Certas temáticas literárias permanecem atuais, sendo capazes de provocar sempre novas leituras, independentemente de onde ou quando tenham sido criadas. É o que ocorre com os temas de Juventude, Arte e Violência, que alimentam o presente estudo sobre Laranja Mecânica, romance escrito em 1962 por Anthony Burgess. A forma como essas matérias se mesclam na obra diz muito tanto sobre sua relação intrínseca e atemporal com a natureza humana quanto também sobre o contexto no qual o romance se insere, que evoca o da Londres dos anos 60. O foco da pesquisa busca identificar relações entre a tríade temática e o que ela aponta sobre os paradigmas da época. Para tanto, o suporte teórico se apoia na área de Estudos Culturais. A tensão entre a Juventude e a Violência se reflete na função ambivalente ocupada pela Arte na narrativa – mais especificamente no uso da música, em suas relações com a literatura e com o discurso daquele período ligado ao pós-guerra. A dissertação vem dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, são feitas as contextualizações, que abrangem elementos da vida do autor e aspectos da sociedade em que a obra se constrói, e as relações entre ambos. O segundo capítulo apresenta as ideias sobre Estudos Culturais que facilitam o trato com a literatura e com o romance investigado, ajudando-nos a examinar – através de uma distância de cinco décadas – o papel que a obra ocupa no seu contexto original. O último capítulo faz uma análise de Laranja Mecânica à luz de nossa perspectiva contemporânea. Esperamos, assim, oferecer uma contribuição para os estudos sobre a obra de Anthony Burgess através desta discussão sobre as complexas e sempre novas relações estabelecidas entre os campos da Literatura, da História e da Arte. / Some literary themes are always contemporary, so that the discussion concerning them never wears out, independently from when or where the work was written. This is the case with Youth, Art, and Violence, the themes chosen to be highlighted in this present study of the novel A Clockwork Orange, written by Anthony Burgess in 1962. The way these three elements are woven together in this novel tells much about their intrinsic and timeless relation with human nature as well as about the context in which the novel belongs, which evokes the London of the early 60s. The focus of the research lies on what this triad reveals about the paradigm of that time. Some concepts from the area of Cultural Studies will help connect the ambivalent relation between Violence and Youth within the British society from that time, as well as make associations with the element of Art as treated in Burgess’s work – more specifically, the function of music in the narrative as related to the post-war period in Britain. The work is structured in three chapters. In the first chapter, it will be established a relationship involving the content of the novel, some elements of Burgess’s biography, and some relevant issues respecting the period of time during which the novel was written. Chapter Two introduces the ideas from Cultural Studies that help examine – within this interval of half a century since the novel was first published – the role it plays in the context of its time. The final chapter analyses A Clockwork Orange in relation to the framework of today´s society. I hope that this work may contribute to the body of studies about the work of Anthony Burgess, and to the discussion about the ever-changing relations comprising the fields of Literature, History and Art.

Certas temáticas literárias permanecem atuais, sendo capazes de provocar sempre novas leituras, independentemente de onde ou quando tenham sido criadas. É o que ocorre com os temas de Juventude, Arte e Violência, que alimentam o presente estudo sobre Laranja Mecânica, romance escrito em 1962 por Anthony Burgess. A forma como essas matérias se mesclam na obra diz muito tanto sobre sua relação intrínseca e atemporal com a natureza humana quanto também sobre o contexto no qual o romance se insere, que evoca o da Londres dos anos 60. O foco da pesquisa busca identificar relações entre a tríade temática e o que ela aponta sobre os paradigmas da época. Para tanto, o suporte teórico se apoia na área de Estudos Culturais. A tensão entre a Juventude e a Violência se reflete na função ambivalente ocupada pela Arte na narrativa – mais especificamente no uso da música, em suas relações com a literatura e com o discurso daquele período ligado ao pós-guerra. A dissertação vem dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, são feitas as contextualizações, que abrangem elementos da vida do autor e aspectos da sociedade em que a obra se constrói, e as relações entre ambos. O segundo capítulo apresenta as ideias sobre Estudos Culturais que facilitam o trato com a literatura e com o romance investigado, ajudando-nos a examinar – através de uma distância de cinco décadas – o papel que a obra ocupa no seu contexto original. O último capítulo faz uma análise de Laranja Mecânica à luz de nossa perspectiva contemporânea. Esperamos, assim, oferecer uma contribuição para os estudos sobre a obra de Anthony Burgess através desta discussão sobre as complexas e sempre novas relações estabelecidas entre os campos da Literatura, da História e da Arte. / Some literary themes are always contemporary, so that the discussion concerning them never wears out, independently from when or where the work was written. This is the case with Youth, Art, and Violence, the themes chosen to be highlighted in this present study of the novel A Clockwork Orange, written by Anthony Burgess in 1962. The way these three elements are woven together in this novel tells much about their intrinsic and timeless relation with human nature as well as about the context in which the novel belongs, which evokes the London of the early 60s. The focus of the research lies on what this triad reveals about the paradigm of that time. Some concepts from the area of Cultural Studies will help connect the ambivalent relation between Violence and Youth within the British society from that time, as well as make associations with the element of Art as treated in Burgess’s work – more specifically, the function of music in the narrative as related to the post-war period in Britain. The work is structured in three chapters. In the first chapter, it will be established a relationship involving the content of the novel, some elements of Burgess’s biography, and some relevant issues respecting the period of time during which the novel was written. Chapter Two introduces the ideas from Cultural Studies that help examine – within this interval of half a century since the novel was first published – the role it plays in the context of its time. The final chapter analyses A Clockwork Orange in relation to the framework of today´s society. I hope that this work may contribute to the body of studies about the work of Anthony Burgess, and to the discussion about the ever-changing relations comprising the fields of Literature, History and Art.

The paper explores intratextual multilingualism in A Clockwork Orange (ACO) by Anthony Burgess, and in two of its translations - into Czech and German. It analyses 180 words from Nadsat - the invented language in ACO - to reveal how lexical creativity is manifested in translation, i.e. whether and how lexical creativity that is present in the original text is changed in the translations. Changes in lexical creativity are linked to normalisation (a translation universal), and to the functions of the invented language. An existing classification of forms and functions of intratextual multilingualism is applied to invented languages and, in particular, to Nadsat. The analysis of Nadsat and its counterparts in the translations is quantitative, and is conducted using the concordancers AntConc and ParaConc. It examines the frequency of Nadsat words, their distribution throughout the text, and the way their meaning is conveyed to the reader. These data are then used in the comparison of Nadsat and the invented languages that replace it in the Czech and the German translations. The analysis shows that in both translations the number of invented lemmas is lower than in the original, and that in the German translation (UO) the number is significantly lower compared to the Czech translation (MP). In total, MP...

One of the main and most studied areas is the area of determining their own financial situation or the financial health of the company. The definition of financial stability is a financial analysis firm. Thesis contains a presentation of the Burgess Brewery Havlickuv Brod a. s. and estimation her financial situation behind period years 2005 -- 2007. Work is processed using the selected methods of financial analysis, which apply to the enterprise. In addition, possible solutions are proposed and possible measures to improve the financial situation of taking, which underline the importance of financial analysis. Assessment of financial situation begins with horizontal and vertical analysis of statements, working capital analysis and balancing rules. This is followed by analysis of the ratio indicators (liquidity, profitability, debt, and activity), analysis of cash flow and analysis system of indicators (financial lever, Du Pont degradation). Financial analysis is finished the economic normal and the overall indicators (index IN05 and Kralickuv Quick test).

[EN] The thesis presented below has been developed in Development program, Sustainability and Ecodesign in the Department of Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. It consists of two experimental investigations that try to answer and justify the need for a different selection metología protective packaging solutions, taking into account the functional variable (critical to contemplate the alternative in the analysis), the environmental variable and the economic variable. At present the selection of the different possibilities for the protection packaging of a product, takes place in the best of cases, according to any of the above variables, independently, regardless of the set of three. As a result, appear overpacked products, where the cost of packaging and the environmental impact associated with it are unnecessary or packaging in which packaging has been minimized so that the possibility of protecting the product from damage along its cycle storage and distribution is important, resulting in product losses and even image / customers. Each of the three variables to consider in the methodology developed in this thesis, is determined by methods and / or scientific / technical tools in order to add value to the new methodology. In this regard note that in the first experiment a comparison of different methods and / or techniques existing at present are performed to determine the buffering capacity of a material (functional variable), so that the user methodology selection optimizes time and costs in the characterization of materials. The second experiment is the proposal itself of the selection methodology applied to a case, in order to make a tutorial of your application, where the functional variable becomes a key requirement to enable the selection between different functionally optimized damping possibilities, based on the environmental and economic variable. These two variables are determined using tools and / or methods known in the case of environmental variable (ACV) and as developed as in the case of the economic variable (cost model), covering the major costs associated with the cycle damping life, as in life-cycle assessment associated environmental impacts are estimated at each stage of their life cycle. Noted that the determination of the functional variable in the second experiment is determined by a device developed by ITENE following the ASTM D 1596 standard, but in the improved design, in order to reduce test times and increase the reliability and repeatability of results . Ultimately functional variable is the initial to be met by alternatives to compare later, so in this thesis has been given an important role in the two experiments to study not only in characterizing the material, but in the method of design requirement used. The objectives and hypotheses of this thesis have been developed in two investigations that aim to generate new knowledge in the design and development of optimized damping systems, improve methods and equipment available for the characterization of materials buffer, and the development of methodologies for selecting the most appropriate blocking protection for a product, addressing not only the functionality but taking into account economic and environmental criteria. All this in order for blocking selected protection for a particular product and distribution cycle, besides being optimized, is the most economical and resulting in the least possible environmental impact. / [ES] La tesis que a continuación se presenta, ha sido desarrollada en el programa Desarrollo, Sostenibilidad y Ecodiseño perteneciente al Departamento de Proyectos de Ingeniería de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Consta de dos investigaciones experimentales que tratan de dar respuesta y justificar la necesidad de una metología de selección de diferentes soluciones de embalaje de protección, teniendo en cuenta la variable funcional (crítica para poder contemplar la alternativa dentro del análisis), la variable medioambiental y la variable económica. En la actualidad la selección de las diferentes posibilidades de embalaje para la protección de un producto, se realiza en el mejor de los casos, en función de alguna de las variables anteriores, de forma independiente, sin tener en cuenta el conjunto de las tres. Como consecuencia, aparecen productos sobreembalados, donde el coste del embalaje y el impacto ambiental asociado al mismo son innecesarios o embalajes en los que se ha minimizado tanto el embalaje de protección que la posibilidad de que el producto sufra daños a lo largo de su ciclo de almacenamiento y distribución es importante, originándose pérdidas de producto e incluso de imagen/clientes. Cada una de las tres variables a tener en cuenta en la metodología desarrollada en esta tesis, se determina a partir de métodos y/o herramientas científico/técnicas con el fin de aportar valor añadido a la nueva metodología. En este sentido destacar que en el primero de los experimentos se realizó una comparativa de los diferentes métodos y/o técnicas existentes en la actualidad para determinar la capacidad de amortiguamiento de un material (variable funcional), de forma que el usuario de la metodología de selección pueda optimizar tiempos y costes en la caracterización de los materiales. La segunda experimentación es la propuesta en sí de la metodología de selección, aplicada a un caso práctico, con el fin de poder realizar un tutorial de su aplicación, donde la variable funcional se convierte en un requerimiento clave para poder realizar la selección entre las diferentes posibilidades de amortiguamiento funcionalmente optimizadas, en base a la variable medioambiental y económica. Estas dos variables se determinan mediante herramientas y/o métodos ya conocidos, en el caso de la variable medioambiental (ACV) y desarrollados a medida como en el caso de la variable económica (modelo de costes), que abarca los principales costes asociados al ciclo de vida del amortiguamiento, al igual que en análisis de ciclo de vida se estiman los impactos ambientales asociados a cada una de las etapas de su ciclo de vida. Destacar que la determinación de la variable funcional en la segunda experimentación se determina mediante un equipo desarrollado por ITENE siguiendo la norma ASTM D 1596, pero mejorado en el diseño, con el fin de reducir tiempos de ensayo y aumentar la fiabilidad y repetibilidad de los resultados. En definitiva la variable funcional es el requerimiento inicial a cumplir por las alternativas a comparar posteriormente, por ello en esta tesis se le ha dado un peso importante en las dos experimentaciones a su estudio no sólo en la caracterización del material sino en el método de diseño utilizado. Los objetivos e hipótesis de la tesis, han sido desarrollados en 2 investigaciones que pretenden generar un nuevo conocimiento en cuanto al diseño y desarrollo de sistemas de amortiguamiento optimizados mejorar los métodos, y maquinaria disponible para la caracterización de los materiales de amortiguamiento, y el desarrollo de metodologías para la selección más idónea del bloqueo de protección para un producto, atendiendo no sólo a la funcionalidad sino teniendo en cuenta criterios económicos y medioambientales. Todo ello con el fin de que el bloqueo de protección seleccionado para un producto y ciclo de distribución concreto, además de estar optimizado, sea el más económ / [CAT] La tesis que a continuació es presenta, ha sigut desenvolupada en el programa Desenvolupament, Sostenibilitat i Ecodiseño pertanyent al Departament de Projectes d'Enginyeria de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Consta de dos investigacions experimentals que tracten de donar resposta i justificar la necessitat d'una metología de selecció de diferents solucions d'embalatge de protecció, tenint en compte la variable funcional (crítica per a poder contemplar l'alternativa dins de l'anàlisi), la variable mediambiental i la variable econòmica. En l'actualitat la selecció de les diferents possibilitats d'embalatge per a la protecció d'un producte, es realitza en el millor dels casos, en funció d'alguna de les variables anteriors, de forma independent, sense tindre en compte el conjunt de les tres. Com a conseqüència, apareixen productes sobreembalats, on el cost de l'embalatge i l'impacte ambiental associat al mateix són innecessaris o embalatges en els que s'ha minimitzat tant l'embalatge de protecció que la possibilitat deque el producte patisca danys al llarg del seu cicle d'emmagatzemament i distribució és important, originant-se pèrdues de producte i inclús d'imagen/clients. Cada una de les tres variables a tindre en compte en la metodologia desenvolupada en esta tesis, es determina a partir de mètodes y/o ferramentes científico/técnicas a fi d'aportar valor afegit a la nova metodologia. En este sentit destacar que en el primer dels experiments es va realitzar una comparativa dels diferents mètodes y/o tècniques existents en l'actualitat per a determinar la capacitat d'amortiment d'un material (variable funcional), de manera que l'usuari de la metodologia de selecció puga optimitzar temps i costos en la caracterització dels materials. La segona experimentació és la proposta en si de la metodologia de selecció, aplicada a un cas pràctic, a fi de poder realitzar un tutorial de la seua aplicació, on la variable funcional es convertix en un requeriment clau per a poder realitzar la selecció entre les diferents possibilitats d'amortiment funcionalment optimitzades, basant-se en la variable mediambiental i econòmica. Estes dos variables es determinen per mitjà de ferramentes y/o mètodes ja coneguts, en el cas de la variable mediambiental (ACV) i desenvolupades a mesura com en el cas de la variable econòmica (model de costos) , que comprén els principals costos associats al cicle de vida de l'amortiment, igual que en anàlisi de cicle de vida s'estimen els impactes ambientals associats a cada una de les etapes del seu cicle de vida. Destacar que la determinació de la variable funcional en la segona experimentació, es determina per mitjà d'un equip desenvolupat per ITENE seguint la norma ASTM D 1596, però millorat en el disseny, a fi de reduir temps d'assaig i augmentar la fiabilitat i repetibilidad dels resultats. En definitiva la variable funcional és el requeriment inicial a complir per les alternatives a comparar posteriorment, per això en esta tesis se li ha donat un pes important en les dos experimentacions al seu estudi no sols en la caracterització del material sinó en el mètode de disseny utilitzat. Els objectius i hipòtesis de la present tesis doctoral, han sigut desenvolupats en 2 investigacions que pretenen generar un nou coneixement quant al disseny i desenvolupament de sistemes d'amortiment optimitzats milloran els mètodes, i maquinària disponible per a la caracterització dels materials d'amortiment, i el desenvolupament de metodologies per a la selecció més idònia del bloqueig de protecció per a un producte, atenent no sols a la funcionalitat sinó tenint en compte criteris econòmics i mediambientals. Tot això a fi que el bloqueig de protecció seleccionat per a un producte i cicle de distribució concret, a més d'estar optimitzat, siga el més econòmic i que origine el menor impacte mediambiental posible. / Navarro Javierre, PI. (2016). Metodologías para el diseño y selección de embalajes de amortiguamiento optimizados, en función de su comportamiento funcional, económico y medioambiental [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63150 / TESIS

Nineteen Eighty-Four de George Orwell, A Clockwork Orange d'Anthony Burgess et Meccania: The Superstate d'Owen Gregory révèlent trois régimes oppressifs qui manipulent la science dans le but de contrôler leurs populations. Les auteurs dénoncent la déshumanisation et l'esclavage générés par cette collaboration politico-scientifique. Ainsi, cette étude va explorer les dystopies susmentionnées en analysant leur critique du mariage politico-scientifique. Je vais montrer que la coopération entre les politiciens et les scientifiques est destinée à contrôler les individus et à pénaliser les éléments dissidents. Je vais examiner les mécanismes politico-scientifiques de surveillance et de punition, tout en montrant que les politiciens usent de la science pour assurer la continuité et la stabilité des régimes tyranniques. Finalement, je vais souligner la capacité de l'écriture à dévoiler les abus politico-scientifiques, et à prévenir une coalition entre la connaissance scientifique et le pouvoir despotique.

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