<p>A prefabricated timber frame house previously built by Villafabriken AB has been modeled in Autodesk Revit Architectural, a 3D-program based on BIM-technology. This has been done tosee if it’s possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demands from the designengineer’s work, and examine which possible extra values that may arise compared to traditional 2D-CAD drawing.BIM is short for Building Information Modeling. Everything is stored in a single database and a change in the project file is automatically updated across the project. BIM provides more than just drawings since information from the model can be retrieved in various ways such as lists and quantity schedules.It was possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demanded using Revit, but BIM doesn’t only mean a new way of drawing, it also require a change in the company’s process were the information from the model is being used.</p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich zum Ziel, einen Beitrag zur Lösung von Führungs-bewegungsaufgaben (FBA) unter Verwendung ebener Führungskurvengetriebe (FKG) zu leisten. FKG sind kombinierte Getriebe; sie bestehen aus Gliedergruppen von Koppel- und Kurvengetrieben und haben die Aufgabe, Punkte auf Bahnen oder Ebenen durch Lagen zu führen. Die zur Auslegung wichtigen Entwurfsschritte, wie Bewegungsdesign, Struktur- und Maßsynthese sowie deren exemplarische Integra-tion in ein 3D-CAD-System unter der Maßgabe der weiteren konstruktiven Gestal-tung des Vorentwurfs, werden erörtert und an Beispielen demonstriert. Im Bewegungsdesign werden die zur Beschreibung der FBA geeigneten Verfahren weiterentwickelt und an Beispielen angewendet. Neben der mathematischen Be-schreibung stellt die Arbeit Untersuchungen zum Einsatz eines kommerziellen CAD-Systems zur grafischen Beschreibung der FBA an. Zur Lösung des Problems "Finden" einer Getriebestruktur für eine vorgegebene FBA wird ein Lösungskatalog mit praxistauglichen Getriebestrukturen erstellt. Für die Maßsynthese ebener FKG erweist sich die Aufteilung in die Schritte "Synthese des Koppelgetriebes" und "Synthese des Kurvengliedes" als erforderlich. Dazu eignen sich allgemeine Verfah-ren wie das der Optimierung in Verbindung mit kinematischen Analysen für das Koppelgetriebe oder das Polbahnverfahren für das Kurvenglied.

This document has two objectives: decomposition of a given trimmed surface into several four-sided subregions and creation of a diffeomorphism from the unit square onto each subregion. We aim at having a diffeomorphism which is easy and fast to evaluate. Throughout this paper one of our objectives is to keep the shape of the curves delineating the boundaries of the trimmed surfaces unchanged. The approach that is used invokes the use of transfinite interpolations. We will describe an automatic manner to specify internal cubic Bezier-spline curves that are to be subsequently interpolated by a Gordon patch. Some theoretical criterion pertaining to the control points of the internal curves is proposed and proved so as to ensure that the resulting Gordon patch is a diffeomorphism. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the approaches. Our benchmarks include CAD objects which come directly from IGES files.

We focus on the programming aspect of the treatment of digitized geometries for subsequent use in mesh-free and mesh-based numerical solvers. That perspective includes the description of our C/C++ implementations which use OpenGL for the visualization and MFC classes for the user interface. We report on our experience about implementing with the IGES interface which serves as input for storage of geometric information. For mesh-free numerical solvers, it is helpful to decompose the boundary of a given solid into a set of four-sided surfaces. Additionally, we will describe the treatment of diffeomorphisms on four-sided domains by using transfinite interpolations. In particular, Coons and Gordon patches are appropriate for dealing with such mappings when the equations of the delineating curves are explicitly known. On the other hand, we show the implementation of the mesh generation algorithms which invoke the Laplace-Beltrami operator. We start from coarse meshes which one refine according to generalized Delaunay techniques. Our software is also featured by its ability of treating assembly of solids in B-Rep scheme.

Digitale Menschmodelle zur Produkt- und Prozessgestaltung werden kurz vorgestellt. Eine empirische Studie zum Einsatz der Systeme in der Praxis wird beschrieben und deren Ergebnisse exemplarisch vorgestellt. Daraus werden Ansätze zur Weiterentwicklung abgeleitet. / A short overview of digital human models for ergonomic product and workplace design introduces this article. The results of a survey with users of these systems show the practical usage of digital human models. Approaches to further research and development are presented.

Die ergonomische Gestaltung eines Produktes wird genauso wie die ergonomische Arbeitsplatzgestaltung zunehmend durch virtuelle Werkzeuge unterstützt. In diesem Beitrag wird vorgestellt, inwieweit digitale Menschmodelle als Werkzeuge virtueller Ergonomie in den CAx-/PLM-Systemen und der Digitalen Fabrik funktionieren. Anhand einer Evaluierung dieser Systeme in der Praxis wird aufgezeigt, welche Methoden die digitalen Menschmodelle erfolgreich zur Verfügung stellen und in welchen Bereichen eine Weiterentwicklung nötig ist. Dabei soll die Frage beantwortet werden, ob die Werkzeuge einer virtuellen Ergonomie auch zukünftig Expertentools bleiben, oder ob sich die Systeme als ergonomische Standardwerkzeuge etablieren könnten.

This thesis reports a study of the relationship of CAD use in designing and creativity through a Creative Behaviours Framework. This thesis provides a description of the establishment of a framework for gathering empirical evidence to support the analysis of links between CAD and creativity. The Creative Behaviours Framework consists of seven categories including novelty, appropriateness, motivation, fluency, flexibility, sensitivity, and insightfulness. The framework was developed from published literature largely relating to the area of cognitive psychology. The research reports findings concerning the use of this framework in analysing the use of CAD at Loughborough University and involved four postgraduates, two finalist undergraduates, and the researcher s own design project. Multiple data gathering methods including interviews, observations, protocol analysis, and design diaries have been used in this study to provide data reliability and validity. The results demonstrate the occurrence of creative behaviours in relation to the use of CAD when designing. Most of the categories had a significant number of occurrences observed and identified in the case studies using the data gathering methods (in particular protocol analysis and design diaries). However, novelty was only reported from the design diaries in Case studies 1 and 2. Some findings that linked the emergence of xvi creative characteristics of product outcomes with CAD usage were also established from data analysis of the design diaries. Hence, a key research output is the development of a framework which enabled researchers to observe and identify creative behaviours whilst CAD was used in designing. This framework has shown its reliability by also capturing creative behaviours in other than CAD activities such as 2D sketching and 3D sketch modelling. The findings from Case studies 1 and 2 indicated that creative behaviours were consistently identified during the observations of these design modelling activities. It shows that the Creative Behaviours Framework is not exclusively useful to observe creative behaviours during CAD use, but can also be applied in identifying these behaviours in other designing activities. An online questionnaire explored whether this framework could also be useful in wider application such as in supporting teachers in developing effective classroom and studio practice to encourage the emergence of creative behaviours by their students. The research study (using case studies and paper questionnaires) was undertaken with students of the Design and Technology Department, Loughborough University and the findings could be biased to this particular population. Hence, the online questionnaire was carried out with Malaysian CAD users to provide broader feedback. Although there was a small number of responses received from Malaysia, the data still provided a useful foundation to make the comparison between the UK and Malaysian CAD users perceptions about the relationship between creativity, in particular creative behaviours and the use of CAD in designing.

Developing a traffic management plan for a transportation infrastructure project is a complex activity which requires input from many different fields. Ideally, design, construction and traffic engineers all work towards devising an integrated traffic management plan that would consider a variety of aspects. Current literature about traffic management modeling mostly focuses either on high-level tools not adequate to perform required phasing and constructability analysis of construction activities, or study pre- and post-construction conditions. On the other hand, computer aided design (CAD) modeling of infrastructure projects mentions potential benefits for traffic management plan reviewing. However, it does not delve into using 3 dimensional (3D) and 4 dimensional (3D and time) CAD to study (1) the impact of construction activities on traffic, (2) during construction, (3) at a level that allows detailed phasing and constructability reviews for traffic management plan elaboration and communication. Using 3D and 4D CAD modeling can alleviate the complexity of devising traffic management plans for transportation projects by providing an integrated framework from which developers can elaborate, review and communicate their strategies. The many visualization benefits of 3D/4D modeling used in conjunction with their advanced analysis capabilities can tremendously aid compared to more traditional 2D methods. The three transportation projects described in this study aim at illustrating the benefits and added value these models provide to more efficiently and rapidly visualize and analyze intended traffic management strategies, at different stages of the construction process. / text

Data can be acquired from tissue's vascular structure and used for modeling and visualization. To acquire data from a vascular tree, we make its structure available for the gathering of data by separating it from the structures of surrounding tissues, which includes the capillary structure. The capillary structure contains important information, but, because of its size, is the most difficult to acquire data from. In this work, we look at methods for contrasting the vascular structure from surrounding tissues, and focus on the use of corrosion casting for this procedure. We collected image data using micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) and converted data into stereolithography models. Models were imported into computer aided design (CAD) software, which was used to further process the models in order to ensure that the necessary structures were in place for the recreation of the capillary structures' relationship to targeted cell systems. Recreating the cell system-capillary system relationship is the reason building this model is so important. It is this relationship that we seek to model so that, in the future, we can create designs that guide the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding, which mimic capillary patterns with supportive structure that serve as an extracellular matrix for 3D tissue engineering. This method had been designed to enhance a variety of therapeutic protocols including, but not limited to, organ and tissue repair, systemic disease mediation and cell/tissue transplantation therapy.

Building Information Modelling, ByggnadsInformationsModellering på svenska eller mer känt som förkortning BIM är en arbetsmetod som kan tillämpas inom byggbranschen. Denna moderna digitala metod tar projektering till en helt ny nivå. Genom informationsutbyte av relevant information för projektet utifrån en avancerad BIM-modell kan projektet effektiviseras. För att få en korrekt BIM-modell, eller en objektsbaserad modell som det också kan kallas, är det viktigt att de olika disciplinerna samarbetar i framtagningen. En BIM-modell har enligt många studier och rapporter stora fördelar för de inblandade aktörerna; reducering av kvalitetsfels- och produktionskostnader samt samordning och kollisionskontroller för att nämna några. Men för att kunna ta del av dessa fördelar måste det vara tydligt i hur beställaren av en modell ställer sina krav. Peab Sverige AB har i dagsläget ett stort intresse inom BIM och tillämpar det till viss grad. De ser stora fördelar med metoden och håller ständigt på att förbättra arbetsprocessen. Karlstadskontoret har önskan om att kunna använda BIM-modellerna i deras kalkyleringsarbete, och sättet som många konsulter modellerar på i dag fyller inte den önskade funktionen Peab eftersträvar. Modellerna är inte produktionsanpassade. Syftet med arbetet är att underlätta samarbetet mellan entreprenören Peab och dess externa konsulter i modelleringsdelen i framtagandet av en BIM-modell, för att undvika merarbete senare i kalkyleringsskedet. Detta ska uppfyllas genom att ta fram ett underlag för hur konsulter skall modellera så att entreprenören kan använda sig av modellen fullt ut. Arbetet ligger även till grund för ett kompendium som konsulterna kan använda sig utav där objektsindelningen blir produktionsanpassad och på så sätt tillfredsställer Peabs kalkylatorer. Med hjälp av en byggd teoretisk grund, intervjuer av berörda partner och granskning av Peabs BIM program blev en objektsindelning av 2D-detaljsektioner enligt SBEF:s byggdelstabell aktuell. Tankar och åsikter hämtades från Peabs BIM-samordnare, kalkyl Peab samt tre externa konsultfirmor Tengbom, Mondo Arkitekter och Integra för att skapa ett modelleringstekniskt underlag.   Resultatet av arbetet slutade i ett kompendium där ritande konsult får en visuell hjälp om hur Peab vill ha sin BIM-modell modellerad. Detta blir en hjälp för att överbygga det glapp som råder mellan ritande instans och entreprenören. Detta kompendium blir en bilaga till den rådande BIM-manual som Peab skickar ut till samtliga deltagande aktörer i deras BIM-projekt. Mötena med konsulterna resulterade i vetskapen om att en modellering på det önskade sättet var möjligt, men att det skulle ta längre tid att uppföra en sådan modell vilket i sin tur betyder en ökad kostnad för beställaren. För att det ska bli standardiserat att göra på det här sättet innebär att Peab måste se vinning i att lägga ner mer pengar på projektörerna, något som blir svårt att motivera då det kan vara svårt att mäta de vinster en korrekt BIM-modell medför. En sådan utredning skulle väga tungt och en önskvärd effekt är en implementering av BIM i hela byggbranschen. / Building Information Modeling, or more known as BIM, is one of the most up-to-date working process within the construction industry. This advanced digital high end model brings projection to a whole new level. By the exchange of information which is stored within the model, every involved participant has easy access to relevant information needed for the project. To get an accurate BIM-model, or an object-based model which it also could be called, every participant has to strive against a common goal for a successful result. The BIM-method has, according to a lot of different studies, a very positive impact on the whole project such as being able to minimize errors as a result of miscommunication, early identification of potential clashes and detection of collisions. To receive these benefits the requirements from the requested model has to be clearly presented.  Peab Sweden AB, one of the biggest companies in the construction industry in Sweden, has a huge interest in this method and uses BIM to manage some of their projects. The office in Karlstad, Sweden, has the desire to be able to use BIM-models in their calculation work. Today’s modeling by the consultants is not filling the desired function Peab aspire because the models aren’t adapted to production. The purpose of this study is to facilitate the cooperation between the contractor Peab and its external consultants in the development of a BIM-model to avoid additional work in the calculation stage. In order to close the gap this study will create an illustration of how the consultants should model. The study will also provide the basis to create a compendium which the external consultants can use where object classification is adapted to production and will satisfy Peab’s calculators. With the help of a built theoretical foundation, interviews with relevant partners and understanding of Peab's BIM-programs, an object classification according to SBEF's building component table became the best option. Thoughts and opinions were taken from BIM-Coordinator and calculators from Peab and three external consulting firms Tengbom, Mondo Architects and Integra to understand different modeling techniques and getting knowledge of what’s possible to model by different CAD-programs. The result of the study ended up in a compendium to give the consultant a visual aid how Peab wants their models. This guideline will help close the existing gap between the drawing consultants and contractor. The compendium will be used as an attachment to Peab’s current BIM-manual which is sent out to every participant when BIM-project is appropriate. The meetings with the consultants verified that a modeling based on the compendium was possible, but it would take longer to build such a model, which also means an increased cost. In order to standardized this model-based method Peab has to see the benefits in putting down more money on project planners, which will be difficult to justify when it may be difficult to measure the profits.