A demanda por carne de frango vem crescendo globalmente, assim como as exigências com relação à qualidade microbiológica do produto final. Associa-se a frequência de Campylobacter spp. em aves às enterites em humanos. O principal reservatório do agente é o trato digestivo de animais de diversas espécies, como aves de corte. Campylobacter spp. possui ampla diversidade genotípica e fenotípica, e apresentam diversos mecanismos de virulência para se aderir e colonizar o epitélio intestinal no hospedeiro. Apesar de o controle sanitário e biossegurança implementados nas granjas refletirem na redução de contaminação das carcaças no matadouro-frigorífico, esses procedimentos não eliminam o Campylobacter completamente das aves, podendo comprometer a qualidade microbiológica do produto final e propiciar casos de toxinfecção de origem alimentar aos consumidores. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de seis genes de virulência de Campylobacter jejuni em amostras de carcaças de frango e em casos de campilobacteriose em humanos. Foram avaliadas 50 amostras de C. jejuni, das quais 25 eram de origem aviária, provenientes da coleção do Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), e 25 eram de origem humana, cedidas pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detecção dos genes iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC e wlaN. Das amostras analisadas, 92% (23/25) de origem humana e 88% (22/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene cdtB, 44% (11/25) de origem humana e 84% (21/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtA; 20% (5/25) de origem humana e 80% (20/25) de origem aviária para o gene flaA; 48% (12/25) de origem humana e 76% (19/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtC; 16% (4/25) de origem aviária para o gene wlaN e 12% (3/25) de origem humana e 4% (1/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene iam. Em nenhuma das amostras pesquisadas de origem humana (0/25) foi observado o gene wlaN. Com este trabalho concluiu-se que os genes pesquisados podem estar presentes em cepas de C. jejuni provenientes de carne de frango e nas cepas isoladas de casos de infecção alimentar em humanos. Ainda assim, conforme os resultados apresentados, o gene cdtB teve maior frequência nas amostras provenientes de origem humana e aviária. / The demand for poultry meat has increased globally, as well as the microbiologic requirements of the final product. The frequency of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat has been related to enteritis in humans. The digestive tract of several animals’ species, as poultries, is the main reservatory of the agent. Campylobacter spp. has a wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity, and, in addition to that, it presents several virulence factors which allow to adhere and colonize the intestinal epithelium of the host. Although good hygienic and biosecurity practices employed at poultry farms help to reduce the carcass contamination, these procedures do not completely eliminate Campylobacter spp. at the slaughterhouses and it may affect the microbiologic quality of the final product, which may cause alimentary toxinfection cases. This study aims to verify the occurrence of six virulence genes of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry carcasses samples and campylobacteriosis cases in humans. 50 samples of C. jejuni were evaluated, of which 25 were originated from poultry collected at the Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), and 25 were originated from human samples of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was employed to detect the following genes: iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC and wlaN. In the samples analyzed, 92% (23/25) from human origin and 88% (22/25) from poultry for cdtB gene; 44% (11/25) from human origin and 84% (21/25) from poultry for cdtA gene; 20% (5/25) from human origin and 80% (20/25) from poultry for flaA gene; 48% (12/25) from human origin and 76% (19/25) from poultry for cdtC gene; 16% (4/25) from poultry for wlaN and gene 12% (3/25) from human origin and 4% (1/25) from poultry were positive for iam gene. This study concludes that the researched genes may be present in Campylobacter from poultry meat origin and from isolates of human cases of alimentary toxinfection. However, according to the results found, the cdtB gene had a higher frequency in samples of human and avian origin.

Nas últimas décadas as espécies de Campylobacter spp. são reconhecidas como importantes agentes de gastroenterites de origem alimentar em humanos em diversos países, tendo como principal veículo de transmissão a carne de frango. Devido ao aumento da frequência com que é isolada a partir de humanos, animais, alimentos e água, esta bactéria tem sido foco crescente de atenção nos últimos 30 anos. No Brasil, ainda são limitadas as informações sobre esta bactéria na cadeia de produção de aves, não existindo legislação que contemple o controle de Campylobacter. A alta incidência na avicultura, a presença natural deste patógeno nos animais e os graves problemas de saúde pública gerados tornam essa bactéria alvo de esforços para prevenção e controle. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a metodologia de contagem direta proposta pela normativa MLG 41.02 teria eficiência na monitoria em diferentes amostras avícolas e paralelamente comparar o desempenho de dois ágares (mCCDA e Campy-Cefex) na contagem de Campylobacter spp. Foram realizadas quatro tomadas de amostras em um frigorífico da região Sul do país, durante um mês, sendo a amostragem composta por suabes de cloaca, carcaças pré-chiller, carcaças pós-chiller, água pré-chiller, água do chiller, e amostras de água de abastecimento. O ágar Campy-Cefex obteve maior frequência de isolamento de Campylobacter spp. em diferentes amostras avícolas quando comparado com o ágar mCCDA. Houve redução significativa de contaminação ao longo da linha de abate, com níveis de 9,8 x 102 UFC/mL em carcaças préchiller e 1,5x102 UFC/mL em carcaças pós-chiller. Do total de amostras em que foram realizadas a PCR, 72% foram positivas para Campylobacter jejuni e 38% positivas para Campylobacter coli. A metodologia mostrou-se eficiente e possível de ser aplicada na indústria avícola, em diferentes materiais, para monitoria de Campylobacter. / In recent decades the Campylobacter spp. species are recognized as important agents of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans in several countries and the broiler meat as are pointed as the main vehicle of transmission. Due the increase in frequency isolation from humans, animals, food and water, this bacteria has received great attention in the last 30 years. The information about this bacteria are still limited in Brazil and in the poultry production chain, there are no laws to the Campylobacter’s control. The high incidence in poultry industry, the natural presence of this pathogen in animals and the serious concern in public health, lead this bacteria as target to prevention and control efforts. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the direct counting methodology proposed by MLG 41.02 rules would be efficient on monitoring different poultry samples, as well as to compare two agars plate (mCCDA and Campy-Cefex) performance’s to Campylobacter cell count. We carried out four samples taken in a slaughterhouse located at southern region of Brazil, during one month. The samples were composed by cloacal swabs, pre-chiller carcasses, post-chiller carcasses, pre-chiller water, chiller water, and water supply samples. The Campy-Cefex agar showed higher Campylobacter spp isolation frequency of among different poultry samples than mCCDA agar. There was a significant reduction in contamination along the slaughter line with levels of 9.8 x 102 CFU/mL in pre- chiller carcasses and 1.5 x102 CFU/mL in post-chiller carcasses. The samples typified by PCR, showed 72% of the samples as Campylobacter jejuni and 38% as Campylobacter coli. The methodology was efficient and also possible to be used in the poultry’s industry for different samples to Campylobacter monitoring program.

Nas últimas décadas as espécies de Campylobacter spp. são reconhecidas como importantes agentes de gastroenterites de origem alimentar em humanos em diversos países, tendo como principal veículo de transmissão a carne de frango. Devido ao aumento da frequência com que é isolada a partir de humanos, animais, alimentos e água, esta bactéria tem sido foco crescente de atenção nos últimos 30 anos. No Brasil, ainda são limitadas as informações sobre esta bactéria na cadeia de produção de aves, não existindo legislação que contemple o controle de Campylobacter. A alta incidência na avicultura, a presença natural deste patógeno nos animais e os graves problemas de saúde pública gerados tornam essa bactéria alvo de esforços para prevenção e controle. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a metodologia de contagem direta proposta pela normativa MLG 41.02 teria eficiência na monitoria em diferentes amostras avícolas e paralelamente comparar o desempenho de dois ágares (mCCDA e Campy-Cefex) na contagem de Campylobacter spp. Foram realizadas quatro tomadas de amostras em um frigorífico da região Sul do país, durante um mês, sendo a amostragem composta por suabes de cloaca, carcaças pré-chiller, carcaças pós-chiller, água pré-chiller, água do chiller, e amostras de água de abastecimento. O ágar Campy-Cefex obteve maior frequência de isolamento de Campylobacter spp. em diferentes amostras avícolas quando comparado com o ágar mCCDA. Houve redução significativa de contaminação ao longo da linha de abate, com níveis de 9,8 x 102 UFC/mL em carcaças préchiller e 1,5x102 UFC/mL em carcaças pós-chiller. Do total de amostras em que foram realizadas a PCR, 72% foram positivas para Campylobacter jejuni e 38% positivas para Campylobacter coli. A metodologia mostrou-se eficiente e possível de ser aplicada na indústria avícola, em diferentes materiais, para monitoria de Campylobacter. / In recent decades the Campylobacter spp. species are recognized as important agents of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans in several countries and the broiler meat as are pointed as the main vehicle of transmission. Due the increase in frequency isolation from humans, animals, food and water, this bacteria has received great attention in the last 30 years. The information about this bacteria are still limited in Brazil and in the poultry production chain, there are no laws to the Campylobacter’s control. The high incidence in poultry industry, the natural presence of this pathogen in animals and the serious concern in public health, lead this bacteria as target to prevention and control efforts. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the direct counting methodology proposed by MLG 41.02 rules would be efficient on monitoring different poultry samples, as well as to compare two agars plate (mCCDA and Campy-Cefex) performance’s to Campylobacter cell count. We carried out four samples taken in a slaughterhouse located at southern region of Brazil, during one month. The samples were composed by cloacal swabs, pre-chiller carcasses, post-chiller carcasses, pre-chiller water, chiller water, and water supply samples. The Campy-Cefex agar showed higher Campylobacter spp isolation frequency of among different poultry samples than mCCDA agar. There was a significant reduction in contamination along the slaughter line with levels of 9.8 x 102 CFU/mL in pre- chiller carcasses and 1.5 x102 CFU/mL in post-chiller carcasses. The samples typified by PCR, showed 72% of the samples as Campylobacter jejuni and 38% as Campylobacter coli. The methodology was efficient and also possible to be used in the poultry’s industry for different samples to Campylobacter monitoring program.

Campylobacter est responsable de la zoonose bactérienne d’origine alimentaire la plus fréquemment reportée en Europe. Cette bactérie étant ubiquitaire, les sources et voies d’infection de l’Homme sont nombreuses. Cependant, afin de diminuer l’incidence de la maladie, il est nécessaire d’identifier les principaux réservoirs impliqués dans les infections humaines. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps investigué la présence de Campylobacter dans trois réservoirs animaux (volaille, bovin, animaux de compagnie), ainsi que la diversité génétique des isolats de C. jejuni, en comparaison à celle d’isolats cliniques, à l’aide des techniques MLST (Multilocus sequence typing) et CGF (Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting). Afin d’identifier l’origine des campylobactérioses avec précision et de compenser notamment les limites techniques de la MLST, 15 marqueurs génétiques ont été sélectionnés comme marqueurs potentiellement indicateurs de l’hôte, après analyse de plus de 800 génomes de C. jejuni. Par la suite, la capacité de la MLST, la CGF40 et des 15 marqueurs à identifier l’origine des campylobactérioses a été étudiée. Ainsi, les 15 marqueurs se sont révélés être particulièrement performants pour l’attribution de sources des campylobactérioses, suivis ensuite par la MLST, tandis que la CGF40 est apparue comme étant peu adaptée. A partir des données MLST et des 15 marqueurs génétiques, une implication majoritaire des volailles et des bovins a été mis en évidence en France, tandis que les animaux de compagnie et l’environnement (comprenant eau et oiseaux sauvages) étaient faiblement impliqués. Ceci permet ainsi de renforcer les efforts de recherche relatifs aux moyens de lutte contre Campylobacter menés dans ces réservoirs. Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence de potentielles spécificités nationales dans la dynamique de transmission de C. jejuni à l’Homme. / Campylobacter is the causal agent of the main bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in Europe. Since Campylobacter is frequently found in animal reservoirs, sources of human infection and transmission routes are various. However, to decrease the human burden of campylobacteriosis, it is essential to quantify the relative importance of the several reservoirs in human infections. For this purpose, we assessed the contamination of chicken, cattle and pets by Campylobacter spp., and further characterized C. jejuni isolates using MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing) and CGF (Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting) in comparison with French clinical isolates. Then, in order to identify the most likely origin of campylobacteriosis cases in France and overcome MLST limitations in source attribution, about 800 C. jejuni genomes were analyzed which resulted in the identification of 15 genes as promising host segregating markers for source attribution. Subsequently, we assessed the ability of MLST, CGF40 and the 15 host-segregating markers to identify the most likely origin of campylobacteriosis. The 15 host-segregating markers were the most powerful in source attribution, followed by MLST, while CGF40 appeared to be not suitable for source attribution in our study. Based on MLST and the 15 markers, assignments of clinical cases emphasize the significant implication of chicken and ruminant in human infection by Campylobacter, while pets and the environment (including water and wild birds) were slightly involved, reinforcing the interest to focus control strategies on livestock. Finally this work highlights potential national variations in the transmission dynamics of C. jejuni to human.

The thermophilic Campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are found as commensals in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals and birds. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of sporadic food-borne bacterial disease in humans which is predominantly contracted from poultry products. Although the vast majority of these infections are mild, life-threatening complications should be treated with antimicrobials. Patients are usually treated with either macrolides of fluoroquinolones. However, globally there is an increased trend in the development of resistance to these antibiotics. This trend has also been observed in infection of poultry and pigs. The aim of this investigation was to determine antimicrobial sensitivity of thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from pigs and poultry by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration testing. A total of 482 samples of the small intestinal content from poultry and pigs from the Western Cape and Gauteng Provinces were collected and analysed. Thirty-eight Campylobacter isolates were obtained. Statistical analyses included percentage resistance, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 and MIC90) as well as the distribution percentages of the MICs. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to establish any significant differences at an interspecies, interhost and interprovincial level. Analyses of the data obtained revealed indications of decreasing susceptibility to several antibiotic groups including the tetracyclines, macrolides, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as the lincoasamides, and fluoroquinolones. It was found that isolates from the Western Cape were more likely to be resistant to the fluoroquinolones (p = 0.0392), macrolides (p = 0.0262), and lincoasmides (p = 0.0001) and, as well as to a certain extent the pleuromutulins (p = 0.0985), whereas isolates from Gauteng were more resistant to the tetracycyclines (p = <.0001). Poultry Campylobacter spp. were more prone to be resistant to enrofloxacin (p = 0.0021). Campylobacter jejuni, mainly isolated from poultry, was more liable to be resistant to the tetracyclines (chlrotetracycline p= 0.0307), whereas C. coli, predominatly isolated from pigs was more likely to be resistant to the macrolides (tylosin p= 0.063). Four of the bacteria isolated from the Western Cape were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, namely; tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutulins and fluoroquinolones. No multi-resistant Campylobacter spp. were isolated from the flocks in Gauteng. With the exception of tiamulin, the bacterial populations could clearly be divided into resistant and susceptible populations. As consequence of the increased resistance to the antimicrobial classes used for human therapy and the geographical differences in antimicrobial susceptibility, it is recommended that an antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for the thermophilic Campylobacter spp. be initiated in the South Africa National Veterinary Surveillance and Monitoring Programme for Resistance to Antimicorbial Drugs (SANVAD) Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

No description available.

As Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos representam um crescente e relevante problema de saúde pública. Além do prejuízo social, a contaminação de alimentos com microrganismos patogênicos gera um enorme prejuízo econômico. Técnicas de Análise de Risco permitem mensurar de forma mais adequada o impacto dos microrganismos contaminantes de alimentos na saúde da população. Uma Análise de Riscos, associada a uma combinação patógeno-alimento, envolve três passos: avaliação do risco, gestão do risco e comunicação do risco. Uma das etapas da avaliação do risco é a avaliação da exposição, baseada em dados sobre freqüência e nível de contaminação dos alimentos pelo patógeno avaliado no alimento em questão, o nível atingido pelo patógeno no momento do consumo e os padrões de consumo. Os produtos cárneos são os principais alimentos responsáveis pela veiculação de patógenos ao homem e os microrganismos de maior relevância nestes produtos são Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina de Shiga. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações qualitativas e quantitativas desses quatro patógenos em produtos cárneos (salsicha bovina, lingüiça suína, carne bovina moída e coxa de frango) comercializados no município de São Paulo, de forma a contribuir com dados para futuras avaliações de risco em relação a estes microrganismos nestes produtos. Das 552 amostras de produtos cárneos analisadas, L. monocytogenes foi o patógeno isolado com maior freqüência, sendo detectado em 48,7% das amostras, seguido por Campylobacter spp. em 6,0% e Salmonella spp. em 5,8%. E. coli produtora de toxina de Shiga não foi detectada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em todos os tipos de produtos cárneos estudados, com freqüências mais elevadas nas amostras de carne bovina moída (59,4%), seguido de coxa de frango (58,0%), lingüiça suína (39,8%) e salsicha bovina (37,7%). Na maioria das amostras (94,4%), as contagens de L. monocytogenes foram inferiores a 102 UFC/g. As cepas de L. monocytogenes apresentaram ampla distribuição, sendo detectados os quatro grupos de sorotipos: 28,7% pertenceram ao Grupo 1 (sorotipos 1/2a e 3a), 21,0% ao Grupo 2 (sorotipos 1/2c e 3c), 17,0% ao Grupo 3 (sorotipos 1/2b, 3b e 7) e 13,8% ao Grupo 4 (sorotipos 4b, 4d e 4e). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 32 amostras, sendo 20 (14,5%) de lingüiça e 12 (10,6%) de coxa de frango. As contagens foram baixas, variando de 3,0 a 9,3x10 NMP/g e os sorovares mais freqüentemente isolados foram S. Typhimurium (28,1%), S. Enteritidis (12,5%), S. Derby (12,5%) e S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (12,5%). Campylobacter spp. foi detectado em 33 amostras (6,0%), sendo 27 de coxa de frango (19,6%) e seis amostras de carne moída (4,3%). A presença de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. e Campylobacter spp. nos produtos cárneos analisados representa um risco à saúde da população. O consumo destes produtos quando submetidos à cocção inadequada e/ou a contaminação cruzada com outros alimentos pode levar a ocorrência de Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos. / Foodborne Diseases represent an increasingly important public health problem. Besides the social losses, contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms generates an enormous economic damage. A more accurate measurement of the impact of microorganisms in food health can be achieved using Risk Analysis techniques. A risk analysis is composed by three elements: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. One of the four steps of a risk assessment is the exposure assessment, based on data on frequency and level of contamination of a food by the pathogen under evaluation, levels of the pathogen in the food at the time of consumption and consumption patterns. Meat products are the main vehicles of pathogens to humans, where Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are the most relevant pathogens. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on these four pathogens in four types of meat products (beef sausage, pork sausage, ground beef and chicken leg) marketed in the city of Sao Paulo in order to contribute with data for future risk assessments for these microorganisms in these products. L. monocytogenes is the most frequent pathogen in the 552 samples of meat products analyzed, being detected in 48.7% of the samples, followed by Campylobacter spp. 6.0% and Salmonella spp. 5.8%. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was not detected in any sample. L. monocytogenes was detected in all types of meat products, with highest frequency in ground beef (59.4%), followed by chicken leg (58.0%), pork sausage (39.8%) and beef sausage (37.7%). In most samples (94.4%), the counts of L. monocytogenes were below 102 CFU/g. L. monocytogenes strains were widely distributed in the four groups of serotypes: 28.7% belonged to Group 1 (serotypes 1/2a and 3a), 21% to Group 2 (serotypes 1/2c and 3c), 17% to Group 3 (serotypes 1/2b, 3b and 7) and 13.8% to Group 4 (serotypes 4b, 4d and 4e). Salmonella spp. was detected in 32 samples, being 20 (14.5%) of pork sausage and 12 (10.6%) of chicken leg. The counts were low, ranging from 3.0 to 9.3 x 10 MPN/g and the most frequent serovars were S. Typhimurium (28.1%), S. Enteritidis (12.5%), S. Derby (12.5%) and S. I 4, [5], 12: i: - (12.5%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), being 27 of chicken leg (19.6%) and six samples of ground beef (4.3%). The presence of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the tested meat products represent a risk to health. The consumption of inadequately cooked products and/or subjected to cross-contamination with other foods may lead to occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Le protozoaire Blastocystis et la bactérie Campylobacter sont des microorganismes zoonotiques ayant un impact majeur en santé publique. Même si son pouvoir pathogène reste controversé, Blastocystis est l’eucaryote unicellulaire le plus fréquemment retrouvé dans les selles humaines alors que Campylobacter est considérée comme la cause la plus courante de gastroentérite humaine. Ces microorganismes sont fréquemment présents chez les animaux destinés à l’alimentation comme les volailles ou les bovins et leur transmission peut être liée à la consommation ou à un contact répété avec les manipulateurs de ces animaux. Malgré ce risque potentiel majeur pour l’Homme, très peu de données étaient disponibles concernant la prévalence et les espèces de Campylobacter ou sous-types de Blastocystis présents dans les filières avicole et bovine au Liban. De plus, le risque de transmission zoonotique par contact direct avec le personnel des abattoirs ou les éleveurs n’avait jamais été évalué. Pour ce qui est des bovins, Blastocystis a été identifié par PCR quantitative en temps réel dans plus de 60% des échantillons de selle de vaches laitières analysés au Nord-Liban. Une prédominance du sous-type (ST) 10 et du ST14 a été observée confirmant que les bovins sont les hôtes naturels de ces deux STs. Les ST2, ST1, ST5, ST3 et ST7 ont aussi été identifiés avec de faibles prévalences. Chez les éleveurs comme dans un groupe de patients sans contact avec ces animaux, une prévalence importante dépassant les 50% a été rapportée avec une prédominance du ST3. Cependant, la comparaison des isolats identifiés dans ces cohortes humaine et animale suggère que les bovins joueraient un rôle négligeable en tant que réservoirs zoonotiques de Blastocystis. Dans la filière avicole, la prévalence de ce même parasite dépassait les 30% dans les caeca de poulets de chair analysés dans des abattoirs du Nord-Liban. Tous les isolats aviaires caractérisés appartenaient aux ST6 et ST7 confirmant que les oiseaux sont des hôtes naturels de ces deux STs. Chez le personnel d’abattoir comme dans un groupe de patients sans contact avec les volailles, la prévalence de Blastocystis dépassait les 50% avec une prédominance du ST3. De plus, l’identification du ST6 aviaire chez le personnel d’un abattoir confirmait le potentiel zoonotique de ce ST. Toujours dans cette filière avicole et en analysant à la fois les même caeca et des carcasses de poulets en fin de chaîne d’abatage, la prévalence de Campylobacter était respectivement de 67% et 17,2% dans ces prélèvements. Les deux principales espèces identifiées étaient C. jejuni et C. coli. Des niveaux élevés de diversité génétique ont été observés parmi les 51 isolats de C. jejuni identifiés chez les poulets et répartis en 25 profils distincts. Une prédominance des profils 1, 13, 30 et 38 a été observée alors qu’ils sont aussi fréquemment retrouvés parmi les cas cliniques humains français suggérant que ces animaux représentent un réservoir potentiel de campylobactériose humaine. Une prévalence significativement plus élevée de Campylobacter a été rapportée chez le personnel de l'abattoir par rapport à celle observée dans la cohorte de patients sans contact avec la volaille montrant que les poulets de chair contaminés à l'abattoir représentaient une source non négligeable de transmission zoonotique de la bactérie. Les mêmes caeca de poulets ont pu être comparés pour la présence de Campylobacter et de Blastocystis. Cette comparaison révélait une association statistiquement significative de ces deux microorganismes suggérant que la présence de Campylobacter serait favorisée par celle de Blastocystis et vice versa [...] / The protozoan Blastocystis and the bacterium Campylobacter are zoonotic microorganisms with a major impact on public health. Although its pathogenicity remains controversial, Blastocystis is the most common single-celled eukaryote found in human stool, while Campylobacter is considered the most common cause of human gastroenteritis. These microorganisms are frequently present in food-producing animals such as poultry or cattle and their transmission may be related to consumption or repeated contact with the handlers of these animals. Despite this major potential risk to humans, very little data were available on the prevalence and species of Campylobacter or Blastocystis subtypes present in the poultry and bovid sectors in Lebanon. In addition, the risk of zoonotic transmission through direct contact with slaughterhouse staff or farmers had never been assessed. Regarding bovids, Blastocystis was identified by PCR in more than 60% of the dairy cattle stool samples analysed in North Lebanon. A predominance of ST10 and ST14 has been observed confirming that cattle are the natural hosts of these two STs. ST2, ST1, ST5, ST3 and ST7 were also identified with lower prevalences. In breeders as well as in a group of patients without contact with these animals, a significant prevalence exceeding 50% has been reported with a predominance of ST3. However, a comparison of the isolates identified in these human and animal cohorts suggests that cattle would play a negligible role as zoonotic reservoirs of Blastocystis. In the poultry sector, the prevalence of the same parasite exceeded 30% in broiler caeca analysed in slaughterhouses in North Lebanon. All characterized avian isolates belonged to ST6 and ST7 confirming that birds are natural hosts of these two STs. Among slaughterhouse staff as well as in a group of patients without contact with poultry, the prevalence of Blastocystis exceeded 50% with a prevalence of ST3. In addition, the identification of avian ST6 in slaughterhouse staff confirmed the zoonotic potential of this ST. Still in this poultry sector and by analysing both the same caeca samples and chicken carcasses, the prevalence of Campylobacter was 67% and 17.2%, respectively, in these specimens. The two main species identified were C. jejuni and C. coli. High level of genetic diversity was observed among the 51 C. jejuni isolates identified in chickens and distributed in 25 distinct profiles. A predominance of profiles 1, 13, 30 and 38 has been observed, although they are also frequently found among French human clinical cases suggesting that these animals represent a potential reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. A significantly higher prevalence of Campylobacter was reported among slaughterhouse staff compared to that observed in the cohort of patients without contact with poultry, showing that contaminated broilers at the slaughterhouse were a significant source of zoonotic transmission of the bacteria. The same chicken caeca samples were compared for the presence of Campylobacter and Blastocystis. This comparison revealed a statistically significant association of these two microorganisms suggesting that the presence of Campylobacter would be enhanced by that of Blastocystis and vice versa. This first large-scale survey conducted in Lebanon provided major data on the prevalence and circulation of Blastocystis and Campylobacter in this ocuntry and assessed the need to put in place measures to prevent and control these microorganisms in poultry and cattle breeding or slaughter facilities in order to limit their transmission.

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As Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos representam um crescente e relevante problema de saúde pública. Além do prejuízo social, a contaminação de alimentos com microrganismos patogênicos gera um enorme prejuízo econômico. Técnicas de Análise de Risco permitem mensurar de forma mais adequada o impacto dos microrganismos contaminantes de alimentos na saúde da população. Uma Análise de Riscos, associada a uma combinação patógeno-alimento, envolve três passos: avaliação do risco, gestão do risco e comunicação do risco. Uma das etapas da avaliação do risco é a avaliação da exposição, baseada em dados sobre freqüência e nível de contaminação dos alimentos pelo patógeno avaliado no alimento em questão, o nível atingido pelo patógeno no momento do consumo e os padrões de consumo. Os produtos cárneos são os principais alimentos responsáveis pela veiculação de patógenos ao homem e os microrganismos de maior relevância nestes produtos são Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina de Shiga. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar informações qualitativas e quantitativas desses quatro patógenos em produtos cárneos (salsicha bovina, lingüiça suína, carne bovina moída e coxa de frango) comercializados no município de São Paulo, de forma a contribuir com dados para futuras avaliações de risco em relação a estes microrganismos nestes produtos. Das 552 amostras de produtos cárneos analisadas, L. monocytogenes foi o patógeno isolado com maior freqüência, sendo detectado em 48,7% das amostras, seguido por Campylobacter spp. em 6,0% e Salmonella spp. em 5,8%. E. coli produtora de toxina de Shiga não foi detectada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Listeria monocytogenes foi detectada em todos os tipos de produtos cárneos estudados, com freqüências mais elevadas nas amostras de carne bovina moída (59,4%), seguido de coxa de frango (58,0%), lingüiça suína (39,8%) e salsicha bovina (37,7%). Na maioria das amostras (94,4%), as contagens de L. monocytogenes foram inferiores a 102 UFC/g. As cepas de L. monocytogenes apresentaram ampla distribuição, sendo detectados os quatro grupos de sorotipos: 28,7% pertenceram ao Grupo 1 (sorotipos 1/2a e 3a), 21,0% ao Grupo 2 (sorotipos 1/2c e 3c), 17,0% ao Grupo 3 (sorotipos 1/2b, 3b e 7) e 13,8% ao Grupo 4 (sorotipos 4b, 4d e 4e). Salmonella spp. foi detectada em 32 amostras, sendo 20 (14,5%) de lingüiça e 12 (10,6%) de coxa de frango. As contagens foram baixas, variando de 3,0 a 9,3x10 NMP/g e os sorovares mais freqüentemente isolados foram S. Typhimurium (28,1%), S. Enteritidis (12,5%), S. Derby (12,5%) e S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (12,5%). Campylobacter spp. foi detectado em 33 amostras (6,0%), sendo 27 de coxa de frango (19,6%) e seis amostras de carne moída (4,3%). A presença de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. e Campylobacter spp. nos produtos cárneos analisados representa um risco à saúde da população. O consumo destes produtos quando submetidos à cocção inadequada e/ou a contaminação cruzada com outros alimentos pode levar a ocorrência de Enfermidades Transmitidas por Alimentos. / Foodborne Diseases represent an increasingly important public health problem. Besides the social losses, contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms generates an enormous economic damage. A more accurate measurement of the impact of microorganisms in food health can be achieved using Risk Analysis techniques. A risk analysis is composed by three elements: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. One of the four steps of a risk assessment is the exposure assessment, based on data on frequency and level of contamination of a food by the pathogen under evaluation, levels of the pathogen in the food at the time of consumption and consumption patterns. Meat products are the main vehicles of pathogens to humans, where Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are the most relevant pathogens. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on these four pathogens in four types of meat products (beef sausage, pork sausage, ground beef and chicken leg) marketed in the city of Sao Paulo in order to contribute with data for future risk assessments for these microorganisms in these products. L. monocytogenes is the most frequent pathogen in the 552 samples of meat products analyzed, being detected in 48.7% of the samples, followed by Campylobacter spp. 6.0% and Salmonella spp. 5.8%. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was not detected in any sample. L. monocytogenes was detected in all types of meat products, with highest frequency in ground beef (59.4%), followed by chicken leg (58.0%), pork sausage (39.8%) and beef sausage (37.7%). In most samples (94.4%), the counts of L. monocytogenes were below 102 CFU/g. L. monocytogenes strains were widely distributed in the four groups of serotypes: 28.7% belonged to Group 1 (serotypes 1/2a and 3a), 21% to Group 2 (serotypes 1/2c and 3c), 17% to Group 3 (serotypes 1/2b, 3b and 7) and 13.8% to Group 4 (serotypes 4b, 4d and 4e). Salmonella spp. was detected in 32 samples, being 20 (14.5%) of pork sausage and 12 (10.6%) of chicken leg. The counts were low, ranging from 3.0 to 9.3 x 10 MPN/g and the most frequent serovars were S. Typhimurium (28.1%), S. Enteritidis (12.5%), S. Derby (12.5%) and S. I 4, [5], 12: i: - (12.5%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), being 27 of chicken leg (19.6%) and six samples of ground beef (4.3%). The presence of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the tested meat products represent a risk to health. The consumption of inadequately cooked products and/or subjected to cross-contamination with other foods may lead to occurrence of foodborne diseases.