In situ burning (ISB) is a practical method of oil spill cleanup in icy conditions. This study investigates one example of a likely oil spill scenario; burning oil in an ice cavity. In this situation, unique and unexplored physical processes come into play compared with the classical problem of confined pool fires in vessels. The icy walls of the cavity create a significant heat sink causing notable lateral heat losses especially for small cavity sizes (5-10 cm). Melting of ice because of the heat from the flame causes the geometry of cavity to change. Specifically, the diameter of the pool fire increases as the burning advances. This widening causes the fuel to stretch laterally thereby reducing its thickness at a faster rate. The melted ice water causes the oil layer to rise which causes the ullage height to decrease. The decrease in ullage and increase in diameter counteract the reduction in thickness because of widening or stretching of the fuel layer. There thus exists a strong coupling between the burning rate and the geometry change of the pool and cavity. To explore the problem, experiments were performed in circular ice cavities of varying diameters (5 - 25 cm). The change in shape of the ice cavity and the oil layer thickness are recorded using a combination of visual images, mass loss, and temperature data along the centerline and edge of the cavity. The average burning rate of crude oil in a cavity is greater than the corresponding burning rate in a vessel of equal diameter, yet the burning efficiency (% of fuel consumed during combustion) is lower. For example, the average mass loss rate in a 10 cm ice cavity is 50% higher than a steel vessel of similar size. However, the burning efficiency is lower by 50%. Widening of cavity (170%) contributes to the increase in the average mass burning rate. At the same time heat losses through fuel layer increase because of decrease in fuel thickness by widening of the fuel layer. This coupling is analyzed using a mathematical model which can predict burning rate and efficiency of crude oil in an ice cavity for the range of cavity diameters examined. Extension of the model to larger sizes comparable to realistic situations in the Arctic is discussed.

The inferior turbinates are important anatomical nasal structures that provide warmth, humidification, and filtration of the inspired air to provide optimal conditioning for lung function. Besides these well-established basic functions, the turbinates are also important in immune function as the interface between the airway and the environment. Proper functioning of the inferior turbinates relies on an intact autonomic system, which maintains homeostasis within the nasal cavity. The autonomic nervous system innervates the submucosal glands and the vasculature within the inferior turbinate, resulting in control of major turbinate functions: nasal secretions, nasal patency, and amount of warmth and humidification provided. This thesis will summarize the normal and abnormal autonomic processes that contribute to the inferior turbinate as an autonomic organ.

by Chung Lap Chan. / "March 1999." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 270-307). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma variação da técnica de espectroscopia por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down CRDS (do acrônimo em inglês Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy) para a obtenção simultânea do espectro de absorção de multicomponentes numa faixa espectral larga do visível. Esta nova técnica se resume no uso do espectro supercontinuum (resultante da irradiação de meios não lineares através de lasers de femtossegundo, ou simplesmente gerada por fontes compactas) como fonte de luz para iluminar a cavidade. Neste contexto são descritas as características dos módulos para a montagem de um MC-SC-CRDS (Multicomponent Supercontinuum Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy): os pares de espelhos altamente refletivos, a cavidade ressonante e o sistema de detecção. Alguns problemas relacionados à excitação de multimodos, à luz difusa, ao uso efetivo do intervalo dinâmico de detecção, à baixa resolução do instrumento em resolver linhas estreitas de absorção são situados. Apresentamos os espectros de absorção de H2O (políades 4nu, 4nu + delta ) e O2 (transições proibidas de spin b-X) simultaneamente medidos por essa técnica na faixa do visível, e uma comparação com as linhas de absorção baseadas do banco de dados HITRAN é feita para demonstrar a funcionalidade deste método. / In this work, we present a variation of the technique CRDS (Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy) to obtain simultaneously a multicomponent absorption spectrum in a broad visible range. This new approach uses the Supercontinuum (SC) spectrum (resulting from irradiation of nonlinear media by femtosecond lasers, or simply generated by compact sources) as a light source to illuminate the cavity. In this context it is described the features of the modules assembling a MC-SC-CRDS (Multicomponent Supercontinuum Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy): a set of high refletivity mirrors, the resonant cavity and the detection system. Some problems related to the multimode excitation, stray light, effective use of the dynamic range of the detector, the poor resolution of the instrument to resolve narrow absorption lines are issued. We present the absorption spectra of H2O (polyads 4nu, 4nu + delta ) and O2 (spin-forbidden b-X branch) measured simultaneously by this technique in the visible range and a comparison with the absorption lines based on HITRAN database is made to demonstrate the functionality of this method.

For cavity quantum electrodynamics systems (cavity-QED) to play a role in quantum information processing applications and in quantum networks, they must be robust and scalable in addition to having a suitable method for the generation, processing and storage of quantum bits. One solution is to develop a composite system that couples a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond to a whispering gallery mode supported by a fused silica microsphere. Such a system is motivated by the optical and electron-spin properties of the NV center. The NV center is the leading spin-qubit and exhibits atomic like linewidths at cryogenic temperatures and has spin coherence times greater than milliseconds at room temperature. These long coherence times, coupled with nanosecond scale spin readout and manipulation times, allow for millions of quantum operations to be processed. Silica whispering gallery resonators are the only class of microresonators with quality factor high enough to reach the strong coupling regime, which is necessary for some quantum information processing applications. Integrating these two components into a system that could position a diamond nanopillar near the surface of a deformed-double stemmed microsphere system, with nanometer precision, at 10 K was a major achievement of this research. Cavity resonances in deformed microspheres can be excited with a free-space coupling technique which simplifies their integration into cryogenic environments. In these intentionally deformed resonators, an enhanced evanescent field decay length was observed at specific locations along the ray orbit. The double-stem arrangement enables the cavity resonance to be tuned over 450 GHz, with sub-10 MHz resolution, at 10 K. These two features, the enhanced decay length and broad range tuning with high resolution, are indispensible tools for cavity-QED studies with silica microspheres. Diamond nanopillars were fabricated from single crystal diamond with diameters as small as 140 nm in order to maintain a high quality factor. Studies were conducted on NV centers in nanopillars and bulk diamond to determine their suitability for cavity-QED applications. In an attempt to increase the light-matter interaction between NV centers and whispering gallery modes, diamond substrates were optically characterized that were irradiated with nitrogen ions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brandao_sm_me_botfm.pdf: 3665016 bytes, checksum: 75fc54153ef156f5ca956b6030a55db2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A reposição do volume perdido nas cavidades enucleadas e evisceradas é feita há muitos anos. O vidro foi o primeiro material utilizado para este fim, seguido por uma série de outros, sem que nenhum deles possa ser considerado como o material ideal. Mais recentemente, o vidro ou melhor, o biovidro, voltou ao cenário das reconstruções em outras áreas da Medicina, levantando-se a hipótese do uso destes em cavidade anoftálmica. Avaliar experimentalmente a biocompatibilidade de cones de biovidro, biovitrocerâmico I e biovitrocerâmico II em cavidades evisceradas de coelhos. Foram utilizados 51 coelhos albinos, espécie Orictolagus cuniculus, submetidos a cirurgia de evisceração do olho direito, seguida da inclusão de cones na cavidade escleral. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos (G) que diferiram pelo tipo de biomaterial de que eram feitos os cones: cones de biovidro (GA), cones de biovitrocerâmico I (GB) e cones de biovitrocerâmico II (GC). Os animais foram sacrificados em três momentos (M) experimentais: sete (M1), 90 (M2) e 180 (M3) dias após a colocação dos cones na cavidade eviscerada. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso no início e ao final do período experimental; exame clínico diário; exames bioquímicos (TGO, TGP, CPK, FA, LDH, Uréia e Creatinina) imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico e nos momentos de sacrifício; avaliação histológica do conteúdo orbitário e exame morfométrico da pseudocápsula e celularidade formada ao redor dos cones nos momentos de sacrifício; estudo tomográfico da órbita 45 dias após a evisceração e colocação dos cones; e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, realizada em seis coelhos no M3. O exame clínico e os exames bioquímicos dos animais mostraram que os animais mantiveram-se saudáveis durante o experimento. Houve boa integração dos cones com os tecidos do hospedeiro em todos os grupos e em todo... / Replacement of lost volume in eviscerated and enucleated cavities has been performed for many years. Glass was the first material for this purpose, followed by a number of others, although none of them could be considered an ideal one. Recently, bioglass made its return at the reconstruction scenery, bringing up the hypothesis of its use in anophthalmic cavity. To evaluate bioglass, bioglassceramic and bioglassceramic II biocompatibility in rabbit’s eviscerated cavities. 51 rabbitis were used, species Orictolagus cuniculus, all submitted to right eye evisceration surgery, followed by the inclusion of protheses in the escleral cavity. Those animals were gathered in 3 groups (G), distinguished through the type of material used to manufacture the cones: bioglass (GA), bioglassceramic (GB) and bioglassceramic II (GC). The animals were sacrificed at three distinctive experimental moments (M): 7 (M1), 90 (M2) and 180 (M3) days after the placement of cones in eviscerated cavities. The parameters evaluated were: daily clinical exam; biochemical exam (AST, ALT, CK, AP, HDL, urea and creatinine) before surgery and sacrifice; histological analysis; morphometric evaluation; ocular tomography 45 days after surgery; and scanning electron microscopy evaluation in six rabbits in M3. Clinical and biochemical examination led to the conclusion that the animals stayed healthy during the experiment. There was good cone integration with the host tissue in every group and throughout every experimental moment, having occurred extrusion in none of the animals. Histologically, it was observed pseudocapsule formation around the cones, composed of fibrovascular reaction, neovases, low amount of erythrocyte and inflammatory cells. Morphometric evaluation showed that the inflammatory reaction was higher at M1, getting progressively lower while getting at M3, being the lowest in rabbits which received ... (Complete abstract click access electronic below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 josgrilberg_e_dr_arafo.pdf: 1774679 bytes, checksum: ae031b6add35dd8be0e61381e81747cc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os estados emocionais indicativos de medo/ansiedade da criança com (CE) ou sem experiência odontológica prévia (SE) frente à utilização de três diferentes formas de realização de preparos cavitários: ultra-som (Sistema CVDentus®), sistema de abrasão a ar (Rondoflex®) e alta rotação (Kavo). Quarenta e oito crianças de 7-11 anos de idade foram divididas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (CE e SE). O tratamento odontológico compreendeu o preparo cavitário de lesões de cárie oclusal nos dentes 16 e 26, realizados em duas sessões, utilizando Alta Rotação e o Abrasão a ar ou Ultra-som. Durante a consulta a freqüência cardíaca da criança foi aferida nas seguintes situações: sala de espera, ao sentar na cadeira, anestesia, isolamento absoluto, cinco minutos após o início do tratamento e ao final da consulta. Além disso, foi aplicada a escala “Facial Image to assess child dental anxiety - FIS”, antes e após cada atendimento. Para a avaliação do medo da criança foi utilizado o teste “Children Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSSDS)”. Para a avaliação do comportamento infantil foi utilizada a escala de Frankl. Os resultados obtidos do Teste de Friedman para freqüência cardíaca e para a escala “FIS” não apontaram diferença estatística entre os grupos CE e SE e entre as três tecnologias utilizadas. Entretanto, houve aumento nos batimentos cardíacos ao sentar na cadeira odontológica (p < 0,05). Os resultados obtidos pelo teste CFSS-DS apontou uma amostra homogênea com baixos níveis de medo/ansiedade odontológica. Nenhuma criança apresentou comportamento definitivamente negativo ou negativo. Conclui-se o medo/ansiedade da criança aumenta quando ela senta na cadeira odontológica, porém tende a diminuir no decorrer do tratamento independente da tecnologia utilizada para o preparo cavitário. / The aim of this study was to identify fear/anxiety in children with past dental experience (CE) or not (SE) using three different manner of dental cavity preparation: ultrasound (Sistema CVDentus®), air abrasion system (Rondoflex®) and rotatory instrument (Kavo). Forty eight children, with 8- 12 years old were randomly divided into 2 groups (CE e SE). Dental treatment was realized in two sessions, including dental cavity preparation of occlusal caries on 16 e 26 tooth, using Rotatory Instrument and o Air Abrasion System or Ultrasound. During dental procedures children heart rate was taken, on following situations: waiting room, seating on dental chair, anesthesia, when using rubber dam, 5 minutes after the treatment beginning and on final session. Additionally, a “Facial Image to assess child dental anxiety” (FIS) was uses before and after treatment. To evaluate children dental fear was used the questionnaire “Children Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS- DS)”. The comparison of the two groups (CE and SE) and the three technologies use for dental cavity preparation in heart rate study and FIS, submitted to Friedman’s test resulted on no significant difference. However, it was observed higher heart rate when children seats on dental chair (p < 0.05). CFSS-DS results demonstrate a homogeneous sample with lower dental fear/anxiety. It was concluded that children anxiety and fear are higher on sitting on dental chair and tend to diminish during technological devices free treatment.

Superconducting thin films are a possible alternative to bulk niobium for superconducting radio frequency cavity applications. Thin film cavities have produced larger Q0 than bulk niobium at low accelerating voltages [1], are less susceptible to external magnetic fields and therefore require less magnetic shielding than bulk niobium cavities [2] and can benefit from substrates which conduct heat more effectively than bulk niobium [3]. The major drawback for current thin film cavity technology is the large Q slope which is observed above accelerating gradients of 6 7 MV/m. The mechanism for the Q slope is not yet fully understood. Theories have been suggested but are not accepted by everyone within the scientific community [2, 4, 5, 6, 7]. It is assumed that a better understanding of the physical properties of superconducting films is required before the origins of the sharp Q slope can be elucidated. This study has been conducted to better understand the physical properties of superconducting thin films deposited by the magnetron sputtering process. In particular, superconducting niobium films have been deposited by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and tested by a wide range of analytical techniques as a function of the substrate temperature and applied bias during deposition. Analytical techniques which have been used include x-ray diffraction crystallography, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, residual resistance ratio, DC magnetometry and RF surface resistance measurements. Results showed that the application of an applied bias during deposition resulted in increased energy of bombarding ions and enhanced rates of surface diffusion and defect annihilation within the microstructure of a growing niobium film. However, large numbers of random complex defects formed once the energy of bombarding ions becomes too large. The systematic approach that was described to investigate the changing morphological and DC superconducting properties of deposited films, as a function of the applied bias, allowed the identification of which process conditions produce the fewest random complex defects. The same systematic investigations could be applied to any HiPIMS deposition facility to provide similar results. An important observation during the study is that the initial substrate conditions have a large influence on the properties of a deposited niobium film. Niobium films deposited onto polycrystalline copper substrate that was pre-annealed at 700 ˚C prior to deposition displayed more stable magnetic flux pinning, larger RRR and an enhanced resistance to the onset of flux penetration, than was observed for films deposited with a wide range of process conditions onto as received copper substrate. Superconductors other than niobium have been successfully deposited by HiPIMS and tested. Niobium titanium nitride thin films displayed a superconducting transition temperature up to 16.7 K, with a normal state resistivity as small as 45±7 μΩcm. The findings suggest that similar niobium titanium nitride thin films could produce smaller RF surface resistance than bulk niobium cavities at 4.2 K.

O carcinoma epidermoide de cavidade oral (CECO) é um dos tumores mais comuns em câncer de cabeça e pescoço, com aproximadamente 300.000 novos casos e 145.000 mortes em todo o mundo. Apesar da intensa pesquisa e dos avanços recentes no diagnóstico e terapia, a taxa de sobrevivência dos pacientes ainda é baixa. Os estudos da metabolômica levaram a uma melhor compreensão do metabolismo do câncer, no seu desenvolvimento e progressão. Essas descobertas possibilitaram a identificação de biomarcadores metabólicos que podem auxiliar na identificação de doenças e tratamentos. O presente estudo buscou três objetivos: (1) Identificar e quantificar os metabólitos plasmáticos em portadores de CECO e em controles, utilizando técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN); (2) Comparar a concentração plasmática de metabólitos de pacientes com CECO com a de seus controles estratificados por variáveis clínicas, patológicas, sociodemográficas e características de estilo de vida; (3) Avaliar se as concentrações de metabólitos estão relacionadas com a presença da doença (CECO), ajustadas pelas variáveis epidemiológicas e características de estilo de vida. Para a análise dos metabólitos, amostras de plasma sanguíneo de 47 casos e de 49 controles foram identificadas, quantificadas e comparadas com variáveis clínicas, patológicas, sociodemográficas e características de estilo de vida por meio de análises estatísticas. Os resultados mostram que todos os indivíduos portadores de CECO estiveram expostos em algum momento da vida aos fatores de risco (álcool, tabaco e má higiene bucal). Além disso, as variáveis mostraram interferir na concentração dos metabólitos, estes que apresentaram-se alterados, principalmente os que possuem relação com as vias metabólicas de obtenção de energia, sugerindo que o metabolismo de pacientes com CECO difere dos indivíduos sem a doença (controles) / Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCCOC) is one of the most common tumors in head and neck cancer, with approximately 300,000 new cases and 145,000 deaths worldwide each year. Despite intense research and recent advances in diagnosis and therapy, the patient\'s survival rate is still low. Metabolism studies have led to a better understanding of the metabolism of cancer in its development and progression. Theses findings allowed the identification of metabolic biomarkers that may aid to identificate diseases and treatments. This current study aimed at three objectives: (1) To identify and quantify plasma metabolites in SCCOC patients and controls using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques; (2) To compare plasma concentration of metabolites of patients with SCCOC and its stratified controls by clinical, pathological, sociodemographics, and lifestyle characteristics; (3) To evaluate whether the metabolic concentrations are related to the presence of SCCOC, adjusted by epidemiological variables and lifestyle characteristics. In order to analyze the metabolites, blood plasma samples from 47 cases and 49 controls were identified, quantified and compared with clinical, pathological, sociodemographic, and lifestyle variables by means of statistical analysis. The results show that all subjects with SCCOC were exposed eventually to risk factors (alcohol consumption, smoking and bad oral hygiene). Furthermore, the variables showed to interfere in the concentration of metabolites, which have been altered, especially those that are related to metabolic pathways of obtaining energy, suggesting that the metabolism of patients with SCCOC differs from the individuals without the disease (controls)

Introduction. The adverse health effects of cigarette smoking are well established, including the direct effects of nicotine on human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. However, the direct effects of nicotine in the nasal cavity remain uninvestigated. The study aim was to ascertain the direct effect of chemical components in cigarette smoke on the microbial flora or microbiota of the nasal cavity. Methods. We enrolled 40 participants from the Benson Idahosa University’s Health clinics to conduct this study. Information on demographic characteristics including age, sex, and smoking duration was obtained at baseline. We collected nasal swabs of 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers. The wool content of the swap stick was immediately stored in mac Cathy bottles containing 9 ml of normal saline and transported to the laboratory in less than 45 minutes after collection for microbiological analysis under aseptic condition. The enumeration of the microorganisms was carried out using the streak and pours plate method on Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Mac coney agar and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA). A two-sample t-test was used to determine differences in enumeration of microorganisms and isolates between smokers and non-smokers. Results. Total bacterial counts for the smokers ranged from 177 - 307 x 102 cfu/ml and 223 - 551 x 102 cfu/ml for non-smokers with (p = 0.046 Nutrient agar, and p = 0.011 PDA). The bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Streptococcus pneumonia, and the fungi isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Tricoderma viridae, respectively. The mean of nutrient agar in smokers is significantly lower (12.10) than that in nonsmokers (19.35), and the mean of PDA in smokers is significantly higher in smokers (5.75) than in nonsmokers (2.35). Higher percentages of gram-negative rods including Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%), Escherichia coli (20%) and Proteus vulgaris (20%) were identified in the smokers, which is in contrast to higher percentage of gram-positive cocci including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia identified in non-smokers. The most commonly isolated fungus in smokers was Aspergillus niger (45%) and nonsmokers was Rhizopus stolonifer (60%). Conclusions. Study findings demonstrated increased bacterial count and isolates in nasal cavity of smokers than non-smokers. Future studies should be warranted to understand the mechanistic role of nicotine in influencing microbiota of the nasal cavity.