furnace duty by approximately an equivalent amount and could be as high as 21%. The approach can be applied in the design of news processes or in the revamping of existing ones