Microclimatic gradients may have large influence on individual vital rates and population growth rates of species, and limit their distributions. Therefore, I focused on the influence of microclimate on individual performance and distribution of species. Further, I examined differences in how microclimate affect species with contrasting distributions or different ecophysiological traits, and populations within species. More specifically, I investigated the performance of northern and southern distributed forest bryophytes that were transplanted across microclimatic gradients, and the timing of vegetative and reproductive development among northern, marginal and more southern populations of a forest herb in a common garden. Also, I compared the landscape and continental distributions across forest bryophytes and vascular plants and, thus, their distribution limiting factors at different spatial scales. Lastly, I examined the population dynamics across microclimatic gradients of transplants from northern and southern populations of a forest moss. The effects of microclimatic conditions on performance differed among bryophytes with contrasting distributions. There were no clear differences between northern and southern populations in the timing of development of a forest herb or in the population dynamics of a moss. However, within each region there was a differentiation of the forest herb populations, related to variation in local climatic conditions and in the south also to proportion of deciduous trees. The continental distributions of species were reflected in their landscape distributions and vice versa, in terms of their occurrence optima for climatic variables. The variation in landscape climatic optima was, however, larger than predicted, which limit the precision for predictions of microrefugia. Probably, the distributions of vascular plants were more affected by temperature than the distributions of bryophytes. Bryophytes are sensitive to moisture conditions, which was demonstrated by a correlation between evaporation and the population growth rate of a forest moss. We might be able to predict species’ landscape scale distributions by linking microclimatic conditions to their population growth rates, via their vital rates, and infer larger scale distribution patterns. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / EkoKlim

No description available.

In the 1850s when the timber floating began in Sweden many streams were channelized, which meant that the streams were straightened out, side channels were closed, and stones, trees and boulders were moved out to the banks of the streams. These measures altered the morphology of the streams, causing impediments to water moving in from the stream to the riparian zone, and reduced flooding frequency. When the era of timber floating was over humans began to restore the channelized streams to restore the damaged systems, mainly to improve fish habitats. Channelization and restoration involve major disruptions to the stream ecosystem, and the purpose of this study was to investigate how the bryophyte communities in the riparian zone differed in diversity, species richness and areal coverage, depending on the form of disturbance they were exposed to and the time passed since the disturbance occurred. This study was conducted along tributaries to the Vindel River in northern Sweden. There were three types of tributaries: partly channelized streams, best-practice restored streams and demonstration restored streams. At all tributaries included in the study, bryophyte samples were collected at two heights from the water surface, 0 and 40 cm. These samples were then identified to family or species level and their areal coverage was estimated. The results show that the demonstration restored streams had the lowest species richness and, there were no significant differences in diversity and species richness between the channelized streams and the best-practice restored streams. Regarding areal coverage, there was no significant difference between the stream types. The results also show that the time plays an important role for recovery of the bryophyte communities since diversity and species richness increased with the time since the disturbance occurred. / Under 1850-talet då flottning av timmer påbörjades i Sverige startade kanaliseringen av många vattendrag, vilket innebar att vattendragen rätades ut, sidokanaler stängdes, och stenar, träd och stenblock flyttades ut till vattendragens kanter. Dessa åtgärder förändrade vattendragens morfologi, orsakade fördämningar mellan vatten och strandzon och minskade översvämningsfrekvensen. När timmerflottningens era var slut började människan restaurera de kanaliserade vattendragen, främst för att det visat sig att fisket försämrats. Kanalisering och restaurering innebär stora störningar för ekosystemet de utförs i och denna studie syftar till att titta hur mossamhällen i strandzonen skiljer sig åt i diversitet, artrikedom och täckning beroende på vilken form av störning de utsatts för och tiden sedan de utsattes för störningen. Studien är gjord längs biflöden till Vindelälven i norra Sverige. Biflödena är dels kanaliserade vattendrag, bästa-praxis restaurerade vattendrag och demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendrag. Vid samtliga sträckor som ingår i studien har mossprover samlats in på två höjder från vattenytan, 0 och 40 centimeter. Dessa prover har sedan identifierats till lägsta möjliga taxonomiska nivå (art eller familj), och deras täckningsgrad har uppskattats. Resultaten visade att de demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendragen hade lägst artrikedom och diversitet och mellan kanaliserade vattendrag och bästa-praxis vattendrag kunde ingen signifikant skillnad i diversitet eller artrikedom påvisas.  Gällande täckningsgraden fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan vattendragstyperna. Resultatet visade också att tiden spelar en viktig roll för återhämtningen hos mossamhällena då artrikedom och diversitet ökar med tiden sedan inträffad störning.

The aim of this thesis was to create potential distribution models for Dicranum majus (Greater Fork Moss) and Polytrichum alpinum (Alpine Haircap) in Bohemian Switzerland National Park. In the Czech Republic these bryophyte species occur in cold climatic regions typically with higher altitudes. In Bohemian and Saxon Switzerland they can occur in really low altitudes thanks to unique microclimatic conditions of deep inversion ravines. These bryophyte species had low number of occurence records in studied area before the start of my research (4 occurence localities for Dicranum majus, 8 occurence localities for Polytrichum alpinum). Predictive habitat suitability models can be an effective tool for selecting potential new occurence localities, planning field research or management design. During field research I recorded 34 new occurence localities for Dicranum majus and 29 new occurence localities for Polytrichum alpinum in Bohemian Switzerland National Park. I used 8 topographic parameters derived from digital elevation model with 1 m resolution as environmental data. Using these data I created models of potential distribution of the most suitable habitats for both species with algorithms Artificial neural networks (ANN), Generalised linear model (GLM) and Random forest (RF). RF algorithm had the...

Ce premier travail de thèse sur les plantes non vasculaires de La Réunion visait à mesurer et à expliquer la diversité des communautés de bryophytes à différentes échelles de perception. Les résultats ont confirmé que les bryophytes constituent un compartiment majeur de la biodiversité à La Réunion représentant actuellement 753 espèces. Cette étude en trois ans a mis en évidence la présence d'environ 100 taxons nouveaux pour l'île et une espèce nouvelle pour la Science ce qui souligne le besoin d'échantillonnage d'un tel groupe biologique. L'utilisation du site naturel expérimental que sont les coulées de lave du Piton de la Fournaise a permis d'étudier pour la première fois la dynamique de la végétation des bryophytes et de mettre en évidence une forte diversité spécifique le long d'une chronoséquence de six coulées de laves à basse altitude (~ 304 ans) et d'un gradient altitudinal (250 - 850 m) sur la coulée 1986. Cette diversité est principalement représentée par les hépatiques, plus particulièrement la famille des Lejeuneaceae. L'analyse de la distribution spatiale des bryophytes à une échelle fine le long de ces gradients a montré un turn over des microhabitats et de sa bryoflore associée en fonction de l'age des coulées et de l'altitude, et du rôle prédominant de la présence et la disponibilité de ces microhabitats dans la structuration des communautés bryophytiques. Vingt six groupements de bryophytes ont été caractérisés pour ces coulées. Le patron biogéographique des espèces recensées sur ces coulées de laves reflète principalement une origine africaine (66.5 % des espèces) suivi par des espèces à plus large distribution (pantropicale, paléotropicale, subcosmopolite et disjoncte entre l'Amérique et l'Afrique). A plus large échelle, cette étude s'inscrit dans un programme de recherches visant à obtenir une meilleure connaissance de la diversité bryophytique et de l'écologie des espèces pour la zone ouest de l'océan Indien (Réunion, Comores, Seychelles, Maurice, Madagascar) en vue d'une meilleure stratégie de conservation et de gestion du patrimoine naturel de ce hot spot de biodiversité.

No description available.

Dispersal, especially long-distance dispersal, is an important component in many disciplines within biology. Many species are passively dispersed by wind, not least spore-dispersed organisms. In this thesis I investigated the dispersal capacity of bryophytes by studying the colonization patterns from local scales (100 m) to landscape scales (20 km). The dispersal distances were measured from a known source (up to 600 m away) or inferred from a connectivity measure (1–20 km). I introduced acidic clay to measure the colonization rates over one season of a pioneer moss, Discelium nudum (I–III). I also investigated which vascular plants and bryophytes that had colonized limed mires approximately 20–30 years after the first disturbance (IV). Discelium effectively colonized new disturbed substrates over one season. Most spores were deposited up to 50 meters from a source but the relationship between local colonization rates and connectivity increased with distance up to 20 km (I–III). Also calcicolous wetland bryophyte species were good colonizers over similar distances, while vascular plants in the same environment colonized less frequently. Common bryophytes that produce spores frequently were more effective colonizers, while no effect of spore size was detected (IV). A mechanistic model that take into account meteorological parameters to simulate the trajectories for spores of Discelium nudum fitted rather well to the observed colonization pattern, especially if spore release thresholds in wind variation and humidity were accounted for (III). This thesis conclude that bryophytes in open habitats can disperse effectively across landscapes given that the regional spore source is large enough (i.e. are common in the region and produce spores abundantly). For spore-dispersed organisms in open landscapes I suggest that it is often the colonization phase and not the transport that is the main bottle-neck for maintaining populations across landscapes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papesr were unpublished and had  a status as follows: Paper 2: Epubl ahead of print; Paper 3: Manuscript; Paper 4: Manuscript</p>

Thèse (M.Sc)--Université Laval, 2009. / Bibliogr.: f. 75-86. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2700.pdf: 3776536 bytes, checksum: 5788327332b03f58ab50e71ec2bf3b2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The management of non-timber forest products is an important alternative to forests maintenance. Nevertheless, the demand for some species at commercial scale may result in negative impacts to the local biodiversity. The bryophytes, particularly species of Sphagnum and Syrrhopodon genera, are among the vegetal resources exploited in restinga areas of Cananéia, in the south coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. After the organization of the harvesters in an association, the extraction is now legally carried out in licensed areas. The harvesting of bryophytes by the local population aims to supply the ornamental plants market, but there is a lack of studies to estimate the impact of the exploration providing information to the proper management of these resources. In order to provide subsidies for extraction and management of bryophytes Sphagnum and Syrrhopodon, this study raised information about the abundance and distribution of the explored bryophytes as well as the havesting practiced in Cananéia. To cover the different aspects involved in the harvesting of bryophytes, this study used Plant Ecology, Human Ecology and Ethnoecology approaches. Information concerning to the harvesters population and the harvesting activity were obtained through informal conversations, interviews and guided tours. Geoprocessing tools were used to characterize the bryophytes exploitation areas. The percentage ground cover by bryophytes was estimated applying the line-transect method and to evaluate the regeneration of Sphagnum plots were established and effected two harvests simulating traditional harvesting. The results indicated that explored bryophytes occur predominantly in Brejo de Restinga and Floresta Baixa de Restinga areas. Under similar conditions to those found in the experiment which simulated the traditional harvesting, the report demonstrated that six and seven months after harvest, Sphagnum presented height and yield like to the initial condition. In this sense, the harvesting, when done under the traditional way, tends to minimize the negative impacts of harvesting on the regeneration of bryophytes. Therefore, the relations determined in the commercialization process define the pressure upon exploited species and induces the harvesters to modify the traditional harvesting, resulting in an overexploitation of some places and a collect of very small bryophytes. Such actions contribute to a lower yield of the collect and may compromise the natural regeneration of some regions. The definition of management rules coupled to the bryophytes market rules built collectively constitute an essential point to established a less predatory harvesting. / O manejo de espécies florestais não madeireiras é uma importante alternativa para a manutenção das florestas. Contudo, a demanda por algumas espécies em escala comercial pode resultar em impactos negativos sobre a biodiversidade local. As briófitas, particularmente espécies dos gêneros Sphagnum e Syrrhopodon, estão entre os recursos vegetais explorados em áreas de restinga no município de Cananéia, litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo. Após a organização dos extrativistas em uma associação a extração passou a ser exercida legalmente em áreas licenciadas. A coleta das briófitas pela população local visa atender ao mercado de plantas ornamentais, porém, há carência de estudos que avaliem o impacto da exploração e que forneçam informações para o manejo adequado destes recursos. A fim de fornecer subsídios ao extrativismo e manejo das briófitas Sphagnum e Syrrhopodon este estudo levantou informações sobre a abundancia e distribuição das briófitas exploradas e sobre a atividade de extrativismo praticada em Cananéia. Para contemplar os diferentes aspectos envolvidos na atividade de extrativismo de briófitas, este estudo utilizou abordagens da Ecologia Vegetal, Ecologia Humana e da Etnoecologia. Informações referentes à população extrativista e a atividade de coleta foram obtidas por meio de conversas informais, turnês guiadas e entrevistas. Ferramentas de geoprocessamento foram utilizadas para caracterizar as áreas de exploração das briófitas. O percentual de cobertura do solo pelas briófitas foi estimado utilizando o método da linha transecta e para avaliação da regeneração do Sphagnum foram instaladas parcelas e realizadas duas coletas simulando a forma de extração tradicional. Os resultados indicaram que as briófitas exploradas ocorrem predominantemente em áreas de Brejo de Restinga e Floresta Baixa de Restinga. Sob condições semelhantes às encontradas no experimento de simulação da extração tradicional, os dados indicaram que decorridos seis e sete meses após a coleta o Sphagnum apresentou altura e rendimento semelhantes à condição inicial. Neste sentido, a coleta, quando realizada da forma tradicional, tende a minimizar os impactos negativos da extração sobre a regeneração das briófitas. No entanto, as relações estabelecidas no processo de comercialização definem o grau de pressão sobre as espécies exploradas e induz o extrativista a modificar a forma tradicional de coleta, resultando na sobre-exploração de alguns locais e na coleta de briófitas demasiadamente pequenas. Tais ações contribuem para um menor rendimento da coleta e podem comprometer a regeneração natural em alguns locais. A definição de regras de manejo atreladas a regras para a comercialização das briófitas construídas coletivamente constitui um ponto essencial para o estabelecimento de uma coleta menos predatória

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No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardotoledoamorim.pdf: 7085942 bytes, checksum: 0064c64ba9943c302c39ab2df413436b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bryophyta (musgos) compõem a segunda divisão mais diversa de plantas terrestres, com aproximadamente 13.000 espécies. Vários trabalhos foram realizados com o intuito de compilar o conhecimento da flora de briófitas para o Brasil, apontando os estados com o maior número de espécies e evidenciando as carências de amostragem para o país. Entretanto, ainda não se sabe de forma mais precisa, quais as lacunas no conhecimento dos musgos no Brasil. Um dos temas principais na biogeografia é compreender o motivo de espécies apresentarem ampla distribuição ou endemismo. Endemismo, objeto deste estudo, está relacionado à ocorrência restrita de um táxon, por terem se originado neste local e não terem se dispersado, ou porque ficaram restritos à área, em relação a sua distribuição anterior. Atualmente, destacam-se duas hipóteses alopátricas mais próximas para modelos de diversificação: Hipótese de Refúgio no Pleistoceno e de Isolamento em Montanhas. No Brasil, as áreas são protegidas através das Unidades de Conservação (UCs), as quais, de modo geral, são abrigadas para que se minimizem as ações antrópicas, tornando-as habitats excelentes para a colonização de briófitas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo geral realizar um estudo sobre a distribuição de musgos para o Brasil, identificando a riqueza e o endemismo no país e apresentando uma abordagem conservacionista para as espécies Foi realizado um levantamento dos dados para as ocorrências de musgos, através de diferentes bancos de dados on-line e bibliografia. Posteriormente, esses dados foram refinados quanto à identificação em nível específico, à validade taxonômica e às coordenadas geográficas. Em seguida, foram marcados os pontos dos registros no mapa e, elaborado o gradeamento por quadrículas de 1° x 1°. A partir daí, foram realizadas as análises de riqueza, riqueza estimada, número de registros e a Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismos (PAE). Foi utilizada a ferramenta de modelagem preditiva de distribuição de espécies para identificar as áreas de maior adequabilidade para espécies endêmicas do Brasil e para elaborar um mapa de áreas de concentração de endemismo dessas espécies no país. No total, foram levantados 26.691 registros, representando 868 espécies de musgos. Foram estabelecidas 394 quadrículas, tendo o número de espécies por quadrícula variado de 1 a 235. A Floresta Atlântica apresentou maior riqueza, tanto pelas condições que fornece ao estabelecimento dos musgos, quanto à maior intensidade amostral no Domínio. A PAE resultou em apenas uma área de endemismo localizada no centro do Estado da Bahia, no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga, na região do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina. As quadrículas propostas como áreas potenciais de endemismo foram encontradas em seis áreas, dispersas no Cerrado e na Floresta Atlântica. As áreas de endemismo de musgos são, em sua maioria, áreas de montanhas, que corroboram as principais hipóteses de especiação dos organismos. Dentre as UCs, 218 apresentaram áreas com adequabilidade ambiental para a presença da espécie, das quais, 68 estão inseridas nas categorias de Uso Sustentável e 150 na categoria de Proteção Integral, demonstrando a importância das UCs para a brioflora na Floresta Atlântica. / Bryophyta (mosses) are the second most diverse division of terrestrial plants, with about 13.000 species. In order to compile the knowledge of the bryophyte flora for Brazil, a range of studies were developed showing the States with the largest number of species and evidencing the lack of sampling for the country. However, the deficiency in the knowledge of mosses in Brazil is not yet known precisely. One of the main themes in biogeography is to understand why species are widely distributed or endemic. Endemism is related to the restricted occurrence of, because they originated in this place and did not disperse, or because they were confined to the area, in relation to its previous distribution. Two allopatric hypotheses are most relevant for diversification models: Pleistocene Refuge and Montane Isolate Hypothesis. In Brazil, the preserved areas are protected through Conservation Units (UCs), which have low degradation traits, making it an excellent habitat for the colonization of bryophytes. Thus, the main aims of this work were to study the distribution of mosses in Brazil, identifying the richness and endemism in the country and to present a conservationist approach to mosses species. Firstly, in order to compile information on the occurrence of mosses, we did a survey of the data through different online databases and bibliography. Subsequently, we refined these data regarding the identification at the specific level, the taxonomic validity and the geographic coordinate. Then, we marked the points of the records on the map, and we elaborated the grids by squares of 1° x 1°. Therefore, we performed analyzes of richness, estimated richness, number of records and the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). We used the species distribution predictive modelling to corroborate the existence of areas of endemism in Brazil and to elaborate a map of endemism clustering areas. Of the total, we collected 868 species of mosses from 26.691 records. From this information, we filled a number of 394 squares, having the number of species per grid ranging from 1 to 235. The Atlantic Forest presented greater richness, both by the conditions that it provides to the establishment of moss, and the greater sampling intensity in the Domain. The PAE resulted in only one area of endemism, located in the center of the State of Bahia, in the Phytogeographical Domain of the Caatinga, in the region of the Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina. The grids proposed as potential areas of endemism were found in six areas, scattered in the Cerrado and in the Atlantic Forest. The areas of endemism of mosses are mostly areas of mountains, which corroborate the main hypotheses of speciation of the organisms. In the UCs, 218 showed areas with environmental suitability for the presence of the species, whereupon 68 are inserted in the categories of Sustainable use and 150 in the category of integral protection, demonstrating the importance of the UCs for the bryoflora in the Atlantic Forest.