La majorité des adolescents québécois auront consommé une substance psychoactive avant la fin de leurs études secondaires. Parmi les facteurs ayant une influence sur cette consommation, on retrouve les normes sociales, dont les normes descriptives. Ce mémoire vise à évaluer l’impact des normes descriptives du milieu scolaire sur les comportements d’usage de cannabis chez les adolescents québécois, ainsi que sur les méfaits attribués à cette consommation. Cette étude examine les liens entre l’écart de perception de prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein d’une école et la consommation ainsi que les conséquences attribuées à cet usage par les élèves. De plus, elle examine le rôle modérateur des écarts de perception de la prévalence de consommation sur la progression de la consommation, ainsi que sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et des conséquences attribuées à cette consommation un an plus tard. Provenant de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement, l’échantillon de cette étude est constitué de 1601 élèves suivis de secondaire 2 à secondaire 5. Des analyses de régression logistique multinomiale ont été conduites et ont montré que plus les élèves surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école, plus ils ont de chance de consommer du cannabis et d’attribuer des conséquences négatives à leur consommation un an plus tard. Les résultats ont également montré un effet modérateur positif de l’écart de perception de la prévalence sur la progression de la consommation de cannabis de secondaire 4 à 5, spécifiquement chez les élèves ayant une faible consommation en secondaire 4. Finalement, les résultats ont montré un deuxième effet modérateur de l’écart de perception de prévalence, celui-ci sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et l’attribution de conséquences négatives à cette consommation un an plus tard. Précisément, les élèves ayant une faible consommation et qui surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école auront plus de chance d’attribuer plusieurs méfaits à leur consommation en secondaire 5 que d’en attribuer aucun. Par contre, les élèves ayant une consommation de cannabis élevée en secondaire 4 ne rapportent pas plus ni moins de conséquences selon leur estimation de prévalence. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées. / Substance use in adolescence is a relatively common behavior. By the end of high school, a majority of Quebec teenagers will have experimented with psychoactive drugs or alcohol. Among the multiple factors influencing substance use are the social norms, namely the descriptive norms. This study evaluates the impact of the misperception of descriptive norms within the school context on marijuana use and its related consequences. Specifically, this study examines the relationship between the misperception of prevalence of cannabis use within a high school and the actual use of marijuana and its attributed related consequences. It also examines the moderating role of misperception of cannabis use prevalence on the progression of marijuana usage, and on the relationship between cannabis use in 10th grade and its attributed consequences a year later. Using data from the New Approaches, New Solutions intervention strategy, 1601 high school students were followed from grade 8 through grade 11. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted and have indicated that the more the students overestimate the prevalence of cannabis use, the more chances they have to use marijuana themselves and attribute negative consequences to their cannabis use a year later. Results have also shown a moderating effect of the misperception of prevalence of cannabis use on the progression of marijuana use from grade 10 to 11, particularly with the students using marijuana occasionally in grade 10. Results also indicate a moderating effect of the misperception of prevalence of school wide cannabis use on the relationship between marijuana use in grade 10 and attributed consequences a year later. Specifically, students using marijuana occasionally and who overestimate the prevalence of cannabis use by their school peers will have more chances of attributing more than three consequences to their drug use in grade 11 than to attribute no harm to it whereas students who use marijuana frequently in grade 10 do not attribute consequences in accordance with their estimation of the prevalence of cannabis use by their school peers. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

SITUATION: Multiple sclerosis belongs to the most common chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system. The disease is incurable, however it is treatable. Modern medicine has a variety of medications to relieve the symptoms and slowing the onset and progression. In many cases, however, treatment is not effective and often causes side effects. Cannabis and its products are used in the symptomatic and causal therapy of many diseases. The efficacy of cannabis treatment in multiple sclerosis is confirmed by several studies. Medical cannabis is a way how to relieve pain and muscle spasms. In 2013 in the Czech Republic there have been changes in laws allowing prescribing cannabis for medical treatment. OBJECTIVES: The study's goal is to describe the issues of self-medication using medical cannabis from the perspective of people suffering from multiple sclerosis. The primary objective is to map the following areas: introduction to cannabis and motivation to self- medication, frequency and methods of self-medication, therapeutic effects experienced during self-medication, side effects experienced during self-medication, perspectives of cannabis use in the future. METHODOLOGY: Self-selection in combination with snowball sampling method was used to obtain survey respondents. Data in this study...

The aim of this diploma thesis is analysing the preventive programmes in selected region of Prague 12 and suggesting a optimal preventive programme in the sphere of hempen drugs considering results of talks with experts and outputs of bachelor's thesis Marihuana - knowing and attitudes in selected region. Theoretic part pursues history od preventive programmes in the world and in the Czech republic, basic terminology of preventive programmes and Strategy of preventive programmes in Czech republic for actual period 2013-2018. In practical part is analyzed 27 talks with teachers, methodist of prevention and external trainer about their preventive programmes, pursuant them is compiled optimal selection of preventive programme of addictive sbstances for elementary schools. The selection is responding to respondents' satisfaction with selected preventive programmes and his aim is second a idea to entrust a primary prevention to teachers' hands.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science. December 2015 / Cervical cancer remains a global health related issue among females of Sub-Saharan Africa, with over half a million new cases reported each year. Different therapeutic regimens have been suggested in various regions of Africa, however, over a quarter of a million women die of cervical cancer, annually. This makes it the most lethal cancer amongst black women in this area, and makes it important to search for new effective therapeutic drugs through screening of medicinal plant extracts used by many in Sub-Saharan Africa as potential anti-cervical cancer agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative effects of Cannabis sativa extracts and its isolate, cannabidiol on cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, SiHa, and ME-180. To achieve our aim, phytochemical screening, MTT assay, cell growth analysis, flow cytometry, morphology analysis, Western blot, caspase 3/7 assay, and ATP measurement assay were conducted were conducted. Results obtained indicate that both plant extracts induced cell death at an IC50 of 50 – 100μg/ml and the Inhibition of cell growth was cell line dependent. Flow cytometry confirmed that, with or without cell cycle arrest, the type of induced cell death was apoptosis. Cannabis sativa extracts led to the up-regulation of apoptosis proteins (p53, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9) and the down regulation of anti-apoptosis proteins (Bcl-2 and RBBP6), signalling the execution of apoptosis. Apoptosis induction was further confirmed by morphological changes, an increase in Caspase 3/7 and a decrease in the ATP levels. In conclusion, this data implies Cannabis sativa crude extracts has the potential to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines, which may be due to the presence of cannabidiol. Key words: Apoptosis, cervical cancer cells, cannabidiol, and Cannabis sativa extracts

Modern media patterns show feminist narratives being used to market different consumer products in the name of female empowerment and emancipation. Typically, the industries targeted have historically been dominated by male perspectives and aim to perpetuate a capitalist consumer culture. The newly legalized cannabis industry in North America, has seen an increase in female participation both in production and consumption. This thesis takes Broccoli, an all-female produced magazine about cannabis, as a case to textually analyze how feminist narratives are used to appeal to their majority female and non-binary audience to a cannabis consumer lifestyle. In the analysis I have found that the magazine is critical to postfeminist notions of consumer culture, while simultaneously working within them in order to act as pioneers, holding a female-oriented space within the industry.

Notre objectif principal dans ce travail consiste à analyser les facteurs associés à la consommation problématique d’alcool, de tabac ou de cannabis, et aux rôles respectifs des lois et de la communication intrafamiliale des dangers liés à leur usage. Globalement, la norme et le contrôle parental jouent un rôle déterminant dans l’usage de ces trois substances par les 15-25 ans et sont souvent associés à l’intention de rester non-consommateur de tabac, de retarder l’initiation du cannabis et aux intentions de diminuer le nombre de verres bu au cours d’une même soirée ainsi que les alcoolisations ponctuelles importantes (API) fréquentes chez les plus jeunes (15-17 ans). En outre, nos résultats montrent que le sujet relatif aux dangers des drogues comme le cannabis est bien discuté dans les familles mais pas de façon récurrente et que cette discussion est fortement liée au genre. Nos analyses suggèrent la nécessité de lutter contre le tabagisme quotidien des 15-17 ans car toutes les actions prises permettront in fine de lutter contre l’initiation précoce du cannabis. Concernant les non-consommateurs comme les consommateurs de cannabis et d’alcool (API), les efforts de prévention à l’expérimentation et, à la diminution ou à l’arrêt de l’usage devraient être axés prioritairement sur l’amélioration des compétences parentales et sur la résistance à la pression des pairs. / Our main goal in this work is to analyze the factors linked with the controversial consumption of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana and to analyze the role of laws and of the inner family communication about the risk of their use.Norms and parental control have generally a determining role in the use of those three illegal substances in the 15-25 years group. They are usually linked to the idea of remaining clean, I.E, not consuming tobacco and delaying the first contact with marijuana. And to the intention of decreasing the number of glasses during a party as well as the frequent consumption of alcohol which is quite common among the youngers (15-17 years old). Beside this idea, our research shows that topics dealing with alcohol, drugs and tobacco are discussed within the family circle, but are not a repetitive phenomenon. That type of discussion has to do with gender. Our analyses suggest the idea of fighting against the daily consumption of tobacco among youth (15-17 years old). Because all the precautions taken would therefore allow to fight against an early consumption marijuana. For those who do not consume alcohol and drugs, efforts put on prevention and on the decrease or the total absence of their use should be narrowed down on peer pressure and the improvement of parental skills on the issue.

<p>Den här uppsatsen handlar om Haoma som religiös rusdryck. Inom den rådande forskningen, både nationellt och internationellt har riter och rus påverkan ägnats mycket uppmärksamhet, detta gäller även för Haomadrycken. Syftet med denna text är att ge en övergripande bild över vilken huvudingrediensen i Haomadrycken kan ha varit, baserat på tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Med detta inte sagt att jag försöker ge en heltäckande bild av forskningsfältet eftersom det är stort. I detta ligger även min avgränsning, jag har valt de forskningsverk och arbeten som är aktuella för att ringa in de olika forskningsgrenarna vad gäller just vilken huvudingrediensen kan ha varit i den ursprungliga Haomadrycken. Texten kommer även att behandla dagens Haomaritual och hur den utövas idag och dess föregångare. I valet att studera just Haomadrycken ligger även en avgränsning i att inte ge en heltäckande bild av forskningen runt personen Zoroaster. Även om så är fallet är det nödvändigt att ge en kortare överblick över personen och dennes betydelse. För detta ändamål har jag gjort ett urval och valt att använda några forskares arbeten om Zoroaster och den miljö han kom ifrån som en ingång till själva bruket av drycken Haoma.</p> / Uppsatsen har skrivits inom ramen för masterprogrammet "Forntida religioner" som ges i samarbete mellan Högskolan i Gävle, Uppsala universitet och Högskolan Dalarna. Uppsatsen har senare publicerats i "Amirani", nr 21, 2009, http://www.caucasology.com/amirani.htm Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till Söderlind-Jaramillo.

This dissertation analogically applies a framework of minor literary analysis to uniquely political units of the built environment. As urbanism is conventionally understood to be executed per the greatest utility of established communal objectives, an underlying politicization is inherent as such forms must adhere to dominant norms of development which potentially marginalize those who practice cultural methods outside normative standards. Employing a uniquely architectural method of environmental justice advocacy, select communities facing disenfranchisement react by self-producing urban-architectural forms ("UAFs") to protect threatened cultural values from marginalization. Installed to subvert the existing power dynamic, such UAFs are potential exhibitions of minor architecture. Adopting the analytical standards established by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari for evaluating Franz Kafka's literature, this paper tests six UAFs to discover if a minor architecture is possible under contemporary globalization. Employing an enumerated framework of minor production characteristics, an interpretive-historical analysis is the primary method of judgment regarding each unit's execution of minor architecture. Two secondary tests are undertaken to validate the primary findings, the first of which is a physio-logical evaluation that characterizes and measures urban resource utility as per collective minority aims. Second, a newspaper correlation test is undertaken so as to judge the enunciative effectiveness of each community per issues of minority politics. Of the six cases examined, two have their source in cinema including "Bartertown" of MAD MAX BEYOND THUNDERDOME (1985) and the "House on Paper Street" of FIGHT CLUB (1999). The four remaining cases include the Tibetan Government-in-Exile of Dharamsala, India; Student Bonfire of Robertson County, Texas; Isla Vista Recreation & Park District of Santa Barbara County, California; and the Emergent Cannabis Community of Arcata, California. Of all the cases studied, only the Tibetan Government-in-Exile met both the conditions of minor architecture and was validated in terms of practiced urban resource use as well as effective representation in mainstream newsprint. Both cinematic cases failed as minor productions of the built environment. Although they did not find full validation, the three remaining real-world UAFs each were found on a course of minor architectural expression at varying stages of execution.

Background: A younger age at onset of use of a specific substance is a well-documented risk-factor for a substance use disorder (SUD) related to that specific substance. However, the cross-substance relationship between a younger age at onset of alcohol use (AU) and nicotine use (NU) and the risk of cannabis use disorders (CUD) in adolescence and early adulthood remains unclear. Aims: To identify the sequence of and latency between initial AU/NU and initial cannabis use (CU). To investigate whether younger age at AU- and NU-onset is associated with any and earlier CU-onset and a higher risk of transition from first CU to CUD, taking into account externalizing disorders (ED) and parental substance use disorders as putative influential factors. Methods: Prospective-longitudinal community study with N = 3021 subjects (baseline age 14–24) and up to four assessment waves over up to ten years with additional direct parental and family history information. Substance use and CUD were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Results: Most subjects with CU reported AU (99%) and NU (94%). Among users of both substances, 93% reported AU prior to CU (87% for NU). After adjustment for ED and parental substance use disorders younger age at AU-onset was associated with any CU. Younger age at NU-onset was associated with earlier CU initiation. Younger age at AU- and NU-onset was not associated with a higher risk of CUD. Conclusions: The cross-substance relevance of younger age at first AU and NU for the risk of CUD is limited to early CU involvement.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om Haoma som religiös rusdryck. Inom den rådande forskningen, både nationellt och internationellt har riter och rus påverkan ägnats mycket uppmärksamhet, detta gäller även för Haomadrycken. Syftet med denna text är att ge en övergripande bild över vilken huvudingrediensen i Haomadrycken kan ha varit, baserat på tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Med detta inte sagt att jag försöker ge en heltäckande bild av forskningsfältet eftersom det är stort. I detta ligger även min avgränsning, jag har valt de forskningsverk och arbeten som är aktuella för att ringa in de olika forskningsgrenarna vad gäller just vilken huvudingrediensen kan ha varit i den ursprungliga Haomadrycken. Texten kommer även att behandla dagens Haomaritual och hur den utövas idag och dess föregångare. I valet att studera just Haomadrycken ligger även en avgränsning i att inte ge en heltäckande bild av forskningen runt personen Zoroaster. Även om så är fallet är det nödvändigt att ge en kortare överblick över personen och dennes betydelse. För detta ändamål har jag gjort ett urval och valt att använda några forskares arbeten om Zoroaster och den miljö han kom ifrån som en ingång till själva bruket av drycken Haoma. / Uppsatsen har skrivits inom ramen för masterprogrammet "Forntida religioner" som ges i samarbete mellan Högskolan i Gävle, Uppsala universitet och Högskolan Dalarna. Uppsatsen har senare publicerats i "Amirani", nr 21, 2009, http://www.caucasology.com/amirani.htm Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till Söderlind-Jaramillo.