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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Exploring mechanisms of size control and genomic duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Spiesser, Thomas Wolfgang 19 January 2012 (has links)
Ein der Biologie zugrunde liegender Prozess ist die Fortpflanzung. Einzeller wachsen dazu heran und teilen sich. Grundlage hierfür sind ausreichend Nahrung und Ressourcen, um die eigene Masse und alle Zellbestandteile, insbesondere die DNS, zu verdoppeln. Fehler bei der Wachstumsregulation oder der DNS-Verdopplung können schwerwiegende Folgen haben und stehen beim Menschen im Zusammenhang z.B. mit Krebs. In dieser Arbeit werden mathematische Modelle für die Mechanismen zur Wachstumsregulierung und DNS-Verdopplung in der Bäckerhefe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vorgestellt. Modellierung kann entscheident zum Verstehen von komplexen, dynamischen Systemen beitragen. Wir haben ein Modell für Einzellerwachstum entwickelt und leiten das Wachstumsverhalten von Zellkulturen von diesem Modell, mittels einer hierfür programmierten Software, ab. Außerdem haben wir ein Model für die Verdopplung der DNS entwickelt, um Auswirkungen verschiedener Aktivierungsmuster auf die Replikation zu testen. Zusätzlich wurde die Verlängerung entstehender DNS Stränge, Elongation, mit einem detaillierten, stochastischen Modell untersucht. Wir haben unsere Ergebnisse zur DNS-Verdopplung mit einer abschließenden Untersuchung ergänzt, die funktionelle Beziehungen von Genen aufzeigt, welche sich in der Nähe von Aktivierungsstellen der Verdopplung befinden. Folgende Einsichten in die komplexe Koordination von Wachstum und Teilung wurden gewonnen: (i) Wachstumskontrolle ist eine inhärente Eigenschaft von Hefezellpopulationen, welche weder Signale noch Messmechanismen benötigt, (ii) DNS Verdopplung ist robuster in kleinen Chromosomen mit hoher Dichte an Aktivierungsstellen, (iii) Elongation ist weitgehend uniform, weicht aber an genau definierten Stellen signifikant ab und (iv) katabole Gene häufen sich nahe der frühen Aktivierungsstellen und anabole Gene nahe der späten. Unsere Ergebnisse tragen zum Verständniss von zellulären Mechanismen zur Wachstumskontrolle und DNS-Verdopplung bei. / One of the most fundamental processes in biology is reproduction. To achieve this, single cellular organisms grow, proliferate and divide. The prerequisite for this is acquiring sufficient resources to double size and cellular components, most importantly the DNA. Defects in either sufficient gain in size or chromosomal doubling can be severe for the organism and have been related to diseases in humans, such as cancer. Therefore, the cell has developed sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to control the orderly fashion of growth and duplication. We have developed mathematical models to study systemic properties of size control and DNA replication in the premier eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Modeling can help understanding the complex nature of dynamic systems. We provide a single cell model to explore size control. We deduced population behavior from the single cell model through multi-cell simulations using a tailor-made software. Also, we implemented an algorithm that simulates the DNA replication process to test the impact of different replication activation patterns. Additionally, elongation dynamics were assessed with a fine-grained stochastic model for the replication machinery motion. We complemented our analysis of DNA replication by studying the functional association of genes and replication origins. Our systems-level analysis reveals novel insights into the coordination of growth and division, namely that (i) size regulation is an intrinsic property of yeast cell populations and not due to signaling or size sensing, (ii) DNA replication is more robust in small chromosomes with high origin density, (iii) the elongation process is strongly biased at distinct locations in the genome and (iv) catabolic genes are over-represented near early origins and anabolic genes near late origins. Our results contribute to explaining mechanisms of size control and DNA replication.
42

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HtrA orthologue, Ynm3, is a chaperone-protease that aids survival under heat stress / Das Saccharomyces cerevisiae HtrA Ortholog, Ynm3, ist eine Chaperon-Protease, die für das Überleben unter Hitzestress verantwortlich ist

Padmanabhan, Nirmala 03 November 2008 (has links)
No description available.
43

Mathematical modelling of DNA replication

Brümmer, Anneke 30 September 2010 (has links)
Bevor sich eine Zelle teilt muss sie ihr gesamtes genetisches Material verdoppeln. Eukaryotische Genome werden von einer Vielzahl von Replikationsstartpunkten, den sogenannten Origins, aus repliziert, die über das gesamte Genome verteilt sind. In dieser Arbeit wird der zugrundeliegende molekulare Mechanismus quantitativ analysiert, der für die nahezu simultane Initiierung der Origins exakt ein Mal pro Zellzyklus verantwortlich ist. Basierend auf umfangreichen experimentellen Studien, wird zunächst ein molekulares regulatorisches Netzwerk rekonstruiert, welches das Binden von Molekülen an die Origins beschreibt, an denen sich schließlich komplette Replikationskomplexe (RKs) bilden. Die molekularen Reaktionen werden dann in ein Differentialgleichungssystem übersetzt. Um dieses mathematische Modell zu parametrisieren, werden gemessene Proteinkonzentrationen als Anfangswerte verwendet, während kinetische Parametersätze in einen Optimierungsverfahren erzeugt werden, in welchem die Dauer, in der sich eine Mindestanzahl von RKs gebildet hat, minimiert wird. Das Modell identifiziert einen Konflikt zwischen einer schnellen Initiierung der Origins und einer effizienten Verhinderung der DNA Rereplikation. Modellanalysen deuten darauf hin, dass eine zeitlich verzögerte Origininitiierung verursacht durch die multiple Phosphorylierung der Proteine Sic1 und Sld2 durch Cyclin-abhängige Kinasen, G1-Cdk bzw. S-Cdk, essentiell für die Lösung dieses Konfliktes ist. Insbesondere verschafft die Mehrfach-Phosphorylierung von Sld2 durch S-Cdk eine zeitliche Verzögerung, die robust gegenüber Veränderungen in der S-Cdk Aktivierungskinetik ist und außerdem eine nahezu simultane Aktivierung der Origins ermöglicht. Die berechnete Verteilung der Fertigstellungszeiten der RKs, oder die Verteilung der Originaktivierungszeiten, wird auch genutzt, um die Konsequenzen bestimmter Mutationen im Assemblierungsprozess auf das Kopieren des genetischen Materials in der S Phase des Zellzyklus zu simulieren. / Before a cell divides it has to duplicate its entire genetic material. Eukaryotic genomes are replicated from multiple replication origins across the genome. This work is focused on the quantitative analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism that allows these origins to initiate DNA replication almost simultaneously and exactly once per cell cycle. Based on a vast amount of experimental findings, a molecular regulatory network is constructed that describes the assembly of the molecules at the replication origins that finally form complete replication complexes. Using mass–action kinetics, the molecular reactions are translated into a system of differential equations. To parameterize the mathematical model, the initial protein concentrations are taken from experimental data, while kinetic parameter sets are determined using an optimization approach, in particular a minimization of the duration, in which a minimum number of replication complexes has formed. The model identifies a conflict between the rapid initiation of replication origins and the efficient inhibition of DNA rereplication. Analyses of the model suggest that a time delay before the initiation of DNA replication provided by the multiple phosphorylations of the proteins Sic1 and Sld2 by cyclin-dependent kinases in G1 and S phase, G1-Cdk and S-Cdk, respectively, may be essential to solve this conflict. In particular, multisite phosphorylation of Sld2 by S-Cdk creates a time delay that is robust to changes in the S-Cdk activation kinetics and additionally allows the near-simultaneous activation of multiple replication origins. The calculated distribution of the assembly times of replication complexes, that is also the distribution of origin activation times, is then used to simulate the consequences of certain mutations in the assembly process on the copying of the genetic material in S phase of the cell cycle.
44

A Global Kinase and Phosphatase Interaction Network in the Budding Yeast Reveals Novel Effectors of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Pathway

Sharom, Jeffrey Roslan 31 August 2011 (has links)
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the evolutionarily conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling network regulates cell growth in accordance with nutrient and stress conditions. In this work, I present evidence that the TOR complex 1 (TORC1)-interacting proteins Nnk1, Fmp48, Mks1, and Sch9 link TOR to various facets of nitrogen metabolism and mitochondrial function. The Nnk1 kinase controlled nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive gene expression via Ure2 and Gln3, and physically interacted with the NAD+-linked glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2 that catalyzes deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia. In turn, Gdh2 modulated rapamycin sensitivity, was phosphorylated in Nnk1 immune complexes in vitro, and was relocalized to a discrete cytoplasmic focus in response to NNK1 overexpression or respiratory growth. The Fmp48 kinase regulated respiratory function and mitochondrial morphology, while Mks1 linked TORC1 to the mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathway. The Sch9 kinase appeared to act as both an upstream regulator and downstream sensor of mitochondrial function. Loss of Sch9 conferred a respiratory growth defect, a defect in mitochondrial DNA transmission, lower mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species. Conversely, loss of mitochondrial DNA caused loss of Sch9 enrichment at the vacuolar membrane, loss of Sch9 phospho-isoforms, and small cell size suggestive of reduced Sch9 activity. Sch9 also exhibited dynamic relocalization in response to stress, including enrichment at mitochondria under conditions that have previously been shown to induce apoptosis in yeast. Taken together, this work reveals intimate connections between TORC1, nitrogen metabolism, and mitochondrial function, and has implications for the role of TOR in regulating aging, cancer, and other human diseases.
45

A Global Kinase and Phosphatase Interaction Network in the Budding Yeast Reveals Novel Effectors of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Pathway

Sharom, Jeffrey Roslan 31 August 2011 (has links)
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the evolutionarily conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling network regulates cell growth in accordance with nutrient and stress conditions. In this work, I present evidence that the TOR complex 1 (TORC1)-interacting proteins Nnk1, Fmp48, Mks1, and Sch9 link TOR to various facets of nitrogen metabolism and mitochondrial function. The Nnk1 kinase controlled nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive gene expression via Ure2 and Gln3, and physically interacted with the NAD+-linked glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2 that catalyzes deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia. In turn, Gdh2 modulated rapamycin sensitivity, was phosphorylated in Nnk1 immune complexes in vitro, and was relocalized to a discrete cytoplasmic focus in response to NNK1 overexpression or respiratory growth. The Fmp48 kinase regulated respiratory function and mitochondrial morphology, while Mks1 linked TORC1 to the mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathway. The Sch9 kinase appeared to act as both an upstream regulator and downstream sensor of mitochondrial function. Loss of Sch9 conferred a respiratory growth defect, a defect in mitochondrial DNA transmission, lower mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species. Conversely, loss of mitochondrial DNA caused loss of Sch9 enrichment at the vacuolar membrane, loss of Sch9 phospho-isoforms, and small cell size suggestive of reduced Sch9 activity. Sch9 also exhibited dynamic relocalization in response to stress, including enrichment at mitochondria under conditions that have previously been shown to induce apoptosis in yeast. Taken together, this work reveals intimate connections between TORC1, nitrogen metabolism, and mitochondrial function, and has implications for the role of TOR in regulating aging, cancer, and other human diseases.

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