This thesis deals with the problems of the global financial crisis and its impact on the Czech Republic since 2007 with a more specific focus on the period 2011 - 2013. The first part focuses on the definition of the financial crisis, to analyze its cause and also to the effects of crisis on the global economy and world financial markets. In the second part of the study evaluated the effects of crisis on the real economy of the Czech Republic in terms of selected indicators. The third part is devoted to expressions of crisis in the income and expenditure of the state budget, the budget deficit and government debt and the effect of crisis for the fulfillment of the Maastricht convergence criteria. The conclusion is devoted econometric modeling, which aims to prove the hypothesis that the work analyzes the selected indicators have influenced the development of indicators of ratio of government debt to the GDP and the proportion of public deficit to GDP in the period.

This diploma thesis concerned with the budget of the Czech Republic, which has been deficient since 1996. The aim of this thesis is to detect weak spots of budget process and confirm the hypothesis that budget deficits have the institutional nature. The theoretical part examines in detail the concepts of the state budget and the budget deficit, explains the causes of the budget deficit and explores the possibilities of its elimination. The thesis also conducts a survey about the process of the budget propose, approval and performance with the highlighting of process weaknesses and possibilities of its solution. The main contribution of this thesis is a detailed analysis of selected state budgets. This analysis reveals the common features of selected budgets and tries to describe the major changes of them. At the end of the thesis a concept of fiscal council and the possibilities of its establishment in Czech Republic is introduced.

This thesis deals with the problem of public debt within the G-20 countries and the Czech Republic. The current state of public finances in these countries was analyzed through the so called Public Finance Checklist, which has been specifically developed for this thesis. The Checklist includes some public sector liabilities that are not a part of the conventional analysis of public sector debt. The results of analysis show that hidden liabilities constitute a significant part of the total amount of public debt in the analyzed countries. This fact presents a threat to stability of public finances. While the total public debt is increasing, governments aim to optically decrease the level of debt. The author assumes that the reason for such behavior is the arrangement of political system with missing corrective mechanisms of the principal-agent problem and moral hazard put into effect by political representatives. At the end of the thesis the author suggests some methods to fix the problems and restrict the growth of public debt.

Objective of this diploma thesis is to process analysis of development of revenues, expenditures and deficit of the state budget in the Czech Republic and to characterize the main economic trends, state of public funds and the economy at large. There are identified shares of exogenous influences, accepted reforms and measures in the economic development during the period from 1993 up to 2010. Theoretic -- methodological part is divided into three parts, the first one describes fiscal policy in general. The second part deals with the state budget, its revenue and expenditure side and very current field of debt financing. In the last part there is processed tax theory and conception of the flat tax from theoretical point of view. Practical part is introduced by description of the economic starting state of the Czech Republic. This is followed by the list of economic events and political measures that formed the final shape of public funds. Furthermore there is carried out the analysis of state budget development. Subject of the analysis is the extent and structure of both revenue and expenditure side of the state budget, budget balance and the government debt. Part of this thesis is also the analysis of development of macroeconomic indicators, specifically it is the GDP growth, unemployment rate and inflow of foreign funds. In the conclusion of the diploma thesis there is the successfulness of examined budget and fiscal policy evaluated and there are drawn some suggestions for the field of public funds in the coming years.

預算赤字的多寡通常被一般大眾視為衡量政府財政態勢的指標之一，但近年來有許多學者批評大部分人所認知的預算赤字（歲出大於歲入），無法真實表達政府之財政態勢，因而發展出「資產負債表法」，認為真正之預算赤字應重新定義為每年淨值（總資產減總負債）之變化，此法不但能充分揭露政府有關真實負債的資訊，亦能反映是否符合跨代間之公平(inter-period equity)。 　　就政府會計學理和先進國家的發展趨勢而言，最能充分表達資產負債表內容之會計基礎為應計基礎，故本研究擬在此理論基礎下，以民國87~89年度之台北縣政府決算報表為例，改編其資產負債表。 　　按應計基礎試算台北縣政府之民國87~89年度之未計「應付退休金負債」淨值，分別約為4,336億、3,442億、3,552億元，明顯大於現行修正應計基礎下之淨值92億、58億、-38億，其主要原因是將其資本支出和投資列入資產負債表中。由可處分之淨值變化及考慮潛在退休金負債後，可推估民國88年度約有預算赤字893.5億，在88下半年及89年度則較上年度約增加189.17億。

Valstybės skola ir jos atsiradimo priežastys svarbios ekonomikos mokslo dalykui, nes tai valstybės ekonomikos vystimuisi reikšmingas veiksnys. Didelė valstybės skola yra našta šalies ekonomikai, kadangi kuo didesnė skola, tuo daugiau valstybės biudžeto lėšų reikia skirti jos aptarnavimui, t.y. palūkanų mokėjimams ir pačios skolos grąžinimui. Tačiau nesiskolinti valstybė taip pat negali. Biudžeto deficitas, stambūs investiciniai projektai, kurių įgyvendinimui reikalingos didelės lėšos ir kitos priežastys lemia skolos atsiradimą ir tolesnį jos vystimąsi. Šiuolaikiniam šalies gyventojui yra aktuali valstybės biudžeto tvarkymo sistema, kadangi nuo to, koks valstybės biudžetas ir valstybės skola, priklauso gyventojų socialinė aplinka, net gyvenimo lygis, tad svarbu išsiaiškinti, koks optimalus turi būti skolos dydis, kad teigiamai veiktų ekonomiką, ir būtinai rasti būdų, kaip tinkamai ir racionaliai vykdyti valstybės skolos valdymą. / Public debt and the causes of economic research relevant to the subject matter, as the state of economic development is a significant factor. High level of debt is a burden to the economy because the larger the debt, the more the state budget funds should be used with its service, ie interest payments and repayment of the debt. Nesiskolinti But the state also can not. The budget deficit, large investment projects, whose implementation would require significant resources and other reasons for the emergence of the debt and further development. Tje budget management system is topical for the modern capita of the state, since that what the state budget and public debt, the population belongs to the social environment, even the standard of living, it is important to clarify what must be the optimal amount of debt, make a positive contribution to the economy, and it must find ways to the proper and rational exercise of public debt management.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe pateikiama bendra valstybės skolos samprata ir klasifikacija. Darbe išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai valstybės skolos struktūros kitimo bei poveikio ekonomikai tyrimai, atlikta Lietuvos Respublikos norminių aktų, reglamentuojančių Lietuvos valstybės skolą, analizė. Šiame darbe atlikta 1996 – 2010 m. Lietuvos valstybės skolos dinaminė ir struktūrinė analizė. Taip pat ištirtas ryšys tarp Lietuvos valstybės skolos ir biudžeto deficito, palūkanų normos, infliacijos lygio, bendrojo vidaus produkto ir kitų. Darbe iš dalies patvirtinama autorių suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad valstybės skola įtakoja šalies ekonomiką. / This master‘s final paper presents general overview of public debt conception and classification. It analyzes and systemizes theoretical and practical research into public debt structure range and influence on economics conducted by various Lithuanian and foreign authors, it also present an analysis of legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania that regulate the public debt of Lithuania. It analyzes Lithuanian public debt dynamic and structure in 1996 - 2010. The paper also examines relationships between Lithuanian public debt and budget deficit, rate of interest, inflationary level, GDP and others. The work approves the authors formulated research hypothesis that public debt influence national economy.

Diploma Thesis deals with the comparison of public finances of the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany from 2000 to 2014. It focuses on the period of financial and economic crisis after 2008. This thesis aims to identify the impact of the financial and economic crisis on the sustainability of public finances of both countries. It also identify the reasons for the different development of public finances in both countries. The practical part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the period of 2000-2010. The second chapter focuses on consolidation of public finances in the years 2010-2014. The last chapter deals with the current development and sustainability of public finances of both countries.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze causes of United States budget deficits growth. In the first part, the thesis deals with the theory of public finance and fiscal policy including state budget and its balance. The thesis then focuses on the specific situation in the United Sates, its historical development of fiscal policies, development of federal debt, United States federal budget process, and also list of current main issues that represents main cause behind larger United States budget deficits. At the end, based on Congressional Budget Office data, is the indication of further development of federal debt including discussion over sustainability of the current development. In conclusion, the thesis also tries to find out whether the twin deficits hypothesis is valid for United States based on econometric analysis.

The thesis is focused on development of public finance in the Czech Republic between years 1993 and 2010. The crucial aim is to find out possible connections between increasing government deficits and the effort of politicians to be re-elected through higher government spending prior to an election. The analysis is mainly based on state and public budgets especially their annual changes in structure and basic components. I divide the cyclical and structural deficit and examine the influence of economic policy to its creation. In thesis is also described the general theory of public finance, issue of fiscal imbalance, public choice theory and its theory of political business cycle. The fiscal policy is carefully analyzed in recent electoral cycles in context of the economic and political development. The results of the analysis indicate that significant part of public debt has been created because of populist reasons especially in the period of economic expansion.