Increasing surface pressure buildup levels and surface venting flow rates on intermediate wellbore casing strings provided an opportunity to analyze wellbore field data to determine a distribution of leakage path permeability values. The gas leakage source in the leaky wellbore originated at depth, and formation gas/fluid traveled along defects in the cement to accumulate at the surface wellhead. The most likely pathway is the cement interface with casing or formation. Due to uncertainty about the location of the leak, and the different methods that were used for calculating leakage parameter values, a range of leakage path permeability values was produced. Most leakage pathway permeability values were greater than intact cement permeability (few microdarcies). This finding supports the practice of using cement filled annuli to provide a safe protective barrier against leakage and to prevent gas flow to surface. Proper cementing techniques are presented in order to identify possible reasons for cracks to form. It is hypothesized that the higher permeability values are a result of cracks in the cement interface with the casing or formation. These types of defects could also be found in wellbores that are in communication with CO2 sequestration reservoirs. The risk of leakage along such existing wellbores associated with CO2 sequestration projects is quantified by the distribution of leakage path permeability. The gas migration path through existing leaky wellbores is an analog for wellbores that are in contact with migrating CO2 plumes. Cracks in the leaky wellbores provide a highly permeable conduit for CO2 to migrate out of the injection zone to the surface. By quantifying leakage path permeability, proper leakage risk assessment can be further developed. / text

This thesis deals with the problem of shielding ionizing radiation which is a beam that has enough energy to ionize an atom or a molecule of an irradiated substance. This radiation can occur in nuclear facilities such as a nuclear power plant, a particle accelerator, or in X-rays in healthcare. Until now, standard shielding materials, most often lead or concrete, have been used to protect against ionizing radiation. New trends are therefore trying to replace these materials with lighter, more effective and harmless materials. The practical part is focused on measure the data to obtain the basic properties of shielding materials, such as the attenuation factor and the buildup factor. A measuring platform is described here, which can be used to measure the data needed to calculate the attenuation factor and the buildup factor. The measurement results are compared with tabular values to determine the accuracy of the measurements. Furthermore, the results of measurements of five concrete materials from the company MICo, spol. s r.o. To obtain theoretical values, the simulation program MCNP6 was used, in which it is possible to create a model of the measuring platform, which was used in practical measurements. Next the shielding material, source and detector are defined. The result lead again to the data needed to determine the attenuation factor. The results of measurement and simulation data in MCNP6 are evaluated and graphically processed into such a form that it is possible to compare the properties of shielding materials with each other.

[pt] Nesta dissertação propomos uma análise da construção da imagem do escritor Paulo Coelho como uma celebridade mundialmente conhecida e, conseqüentemente, da progressão de tal imagem para uma marca vendável. Assim, examinaremos, de maneira cronológica, os elementos necessários para que a construção seja realizada. Para tanto, é necessário realizar um estudo resumido sobre os temas abordados na obra literária de Paulo Coelho, bem como nos debruçarmos na questão do carisma necessário para a efetivação da transformação de um escritor em pop star. Este carisma permeará boa parte da dissertação e é considerado como algo que pode ser parcialmente construído. Antes, porém, para entendermos como a vida literária brasileira foi moldada, faremos uma breve viagem no tempo desde o Romantismo até os primeiros anos do século XX. / [en] This dissertation analyses the writer Paulo Coelho´s image buildup process to become a world wide know celebrity, and, as a consequence, the transformation of such image into a saleable mark. The elements which are required for this buildup process are examined in a chronological manner. A study summarizing the subjects treated by Paulo Coelho in his literary works is presented, followed by considerations on the charisma that is required to allow for the transformation of a writer into a pop-star. Such charisma will be present throughout many parts of the dissertation, and it will be considered as something that can be partialy constructed. In order to allow for the understanding of how Brazilian literary life was casted, a short literary time trip from the Romantics days to the beginning of the 20th Century is also presented.

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the build-up of cholesterol, immune cells and cellular debris within arterial walls, is accelerated following myocardial infarction by poorly understood mechanisms. Ubiquitin, a small, well-studied intracellular protein involved in protein turnover via the proteasome pathway, has recently been shown to exert extracellular effects on cardiac myocytes, in vitro, and in mice undergoing myocardial remodeling. This study investigates the potential role of extracellular ubiquitin in atherosclerosis by determining its effects on two critical atherosclerotic processes: the migration of vascular smooth muscles cells and the uptake of modified LDL by monocyte/macrophages in foam cell formation. In the presence of ubiquitin, smooth muscle cell migration was accelerated and foam cell formation was enhanced, suggesting that ubiquitin has an active role in atherosclerosis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The high demand and response of potatoes to the addition of nutrients to the soil provides attention to relevant aspects related to fertility (application, quantity, sources). Adequate fertilization allows a balance between soil and plant nutrients, resulting in excellent returns for farmers and better quality produce for consumers. This study evaluated the development, productivity and quality of potato tubers, cultivar Asterix, after the application of two sources of potassium fertilizers and their combinations (KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4), as well as nutrient absorption and nutritional diagnosis. The experiment was conducted in the county of Perdizes (MG). The experimental design was a randomized block with nine treatments and four replications as a split plot factorial. Plots were the treatments while subplots were plant sampling dates (biweekly). The amount of nutrients (N, P and K) used was based on physical and chemical analyses of soil and crop demand. Ninety quilograms of N, 180 kg of K2O and 750 kg of P2O5 were applied per hectare. Treatments consisted of application of the K2O dose in combinations of two sources of potassium fertilizer (KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4). In general, the combination of sources of potassium fertilizers favors the accumulation of dry leaf, stem and tuber matter, with a quadratic response for leaves and stems and linear for tubers. Some proportions between the sources favored the accumulation of K in leaves and stems; however, these were not different from the application of each source alone. There was a gradual accumulation increase in the tubers during the crop cycle, with the greatest accumulations when the fertilizer proportions of the two sources of fertilizer were applied. The application of 100% of the fertilizer as KCl showed greater Cl accumulation in leaves, stems and tubers; however, not different from some combinations with K2SO4.2MgSO4. The order of deficiency obtained from the DRIS, in areas of high and low productivity were, respectively: Mn> Zn> P> Cu> K> Mg> Fe> B> N> S> Ca and Mg> Zn> K> Mn > Ca> P> B> S> Cu> N> Fe, whereas the order of excess were P> Fe> Mg> Zn> Mn> B> Ca> O> N> Cu> K and Cu> Zn> Fe> B> N> S> Mg> P> Mn> K> Ca. The nutritional unbalances obtained by IBN showed that soil nutrient levels should be monitored, looking for the improvement in nutrient dynamics along the successive crops. Productivity, percentage of soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, starch, tuber dry matter, moisture and ash contents did not differ between sources of potassium fertilizers: KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4 and their combinations, for cv. Asterix at the dose of 180 kg K2O ha-1, possibly because the amount applied was not sufficient to reflect the potential deleterious effects of chlorine. / A alta exigência e a resposta da cultura de batata à adição dos nutrientes ao solo proporcionam relevante atenção aos aspectos relacionados à fertilidade (aplicação, quantidade, fontes). A adubação adequada permite um balanço entre os nutrientes no solo e na planta, o que culmina em excelentes rendimentos aos produtores e produtos de melhor qualidade aos consumidores. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento, a produtividade e a qualidade de tubérculos de batata, cultivar Asterix, frente à aplicação de duas fontes de fertilizantes potássicos e as combinações destas (KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4), bem como a absorção de nutrientes e a diagnose nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Perdizes-MG, de maio a outubro de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial com parcela subdividida. As parcelas referiram-se aos tratamentos, e as subparcelas às épocas de coletas de plantas (quinzenais). A quantidade de nutrientes (N, P e K) utilizada foi baseada na análise física e química do solo e na necessidade da cultura. Foram aplicados 90 kg ha-1 de N, 180 kg ha-1 de K2O e 750 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação da dose de K2O sob a combinação de duas fontes de fertilizantes potássicos (KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4). Em geral, a combinação entre as fontes de fertilizantes potássicos favorece o acúmulo de massa seca de folhas, hastes e tubérculos, com resposta quadrática para folhas e hastes e linear para tubérculos. Algumas proporções entre as fontes favorece o acúmulo de K em folhas e hastes, porém não difere da aplicação de forma isolada. Nos tubérculos há aumento gradativo com o decorrer do ciclo, sendo os maiores acúmulos onde as proporções entre as duas fontes do fertilizante é aplicado. A aplicação de 100% do fertilizante via KCl apresentou maiores acúmulos de Cl em folhas, hastes e tubérculos, porém não se diferiu de algumas combinações com K2SO4.2MgSO4. As ordens de deficiência, obtidas a partir do DRIS, nas áreas de alta e baixa produtividade foram respectivamente: Mn>Zn>P>Cu>K>Mg>Fe>B>N>S>Ca e Mg>Zn>K>Mn>Ca>P>B> S>Cu>N>Fe, ao passo que a ordem de excesso observada foram P>Fe>Mg>Zn>Mn>B>Ca>S>N>Cu>K e Cu>Zn>Fe>B>N>S>Mg>P>Mn>K>Ca. Os desbalanços nutricionais obtidos pelo IBN evidenciam que os níveis de nutrientes no solo devem ser acompanhados, buscando melhoria na dinâmica dos nutrientes ao longo dos cultivos sucessivos. A produtividade, a porcentagem de sólidos solúveis, os açúcares totais, os açúcares redutores, o amido, a massa seca de tubérculos, a umidade e as cinzas não diferem entre as fontes de fertilizantes potássicos: KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4 e combinações entre elas, na cv. Asterix, na dose de 180 kg ha-1 de K2O, possivelmente a quantidade aplicada não foi suficiente para refletir o potencial efeito deletério do cloro. / Mestre em Agronomia

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-14T17:40:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_ANDRÉ LUIZ RADÜNZ.pdf: 551392 bytes, checksum: 8bb5bdffe88549767cc66638c91ddda1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-14T18:44:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_ANDRÉ LUIZ RADÜNZ.pdf: 551392 bytes, checksum: 8bb5bdffe88549767cc66638c91ddda1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T18:44:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_ANDRÉ LUIZ RADÜNZ.pdf: 551392 bytes, checksum: 8bb5bdffe88549767cc66638c91ddda1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Na fruticultura estudos que comtemplem o conhecimento sobre o hábito de frutificação, a fenologia e o manejo da poda tem a finalidade de fornecer informações e dados científicos a cadeia produtiva. Em especial aos agricultores, proporcionando condições destes melhorarem o manejo de seu pomar a fim de obter melhores resultados produtivos e qualitativos dos frutos. Neste sentido, o mirtileiro, espécie exótica para as condições Brasileiras, possui características que tornam seu cultivo atrativo para a inserção nas propriedades da região sul do Brasil. Diante desta possibilidade de difusão do cultivo do mirtileiro, bem como a necessidade de conhecer o comportamento da espécie para as condições climáticas do sul do Brasil. Objetivou-se avaliar o hábito produtivo, o desenvolvimento fenológico das plantas e o manejo da poda sobre as características produtivas das plantas e nos atributos qualitativos dos frutos, para as condições da mesorregião de Pelotas, RS. Para a realização da pesquisa, executou-se o experimento em uma propriedade comercial conduzida em sistema de produção de base ecológica, localizada no munícipio de Morro Redondo, RS. Foram utilizadas plantas da cultivar Climax, Bluegem e Powderblue, pertencentes ao grupo Rabbiteye, de baixa exigência em frio. As avaliações realizadas foram, comportamento fenológico, caracterização da cultura quanto ao hábito de frutificação, bem como, a aplicação dos tratamentos com diferentes épocas e intensidades de poda seca. Sendo avaliados durante a colheita, o número de frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez, cor, a relação entre sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável total, antocianinas, fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e a produção por planta. Os resultados demonstram que o comportamento fenológico das plantas segue um padrão de necessidade térmica para completar o ciclo (em média, 1911, 1927,4 e 2026,5 GD e 176, 177 e 184, respectivamente, para as cultivares Climax, Bluegem e Powderblue). Quanto ao hábito de frutificação foi verificado semelhança entre as cultivares e comprimentos de ramos, no que tange a proporção de gemas vegetativas por floríferas. Em média, para os longos há 10,27 gemas floríferas e para os curtos 6,33 gemas floríferas. O comportamento produtivo do ramos demonstra que quanto mais apical for a gema, maior será o número e a qualidade dos frutos. Quanto ao efeito da intensidade de poda sobre a produção das plantas, verificou-se que a poda leve causou aumento na produção comparado a poda média e normal, para as três cultivares avaliadas. Os atributos de qualidade físico-química foram, em geral, superiores na época de poda normal para as cultivares Clímax e Powderblue. De maneira geral, os dados fenológicos, de caracterização das plantas, quanto ao número e distribuição das gemas, e o efeito desta sobre os frutos, bem como o manejo da poda, associam-se para a determinação de datas mais apropriadas de realização das práticas culturais, podendo servir com indicador para otimizar a utilização da mão de obra na propriedade. Convergindo ainda, para melhorar a produção, sob os aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos dos frutos. / In the fruit growing activity, studies which contemplate knowledge about the habit of fructification, phenology and the handling of pruning have the objective of providing information and scientific data to the productive chain, particularly to fruit growers, providing them with conditions to improve the handling of their orchards with the objective of obtaining better production and quality of fruits. In this context, the blueberry plant, an exotic species for Brazilian conditions, possesses characteristics which make its cultivation attractive for its insertion in properties of the southern region of Brazil. In view of the possibility of the dissemination of the cultivation of blueberry and of the necessity of knowing the behavior of the species in the climatic conditions of the south of Brazil, it was established as objective to evaluate the productive habit, the phenological development of plants and the handling of pruning and its effects on the productive characteristics of plants as well as the qualitative attributes of fruits for the conditions of the mesorregion of Pelotas, RS. For the conduction of the research, the experiment was carried out in a commercial property located in Morro Redondo, RS, in a production system of ecological basis. Plants of the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue were utilized, pertaining to the Rabbiteye group, of low exigency in cold. The evaluations carried out were phenological behavior, characterization of the culture with regard to the fructification habit as well as the application of treatments with different time periods and intensity of dry pruning while it was being evaluated, during the harvest, the number of fruits, the content of soluble solids, Ph., acidity, color, the relationship among soluble solids and the total titratable acidity, anthocyanins, total phenols, ant oxidative activity and production per plant. The results demonstrate that the phenological behavior of the plants follows a pattern of thermal necessity to complete the cycle (on average, 1911, 1927, 4 and 2026.5 GD and 176, 177 and 184, respectively, for the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue). As to the habit of fructification, a similarity was verified among the cultivars and the length of branches with respect to the proportion of vegetative gems to floral gems. On average, there are 10.27 floral gems for long branches and 6.33 for the short branches. The productive behavior of branches demonstrates that the more apical a gem is the greater will be the number and quality of the fruits. As to the effect of the intensity of the pruning over the production of plants, it was verified that plants submitted to light pruning presented greater production than those submitted to medium and normal pruning for the three cultivars evaluated. The attributes of physical-chemical quality were, in general, superior in the period of normal pruning for the cultivars Climax and Powderblue. In general, phenological and plant characterization data as to number and distribution of buds and the effect of the position of the bud over the fruits as well as the handling of the pruning associate themselves in determining the most appropriate dates for the practice of cultivation and may serve as an indicator to optimize the utilization of manual labor in the property and converge to improve the production under quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Powerful spectroscopic techniques increasingly involve nonlinear processes that arise due to the convolution of more than one electric field - input laser pulse. Analyzing the output of optical processes like these demands the utilization of deterministic improvement tools. Three-color coherent Raman scattering represents a complex non-degenerate four wave mixing process that includes contributions from both resonant and non-resonant interaction of the three input fields to generate a signal. In order to quantify these contributions, effective differentiation of the non- resonant (background) from the resonant (coherent signal) is required. These contributions can be differentiated based on how the molecular vibrational modes are being excited by the input pulses. The work described here demonstrates the ability of second-order correlation spectroscopy, applied along with an all-Gaussian theoretical model to analyze three color coherent Raman scattering processes. It is shown to discriminate between resonant versus non-resonant four wave mixing processes successfully. A robust, femtosecond/picosecond coherent Raman spectroscope is used to observe how the resonant signal builds up in a finite amount of time for different specimens and how it is can be controlled by input laser pulse shaping. A closed-form solution obtained via an all-Gaussian approach provides confirmatory theoretical proof of the experimental results obtained. This technique is used to study hydrogen bonding, which is a vital molecular interaction for bio-molecular systems and yet lacks a profound understanding of its ways of forming complexes. Furthermore, a novel second-order one-dimensional correlation function is introduced that replicates the results of the diagonal sum of the traditional synchronous two- dimensional correlation function, thus reducing a two-dimensional analysis to one-dimension. Along with the first demonstration of these analyses for coherent Raman scattering, a generalized approach is described, which opens up research opportunities to investigate these optical processes' dependence on multiple controlling parameters.

No description available.

In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie man die Bodensteifigkeit bei sehr kleinen Dehnungen sowie die Abnahme der Steifigkeit mit zunehmender Scherdehnung in Labor- und Feldversuchen ermitteln kann. Dazu werden typische Eigenschaften mineralischer und organischer Böden einschließlich Korrelationen zusammengestellt und wesentliche Unterschiede zum Bodenverhalten bei großen Dehnungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Steifigkeit und der Spannungsabhängigkeit aufgezeigt. Weiterhin wird dargelegt, wie man mit dem hypoplastischen Stoffgesetz mit intergranularen Dehnungen das Bodenverhalten bei kleinen Dehnungen wirklichkeitsnah erfassen kann und wie die Stoffparameter zu bestimmen sind. Für die realistische Erfassung des Bodenverhaltens infolge zyklischer Belastung einschließlich der Ausbildung von Hystereseschleifen wird eine Modifizierung des hypoplastischen Stoffgesetzes unter Einführung eines zusätzlichen Stoffparameters vorgenommen. Es wird gezeigt, wie dieser Parameter in zyklischen Laborversuchen bestimmt werden kann und wie damit die Akkumulation von Dehnungen bei drainierten Bedingungen bzw. von Porenwasserdrücken bei undrainierten Bedingungen zuverlässig prognostiziert werden kann. Anhand der dynamischen Beanspruchung eines Eisenbahndammes auf weichem, organischem Untergrund wird das modifizierte hypoplastische Stoffgesetz mit intergranularen Dehnungen für ein bodendynamisches Randwertproblem angewendet und gezeigt, dass damit das Bodenverhalten realistisch abgebildet werden kann. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit Ergebnissen von Schwingungsmessungen und Langzeitverformungsmessungen. Es werden bodendynamische Berechnungen zur Wellenausbreitung sowohl eindimensional als auch im Halbraum mit unterschiedlichen Stoffgesetzen geführt und Vergleiche mit analytischen Lösungen vorgenommen. Dazu wird gezeigt, welche Anforderungen an numerische Berechnungen zur Wellenausbreitung, insbesondere hinsichtlich Wahl der Zeitschritte, Elementgröße bzw. Knotenabstände, Größe des FE-Netzes und Modellierung der FE-Ränder erforderlich sind. / In this thesis it is shown how to determine the soil stiffness at very small strains, as well as the decrease in stiffness with increasing shear strain amplitude in laboratory and field tests. Typical properties and empirical correlations of coarse-, fine-grained and organic soils are collected and significant differences in soil stiffness and stress-dependence at small strains compared to large strains are shown. Further it is shown how one can realistically reproduce the soil behaviour at small strains with the hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strains and how the material parameters are determined. For a realistic prediction of soil behaviour due to cyclic loading including hysteresis loops in the stress-strain relationship, a modification of the hypoplastic constitutive model is made by using an additional material parameter. It is shown how this additional parameter can be determined in cyclic laboratory tests and how the accumulation of strains in drained conditions and excess pore pressures built up in undrained conditions can be realistically reproduced. Based on the dynamic load on a railway embankment on soft marshy ground, the modified hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strains is applied for a boundary value problem. It is demonstrated, that the soil behaviour can be reproduced realistically. Numerical results show a good agreement with results of vibration measurements and measurements of permanent displacements. A dynamical numerical analysis is performed for both one-dimensional and half-space conditions. Different constitutive models have been applied and compared with analytical solutions. The results demonstrate requirements on numerical analysis of wave propagation, in particular with regards to time steps, element size, node spacing, size of the FE mesh and boundary conditions.

Buildup dose of Mega Voltage (MV) photon beams can be a limiting factor in intensitymodulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments. Excessive doses can cause patient discomfort and treatment interruptions, while underdosing may lead to local failure. Many factors which contribute to buildup dose, including the photon beam energy spectrum, scattered or contaminant radiation and their angular distribution, are not modeled well in commercial treatment planning systems. The accurate Monte Carlo method was employed in the studies to estimate the doses. Buildup dose of 6MV photon beams was investigated for three fundamentally different IMRT modalities: between Helical TomoTherapy and traditional opposed tangential beams, solid IMRT and multileaf collimator (MLC)-based IMRT techniques. Solid IMRT, as an alternative to MLC, achieves prescription dose distribution objectives, according to our study. Measurements and Monte Carlo calculations of buildup dose in chest wall treatment were compared between TomoTherapy IMRT and traditional tangential-beam technique. The effect of bolus in helical delivery was also investigated in this study. In addition, measurements and Monte Carlo calculations of buildup dose in solid IMRT and MLC based IMRT treatment modalities were compared. A brass step compensator was designed and built for the solid IMRT. Matching MLC step sequences were used for the MLC IMRT. This dissertation also presents the commissioning of a Monte Carlo code system, BEAMnrc, for a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator (LINAC) and the application in buildup dose calculation. Scattered dose components, MLC component dose and mean spectral energy for the IMRT treatment techniques were analyzed. The agreement between measured 6MV and calculated depth dose and beam profiles was (± 1% or ±1 mm) for 10x10 and 40x40 cm2 fields. The optimum electron beam energy and its radial distribution incident on tungsten target were found to be 6 MeV and 1 mm respectively. The helical delivery study concluded that buildup dose is higher with TomoTherapy compared to the opposed tangential technique in chest wall treatment. The solid and MLC IMRT comparison concluded that buildup dose was up to 7% lower for solid IMRT compared to MLC IMRT due to beam hardening of brass.