Submitted by PPG Odontologia (odontologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-27T16:07:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-04T14:34:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-04T14:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Maxillofacial fractures of traumatic origin have a high incidence in the world population. These can be treated in different ways, ranging from conservative methods to widely invasive procedures. Among the multiple possibilities of treatment of this type of disease is the use of herbal medicines, where cannabidiol (CBD) is inserted. This is the main non-psychomimetic component of Cannabis sativa (Can-ns) and plays potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic effects in a variety of pathological conditions. The present dissertation is structured in the form of 2 scientific papers. The first one consists of a literature review, whose objective was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of CBD that may be involved in bone repair. The results of this study suggest that CBD is unable substance of interfering in the healing process of bone defects from its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. The second is an experiment in an animal model, using 64 Wistar rats, divided into two groups (test with CBD and control). At the periods of two, four, six and eight weeks, they were evaluated clinically and histologically in the cicatricial process of mechanically induced bone defects in the skull cap of rats. It was found that the CBD exerted a beneficial effect in the fourth week after treatment where an increase in the mean of neoformed bone within the defect was observed, however, no statistically significant difference was observed in the healing process of the bone defects at the times analyzed. These results suggest the need to deepen the theme, aiming at a better understanding of the possible effects of CBD on bone metabolism and repair. / As fraturas ?sseas bucofaciais de origem traum?tica possuem uma elevada incid?ncia na popula??o mundial. Estas podem ser tratadas de distintas formas, que variam desde m?todos conservadores at? procedimentos amplamente invasivos. Dentre as m?ltiplas possibilidades de tratamento deste tipo de enfermidade, est? a utiliza??o de fitoter?picos, onde insere-se o canabidiol (CBD). Esse ? o principal componente n?o-psicomim?tico da Cannabis sativa (Can-ns) e desempenha potentes efeitos anti-inflamat?rios, antioxidantes e analg?sicos em diversas condi??es patol?gicas. A presente disserta??o est? estruturada na forma de 2 artigos cient?ficos. No primeiro foi realizada uma revis?o de literatura, cujo objetivo foi avaliar os mecanismos de a??o do CBD que possam estar envolvidos no reparo ?sseo. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o CBD ? uma subst?ncia capaz de interferir no processo cicatricial de defeitos ?sseos a partir do seu potencial antiinflamat?rio. O segundo trata de um experimento desenvolvido em modelo animal, utilizando 64 ratos Wistar, divididos randomicamente em 2 grupos (teste com CBD e controle). Avaliou-se cl?nica e histologicamente o efeito da administra??o intraperitoneal do CBD, na dose de 10 mg/kg/dia, por duas, 4, 6 e 8 semanas, no processo cicatricial de defeitos ?sseos mecanicamente induzidos em calota craniana de ratos. Constatou-se que o CDB exerceu um efeito ben?fico na quarta semana p?s tratamento onde observou-se um aumento na m?dia de osso neoformado no interior do defeito. Contudo n?o foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa no processo cicatricial dos defeitos ?sseos nos tempos analisados. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de aprofundar o tema, visando uma melhor compreens?o sobre poss?veis efeitos do uso do CBD no metabolismo e reparo ?sseo.

O sistema canabinóide parece participar de vários processos neurobiológicos, incluindo neuroproteção e plasticidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos de ablações retinianas sobre a expressão do receptor canabinóide CB1 e de proteínas estruturais no tecto óptico de pintos pelos métodos de imuno-histoquímica, immunoblotting e PCR em tempo real. Além disso, avaliamos os efeitos do tratamento com agonistas e antagonistas canabinóides em culturas de células do tecto óptico expostas ao NMDA por citometria de fluxo e quanto à morfologia. A ablação retiniana parece gerar um aumento da expressão da proteína CB1 no tecto óptico desaferentado, mas não dos níveis de RNAm. O tratamento das culturas com o agonista canabinóide diminuiu o número de células inviáveis e de DNA fragmentado gerados pelo NMDA. O aumento da expressão de CB1 após a ablação indica uma localização pós-sináptica desses receptores e sugere um papel do sistema canabinóide em processos de plasticidade. Os resultados da cultura de células sugerem um papel neuroprotetor do sistema canabinóide. / The cannabinoid system (CS) seems to have a role in several neurobiological processes, including neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity. The aims of this study were to verify the effects of unilateral retinal ablation on the expression of cannabinoid receptor CB1 and other structural proteins in the optic tectum of chick brain by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and real time PCR. Moreover, we evaluated the effects of cannabinoids agonists and antagonists treatment in optic tectum cell cultures exposed to the NMDA by flow cytometry and in the morphology. The retinal ablation seems to generate an increase in the expression of protein CB1 in the deafferented optic tectum, but not in the levels of mRNA. The treatment of the cultures with the cannabinoid agonist decreased the number of unviable cells and fragmented DNAs generated by NMDA. This increase of CB1 expression indicates a post-synaptic localization of these receptors and suggests a role of the CS in plasticity processes. The results of cell culture suggest neuroprotector role of the CS.

<p>Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell malignancy with bad prognosis, which predominates in males with advanced age. However, studies of the endocannabinoid system and how it affects tumour behaviour provides the basis for designing innovative therapeutic strategies that could open new opportunities for treatment of patient with MCL. It has earlier been shown that the cannabinoid receptor ligand (R)-(+)-methanandamide (R-MA) induce cell death in MCL by accumulation of ceramide. Ceramide has a pro-apoptotic effect on the cell but could be metabolized by the enzymes glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) to molecules with pro-proliferative effect. Therefore, treatments with R-MA on Jeko-1 MCL cell line were performed in this study to determine interference in the proliferative behaviour as well as in the gene expression of the enzymes GCS and SphK1. In addition, treatments with chemotherapeutic substances, such as doxorubicin or cytarabine (Ara-C), and combinations of R-MA and chemotherapeutic substance, were performed for the same reason. Results showed that the proliferation behaviour of Jeko cells remained unaffected when treated with R-MA, in contrast to the decreased proliferative effects shown when treated with cytostatics or combinations of R-MA and cytostatics. Furthermore, a tendency for up-regulation of GCS and SphK1 expression was recognized when cells were treated with cytostatics or combination of cytostatics and R-MA, in contrast to cells treated with R-MA alone. Although, R-MA alone had a tendency for a small down-regulation of GCS expression, it contributed to a potential elevation of GCS expression when combined with Ara-C or doxorubicin. It is believed that the effect from upregulated levels of the metabolizing enzymes GCS and SphK1 is balanced by, earlier observed, up-regulations of the ceramide synthesis enzymes.</p>

This thesis has been performed at Clinical Chemistry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. The purpose of the project was to investigate new and alternative ways to determinate synthetic cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Currently, the possibilities to quantify synthetic cannabinoids are very limited. This can lead to an increased use of synthetic cannabinoids as the risk of detection is low, which may be known by drug users. The synthetic cannabinoids are sold mixed with different herbs and have varying names like Spice Gold, Spice Silver, K2, Smoke and Pot-pourri. The synthetic cannabinoids analyzed were JWH-018 and JWH-073, which are commonly found in seized Spice material. At intake of these drugs, usually through smoking, cannabis-like effects arise. This is because they bind to cannabinoid receptors in a similar way as THC does, which is the primary active cannabinoid of cannabis. For urine samples an analytical method would probably be the most sensitive if the major metabolite could be analyzed, as it is expected to be present in high concentrations in this sample type. Since information regarding the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids is very limited there may be reasons to analyze the mother substance in urine. Further, in plasma and serum samples the mother substance is expected in high concentrations. Thus different ways to detect JWH-018 and JWH-073 directly were investigated in this project. Derivatization of JWH-018 and JWH-073 was the first step to get more selective and sensitive GC-MS analysis. Different derivatization-reagents were investigated, for example BSTFA and TFAA. The results show that the derivatization of JWH-018 with BSTFA after reduction and extraction was successful. To achieve this, samples had to be heated at 115°C for 1-3 hours, but still the samples were not completely derivatized. The results indicate that JWH-substances are difficult to derivatized, but they are possible to derivatize with BSTFA. This could mean that a GC-MS-method maybe could be established for these substances, preferably trough TFAA-derivatization.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 92 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Ο νεογνικός χειρισμός, ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο πρώιμων εμπειριών, είναι γνωστό ότι επηρεάζει τη λειτουργία του άξονα υποθαλάμου-υπόφυσης-επινεφριδίων βελτιώνοντας την προσαρμοστικότητα, την αντιμετώπιση του στρες, τις διανοητικές ικανότητες και γενικά τις διεργασίες του εγκεφάλου που σχετίζονται με την πλαστικότητα. Προηγούμενες μελέτες έδειξαν ότι ο νεογνικός χειρισμός τροποποιεί τη σεροτονινεργική, τη ντοπαμινεργική αλλά και τη γλουταμινεργική οδό, την κύρια διεγερτική οδό στον εγκέφαλο, μέσα από εκλεκτικές επιδράσεις τόσο στους υποδοχείς NMDA όσο και στους υποδοχείς AMPA στον εγκέφαλο των επίμυων. Το σύστημα των ενδοκανναβινοειδών του εγκεφάλου, δρώντας μέσω των υποδοχέων CB1, εμπλέκεται καθοριστικά στη διατήρηση της ομοιόστασης και της ενεργειακής ισορροπίας του οργανισμού, ενώ φαίνεται να έχει «αγχολυτικό» ρόλο ρυθμίζοντας συμπεριφορές όπως η πρόσληψη τροφής, ο φόβος και το άγχος, το αίσθημα ανταμοιβής και ευφορίας. Επίσης, διαδραματίζει έναν ιδιαίτερο ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη του νευρικού συστήματος καθοδηγώντας τη δημιουργία των συνδέσεων του φλοιού με τις υποφλοιώδεις δομές. Πρόκειται για ένα δυναμικό σύστημα το οποίο δύναται να τροποποιείται με την εμπειρία, ενώ η λειτουργία του μεταβάλλεται κατά τα διάφορα αναπτυξιακά στάδια, με τις κορυφαίες αλλαγές να σημειώνονται κατά την περίοδο της εφηβείας. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν να ερευνηθεί εάν ο νεογνικός χειρισμός μπορεί να επιδρά στο σύστημα των ενδοκανναβινοειδών και αν η επίδραση αυτή μπορεί να παρουσιάζεται με διαφορετικό τρόπο στην εφηβεία από την ενηλικίωση. Μελετήσαμε έτσι την έκφραση των υποδοχέων CB1 στον εγκέφαλο εφήβων και ενηλίκων επίμυων, σε περιοχές που εμπλέκονται στην αντιμετώπιση του στρες, στη μνήμη, τη μάθηση, το συναίσθημα και την ανταμοιβή, όπως ο προμετωπιαίος φλοιός, η αμυγδαλή, ο ιππόκαμπος, το ραβδωτό σώμα και ο επικλινής πυρήνας. Σύμφωνα με το παρόν πρωτόκολλο νεογνικού χειρισμού, κάθε νεογνό απομακρυνόταν από τη φωλιά για 15 λεπτά καθημερινά από την πρώτη μεταγεννητική ημέρα μέχρι τον απογαλακτισμό του, τρεις εβδομάδες μετά. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε η τεχνική του υβριδισμού in situ για την εντόπιση και ποσοτικοποίηση των επιπέδων mRNA των υποδοχέων CB1 και η μέθοδος της ποσοτικής αυτοραδιογραφίας in vitro για την μέτρηση των επιπέδων δέσμευσης του υποδοχέα. Τα αποτελέσματά της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι ο νεογνικός χειρισμός προκάλεσε μεταβολές στην έκφραση των υποδοχέων CB1, με τρόπο ειδικό σε κάθε περιοχή και συχνά διαφορετικό στους εφήβους και στους ενήλικες επίμυες. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι έφηβοι επίμυες με χειρισμό παρουσίασαν αυξημένα, ενώ οι ενήλικες μειωμένα επίπεδα δέσμευσης των υποδοχέων CB1 στις περιοχές του προμετωπιαίου φλοιού και του επικλινούς πυρήνα. Επιπρόσθετα, ο νεογνικός χειρισμός επέφερε αύξηση τόσο των επιπέδων mRNA όσο και των επιπέδων δέσμευσης στο ραβδωτό σώμα των εφήβων επίμυων. Αντίθετα, οι ενήλικες επίμυες που είχαν υποστεί χειρισμό παρουσίασαν μείωση στα επίπεδα του mRNA στο ραβδωτό σώμα, χωρίς μεταβολή στα επίπεδα του λειτουργικού υποδοχέα στη συγκεκριμένη περιοχή. Στην αμυγδαλή, ο νεογνικός χειρισμός προκάλεσε αύξηση στα επίπεδα του mRNA ανεξάρτητα από την ηλικία, η οποία ακολουθήθηκε από αύξηση στα επίπεδα δέσμευσης του υποδοχέα CB1 μόνο στους εφήβους επίμυες με χειρισμό, ενώ οι ενήλικες δεν παρουσίασαν στατιστικώς σημαντική μεταβολή. Οι μεταβολές στην έκφραση του υποδοχέα CB1 θεωρούμε ότι συντελούνται μέσω επιγενετικής ρύθμισης ως αποτέλεσμα του νεογνικού χειρισμού και συνιστούν μια αντισταθμιστική απάντηση στη μεταβολή της ανάδρομης ενδοκανναβινοειδούς σηματοδότησης. Έτσι, το αποτέλεσμά μας στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό, είναι πιθανόν να αντανακλά την ενίσχυση (στους ενήλικες) ή την αποδυνάμωση (στους εφήβους) της αρνητικής ανάδρομης ρύθμισης των κορτικοειδών στον άξονα του στρες, δεδομένων των αντίρροπων μεταβολών στα επίπεδα δέσμευσης του υποδοχέα CB1 στις δύο διαφορετικές ηλικίες. Τα αποτελέσματα στην αμυγδαλή, τον επικλινή πυρήνα και το ραβδωτό σώμα υποδηλώνουν αφενός μια διαφορετική «τονική» ρύθμιση του άξονα του στρες στα έφηβα ζώα με χειρισμό, και αφετέρου μια πιθανή εξασθένιση των λειτουργιών της ανταμοιβής και της δημιουργίας συνηθειών, η οποία ίσως να οδηγεί σε μειωμένη ευαισθησία στην εμφάνιση εθισμού. Συμπερασματικά, στην παρούσα μελέτη δείξαμε ότι η έκφραση των υποδοχέων CB1 μεταβάλλεται από το νεογνικό χειρισμό, ένα μοντέλο πρώιμης εμπειρίας, με τρόπο ειδικό ανά περιοχή και σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις διαφορετικό στους εφήβους από τους ενήλικες επίμυες. Αυτή η επίδραση του νεογνικού χειρισμού μπορεί να είναι ένας από τους παράγοντες που συμβάλλουν στην αυξημένη πλαστικότητα του εγκεφάλου των ζώων που έχουν υποστεί νεογνικό χειρισμό, η οποία εκδηλώνεται τόσο σε κυτταρικό όσο και στο συμπεριφορικό επίπεδο. / Neonatal handling, an experimental model of early-life experience, is known to affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, improving adaptability, coping with stress, cognitive abilities and in general brain plasticity-related processes. Previous studies have shown that neonatal handling modifies the serotonergic, the dopaminergic and the glutaminergic pathway, the major excitatory pathway in the brain, through selective effects in both NMDA and AMPA receptors in rat brain. The endocannabinoid system of the brain, acting through CB1 receptors, is critically involved in maintaining homeostasis and energy body balance and it seems to have "anxiolytic" role regulating behaviors such as eating, fear and anxiety, feeling of reward and euphoria. It also plays a specific role in neural development, guiding the establishment of cortical-subcortical connections. It is a dynamic system which can be modified by experience and its function varies at different developmental stages, with the highest changes occuring during the period of adolescence. The present study addressed the question of whether neonatal handling might affect the endocannabinoid system and whether this effect is different in adolescence than adulthood. Thus, we investigated the expression of CB1 receptors in the adolescent and adult rat brain, looking in areas involved in coping with stress, learning and memory, emotion and reward, such as prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum and nucleus accumbens. According to the current neonatal handling protocol, each pup of a litter was removed from the nest for 15 min daily from the first postnatal day (PND1) until weaning (PND22). In situ hybridization and in vitro receptor autoradiography were used in order to localize and quantify CB1 receptor mRNA levels and receptor binding levels, respectively. We found that neonatal handling leads to changes in CB1 receptor expression, depending on brain region, which were different in adolescent and adult rats. More specifically, adolescent handled rats showed increased, while adults showed decreased CB1 receptor binding levels in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. In addition, neonatal handling induced an increase in both mRNA and binding levels in striatum of adolescents. However, adult handled rats had decreased mRNA levels in striatum, without a change in receptor binding levels in this region. In amygdala, neonatal handling brought an increase in mRNA levels regardless of age, which was followed by an increase in CB1 receptor binding levels only in adolescent handled rats, while adults showed no statistically significant change. The observed changes in CB1 receptor expression are thought to occur via epigenetic regulation in response to neonatal handling and may constitute a compensatory response to the change of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Thus, our result in the prefrontal cortex, may reflect strengthening (in adults) or weakening (in adolescents) of negative feedback on stress axis through corticosteroids, due to the opposite changes observed in CB1 receptor binding levels in the two different ages. The results in amygdala, nucleus accumbens and striatum suggest a different "tonic" regulation on the stress axis in adolescent handled animals, and also a reduced reward and habit formation function, which may lead to reduced susceptibility to addiction. In conclusion, in the present study we have shown that neonatal handling, an early-life experience model, leads to changes in CB1 receptor expression in a region- and age-specific manner. This effect of handling could be one of the factors underlying the increased blain plasticity of neonatally handled animals, which is manifested both at the cellular and at the behavioural/systemic level.

No description available.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a crop that people have grown for a lot of years ago. It is amazing by its almost versatile use, whether in medicine, food, industry and power engineering. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the content of cannabidiol in different parts of hemp and the possibility of using these parts as a source of the compound. Morphologically distinct varieties - Bialobrzeskie and Finola were selected for the experiment. The Cannabidiol content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hemp roots, stems, male and female inflorescences and leaves were sampled for the determination of cannabidiol level. The highest content of cannabidiol was found in hemp flowers and leaves of Cannabis sativa. Therefore, theoretically, these parts of hemp grown for fiber could be used as a potential source of cannabidiol.

O sistema canabinóide parece participar de vários processos neurobiológicos, incluindo neuroproteção e plasticidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos de ablações retinianas sobre a expressão do receptor canabinóide CB1 e de proteínas estruturais no tecto óptico de pintos pelos métodos de imuno-histoquímica, immunoblotting e PCR em tempo real. Além disso, avaliamos os efeitos do tratamento com agonistas e antagonistas canabinóides em culturas de células do tecto óptico expostas ao NMDA por citometria de fluxo e quanto à morfologia. A ablação retiniana parece gerar um aumento da expressão da proteína CB1 no tecto óptico desaferentado, mas não dos níveis de RNAm. O tratamento das culturas com o agonista canabinóide diminuiu o número de células inviáveis e de DNA fragmentado gerados pelo NMDA. O aumento da expressão de CB1 após a ablação indica uma localização pós-sináptica desses receptores e sugere um papel do sistema canabinóide em processos de plasticidade. Os resultados da cultura de células sugerem um papel neuroprotetor do sistema canabinóide. / The cannabinoid system (CS) seems to have a role in several neurobiological processes, including neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity. The aims of this study were to verify the effects of unilateral retinal ablation on the expression of cannabinoid receptor CB1 and other structural proteins in the optic tectum of chick brain by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and real time PCR. Moreover, we evaluated the effects of cannabinoids agonists and antagonists treatment in optic tectum cell cultures exposed to the NMDA by flow cytometry and in the morphology. The retinal ablation seems to generate an increase in the expression of protein CB1 in the deafferented optic tectum, but not in the levels of mRNA. The treatment of the cultures with the cannabinoid agonist decreased the number of unviable cells and fragmented DNAs generated by NMDA. This increase of CB1 expression indicates a post-synaptic localization of these receptors and suggests a role of the CS in plasticity processes. The results of cell culture suggest neuroprotector role of the CS.

Il rinnovato interesse nella coltivazione della canapa industriale non è stato supportato da studi approfonditi e generalmente si basa su esperienze dirette di coltivazione. Questo studio si prefigge come obbiettivo quello di sfruttare tutte la parti della pianta di canapa per migliorare l’economicità complessiva della sua coltivazione tramite l’uso di tecniche agronomiche e di pratiche post-raccolta. La Cannabis sativa ha un vasto campo di applicazioni, tra cui le più promettenti in termini di ritorno economico sono il cosmetico e il farmaceutico. I composti naturali più interessanti della Cannabis sono i cannabinoidi non-psicoattivi cannabidiolo (CBD) e cannabigerolo (CBG) presenti in elevate concentrazioni nelle foglie e nelle brattee di Cannabis. Altri metaboliti secondari prodotti dalla canapa e di grande interesse sono le cannflavine, una classe di prenil-flavonoidi caratteristico di questa specie. Nel primo e nel secondo capitolo la dinamica temporale di accumulo dei metaboliti secondari ad elevato valore aggiunto è stata monitorata per alcune delle varietà più comuni di canapa industriale ed è stata determinata la produzione potenziale di questi composti. Nel terzo capitolo una collezione di semi di canapa è stata valutata per le caratteristiche morfologiche e per il contenuto e la qualità dell’olio. Concludendo questo studio contribuisce allo sviluppo di una coltivazione della canapa per le molteplici destinazioni d’uso dei semi e del fitocomplesso. / Rapidly growing interest into industrial hemp cultivation is not supported by strong data and generally is referred to a limited experience on field cultivation. This study aims to exploit all the parts of hemp plant, in order to ameliorate the overall economy of its cultivation and by providing information on agronomic management and post-harvest operations. Cannabis sativa has a wide range of industrial applications and the most promising, in terms of economic revenues, are the cosmetic and pharmaceutics. The most interesting phytochemicals in Cannabis are the cannabinoids, in particular the non-intoxicating compounds cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), present at high concentration in the leaves and bracts of Cannabis. Some other promising secondary metabolites of hemp are cannflavins, a class of prenyl-flavonoids characteristic of this species. In the first and second chapter the time course accumulation of high added-value compounds was monitored for some of the most common industrial hemp cultivars, and the potential production was assessed. In the third chapter a collection of hemp seeds was evaluated for its morphological characteristics and for its oil content and quality. In conclusion this thesis contributes to a further development of multipurpose hemp cultivation for seed and phytocomplex production.