Description d'un outil d'aide à la conception et à la vérification de systèmes communicants qui est basé sur le calcul CCS de Milner.

Remote experimentation and control have led researchers to develop new technologies as well as implement existing techniques. The multidisciplinary nature of research in electromechanical systems has led to the synergy of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science. This work describes the design of a model of a Gantry Mechanism, which maneuvers a web-cam. The user controls virtually the position of end-effecter of the Gantry Mechanism using a Graphical User Interface. The GUI is accessed over the Internet. In order to reduce the unbalanced vibrations of the Gantry Mechanism, we investigate the development of an algorithm of input shaping. A model of the Gantry Mechanism is built, and it is controlled over the Internet to view experimentation of the SCARA Robot. The system performance is studied by comparing the inputs such as distances and angles with outputs, and methods to improve the performance are suggested.

Remote experimentation and control have led researchers to develop new technologies as well as implement existing techniques. The multidisciplinary nature of research in electromechanical systems has led to the synergy of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science. This work describes the design of a model of a Gantry Mechanism, which maneuvers a web-cam. The user controls virtually the position of end-effecter of the Gantry Mechanism using a Graphical User Interface. The GUI is accessed over the Internet. In order to reduce the unbalanced vibrations of the Gantry Mechanism, we investigate the development of an algorithm of input shaping. A model of the Gantry Mechanism is built, and it is controlled over the Internet to view experimentation of the SCARA Robot. The system performance is studied by comparing the inputs such as distances and angles with outputs, and methods to improve the performance are suggested.

The Gulf Coast of Texas has been proposed as a high capacity storage region for geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO₂. The Miocene section within the Texas State Waters is an attractive offshore alternative to onshore sequestration. However, the stratigraphic targets of interest highlight a need to utilize fault-bounded structural traps. Regional capacity estimates in this area have previously focused on simple volumetric estimations or more sophisticated fill-to-spill scenarios with faults acting as no-flow boundaries. Capacity estimations that ignore the static and dynamic sealing capacities of faults may therefore be inaccurate. A comprehensive fault seal analysis workflow for CO₂-brine membrane fault seal potential has been developed for geologic site selection in the Miocene section of the Texas State Waters. To reduce uncertainty of fault performance, a fault seal calibration has been performed on 6 Miocene natural gas traps in the Texas State Waters in order to constrain the capillary entry pressures of the modeled fault gouge. Results indicate that modeled membrane fault seal capacity for the Lower Miocene section agrees with published global fault seal databases. Faults can therefore serve as effective seals, as suggested by natural hydrocarbon accumulations. However, fault seal capacity is generally an order of magnitude lower than top seal capacity in the same stratigraphic setting, with implications for storage projects. For a specific non-hydrocarbon producing site studied for sequestration (San Luis Pass salt dome setting) with moderately dipping (16°) traps (i.e. high potential column height), membrane fault seal modeling is shown to decrease fault-bound trap area, and therefore storage capacity volume, compared with fill-to-spill modeling. However, using the developed fault seal workflow at other potential storage sites will predict the degree to which storage capacity may approach fill-to-spill capacity, depending primarily on the geology of the fault (shale gouge ratio – SGR) and the structural relief of the trap. / text

Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) are commonly proposed tracers for use in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) leak detection and vadose zone monitoring programs. Tracers are co-injected with supercritical CO₂ and monitored in the vadose zone to identify leakage and calculate leakage rates. These calculations assume PFTs exhibit “ideal” tracer behavior (i.e. do not sorb onto or react with porous media, partition into liquid phases or undergo decay). This assumption has been brought into question by lab and field evaluations showing PFT partitioning into soil contaminants and sorbing onto clay. The objective of this study is to identify substrates in which PFTs behave conservatively and quantify non-conservative behavior. PFT breakthrough curves are compared to those of a second, conservative tracer, sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆). Breakthrough curves are generated in 1D flow-through columns packed with 5 different substrates: silica beads, quartz sand, illite, organic-rich soil, and organic-poor soil. Constant flow rate of carrier gas, N₂, is maintained. A known mass of tracer is injected at the head of the columns and the effluent analyzed at regular intervals for tracers at picogram levels by gas chromatography. PFT is expected to behave conservatively with respect to SF₆ in silica beads or quartz sand and non-conservatively in columns with clay or organics. However, results demonstrate PFT retardation with respect to SF₆ in all media (retardation factor is 1.1 in silica beads and quartz sand, 2.5 in organic-rich soil, >20 in organic-poor soil, and >100 in illite). Retardation is most likely due to sorption onto clays and soil organic matter or condensation to the liquid phase. Sorption onto clays appears to be the most significant factor. Experimental data are consistent with an analytical advection/diffusion model. These results show that PFT retardation in the vadose zone has not been adequately considered for interpretation of PFT data for CCS monitoring. These results are preliminary and do not take into account more realistic vadose zone conditions such as the presence of water, in which PFTs are insoluble. Increased moisture content will likely decrease sorption onto porous media and retardation in the vadose zone may be less than determined in these experiments. / text

Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have recently become the significant focus of engineering research. The geological sequestration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one approach that has been proposed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and slow down global warming. Geological sequestration involves the injection of produced CO₂ into subsurface formations and trapping the gas through many geological mechanisms, such as structural trapping, capillary trapping, dissolution, and mineralization. While some progress in our understanding of fluid flow in porous media has been made, many petrophysical phenomena, such as multi-phase flow, capillarity, geochemical reactions, geomechanical effect, etc., that occur during geological CO₂ sequestration remain inadequately studied and pose a challenge for continued study. It is critical to continue to research on these important issues. Numerical simulators are essential tools to develop a better understanding of the geologic characteristics of brine reservoirs and to build support for future CO₂ storage projects. Modeling CO₂ injection requires the implementation of multiphase flow model and an Equation of State (EOS) module to compute the dissolution of CO₂ in brine and vice versa. In this study, we used the Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator (IPARS) developed at the Center for Subsurface Modeling at The University of Texas at Austin to model the injection process and storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers. We developed and implemented new petrophysical models in IPARS, and applied these models to study the process of CO₂ sequestration. The research presented in this dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part of the dissertation discusses petrophysical and computational models for the mechanical, geological, petrophysical phenomena occurring during CO₂ injection and sequestration. The effectiveness of CO₂ storage in saline aquifers is governed by the interplay of capillary, viscous, and buoyancy forces. Recent experimental data reveals the impact of pressure, temperature, and salinity on interfacial tension (IFT) between CO₂ and brine. The dependence of CO₂-brine relative permeability and capillary pressure on IFT is also clearly evident in published experimental results. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that control the migration and trapping of CO₂ in the subsurface is crucial to design future storage projects for long-term, safe containment. We have developed numerical models for CO₂ trapping and migration in aquifers, including a compositional flow model, a relative permeability model, a capillary model, an interfacial tension model, and others. The heterogeneities in porosity and permeability are also coupled to the petrophysical models. We have developed and implemented a general relative permeability model that combines the effects of pressure gradient, buoyancy, and capillary pressure in a compositional and parallel simulator. The significance of IFT variations on CO₂ migration and trapping is assessed. The variation of residual saturation is modeled based on interfacial tension and trapping number, and a hysteretic trapping model is also presented. The second part of this dissertation is a model validation and sensitivity study using coreflood simulation data derived from laboratory study. The motivation of this study is to gain confidence in the results of the numerical simulator by validating the models and the numerical accuracies using laboratory and field pilot scale results. Published steady state, core-scale CO₂/brine displacement results were selected as a reference basis for our numerical study. High-resolution compositional simulations of brine displacement with supercritical CO₂ are presented using IPARS. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of the Berea sandstone core was constructed using heterogeneous permeability and porosity distributions based on geostatistical data. The measured capillary pressure curve was scaled using the Leverett J-function to include local heterogeneity in the sub-core scale. Simulation results indicate that accurate representation of capillary pressure at sub-core scales is critical. Water drying and the shift in relative permeability had a significant impact on the final CO₂ distribution along the core. This study provided insights into the role of heterogeneity in the final CO₂ distribution, where a slight variation in porosity gives rise to a large variation in the CO₂ saturation distribution. The third part of this study is a simulation study using IPARS for Cranfield pilot CO₂ sequestration field test, conducted by the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at The University of Texas at Austin. In this CO₂ sequestration project, a total of approximately 2.5 million tons supercritical CO₂ was injected into a deep saline aquifer about ~10000 ft deep over 2 years, beginning December 1st 2009. In this chapter, we use the simulation capabilities of IPARS to numerically model the CO₂ injection process in Cranfield. We conducted a corresponding history-matching study and got good agreement with field observation. Extensive sensitivity studies were also conducted for CO₂ trapping, fluid phase behavior, relative permeability, wettability, gravity and buoyancy, and capillary effects on sequestration. Simulation results are consistent with the observed CO₂ breakthrough time at the first observation well. Numerical results are also consistent with bottomhole injection flowing pressure for the first 350 days before the rate increase. The abnormal pressure response with rate increase on day 350 indicates possible geomechanical issues, which can be represented in simulation using an induced fracture near the injection well. The recorded injection well bottomhole pressure data were successfully matched after modeling the fracture in the simulation model. Results also illustrate the importance of using accurate trapping models to predict CO₂ immobilization behavior. The impact of CO₂/brine relative permeability curves and trapping model on bottom-hole injection pressure is also demonstrated. / text

Coal has been used as a fuel for electricity generation for centuries. Inexpensive electricity from coal has been a key component in building large industrial economies such as USA and China. But in recent decades the negative aspects of coal, mainly carbon dioxide emissions, has changed the view on the fuel. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a solution to be able to continue using coal as an energy source, while limiting carbon emissions. One of the drawbacks of CCS is the energy need associated with the capture process, the energy penalty. This study aims to gather and analyze the energy penalties for the most developed types of carbon capture technologies. It also aims to model how the implementation of CCS would affect the future coal consumption. The results show that the range of energy penalties for a given type of technology is wide. Despite obtaining the energy penalty with the same simulation software, the energy penalty for post- combustion with MEA can range between 10.7% and 39.1%. Comparing mean energy penalties show that pre-combustion capture is the most efficient capture method (18.4% ± 4.4%) followed by oxy- fuel (21.6% ± 5.5%) and post-combustion (24.7% ± 7.9%). Further on, CCS implementation scenarios were compared and used as a starting point for coal consumption calculations. Three pathways were constructed in order to investigate how different distributions of technologies would affect the amount of needed coal. The pathways describe a implementation with only the most efficient technology, the least efficient and a middle option. The results suggest that a large scale implementation of CCS on coal power plant will have a significant impact on the global coal consumption. Under certain assumptions it takes up to 35 % more coal to deliver the same amount electricity with CCS in comparison without CCS. It is also found that certain implementation scenarios will struggle to produce the amount of coal that is needed to power the plants. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the impact of assumptions made on for instance plant efficiencies. The analysis shows that optimistic assumptions on development in plant efficiency and deploying only the best technology, uses less coal than a development without CCS and with current plant efficiencies.

Two of the hottest areas in porous materials research in the last decade have been in energy storage, mainly hydrogen and methane, and in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Although these topics are intricately linked in terms of our future energy landscape, the specific materials needed to solve these problems must have significantly different properties. High pressure gas storage is most often linked with high surface areas and pore volumes, while carbon capture sorbents require high sorption enthalpies to achieve the needed selectivity. The latter typically involves separating CO2 from mixed gas streams of mostly nitrogen via a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process. Much of the excitement has arisen because of the potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous polymer networks (PPNs). Both classes of materials have extremely high surface areas (upwards of 4000 m2/g) and can be modified to have specific physical properties, thus enabling high performance materials for targeted applications. This dissertation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of these novel materials for both applications by tuning framework topologies, composition, and surface properties. Specifically, two routes to synthesize a single molecule trap (SMT) highlight the flexibility of MOF design and ability to tune a framework to interact with specifically one guest molecule; computational and experimental evidence of the binding mechanism are shown as well. Furthermore, eight PPNs are synthesized and characterized for post-combustion carbon capture and direct air capture applications. In addition a high-throughput model, grounded in thermodynamics, to calculate the energy penalty associated with the carbon capture step is presented in order to evaluate all materials for TSA applications provide a comparison to the state of the art capture technologies. This includes results of working capacity and energy calculations to determine parasitic loads (per ton of CO2 captured) from readily available experimental data of any material (adsorption isotherms and heat capacities) using a few simple equations. Through various systematic investigations, trends are analyzed to form structure property relationships that will aid future material development.

Stuttgart, Univ., Fakultät Informatik, Diplomarb., 1998.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-07-04T17:30:07Z (GMT) / Submitted by LEANDRO TEMER JAMAS null (leandrotemer@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T19:35:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO 4-7-2016.pdf: 836958 bytes, checksum: 551116afc1da02b0877b65ce444cf9c0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-06T16:14:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jamas_lt_me_bot.pdf: 836958 bytes, checksum: 551116afc1da02b0877b65ce444cf9c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T16:14:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jamas_lt_me_bot.pdf: 836958 bytes, checksum: 551116afc1da02b0877b65ce444cf9c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / Propriedades da agricultura familiar tem contribuído para aumentar a produção leiteira, sendo um importante seguimento da cadeia produtiva do leite. A higiene no processo produtivo deve ser o foco principal para garantir maior produção e qualidade do leite. Monitorou-se a qualidade do leite de vacas, em propriedades da agricultura familiar, no município de Bofete/SP, antes e após medidas de controle. Avaliou-se 21 propriedades, selecionadas por conveniência. Após período inicial de 13 coletas para avaliação de CCS e CBT, os proprietários dos dois grupos (G1 e G2) receberam orientações técnicas sobre mastite e qualidade do leite, em atividade de dia de campo. Os proprietários do G1 receberam intervenção no manejo utilizado, com visita técnica, e orientações individuais quanto à maneira adequada de ordenha e obtenção higiênica do leite. Os proprietários do G2 (grupo controle) não receberam orientação nem intervenção do manejo. Em seguida novas coletas quinzenais (n=12) foram realizadas, de amostras de leite de conjunto de cada propriedade nos dois grupos, bem como do tanque comunitário. As propriedades tinham em média 29 hectares, variando de 3,5 hectares a 120 hectares. A produção média de leite diária, era de 40 litros/dia propriedade, sendo a menor produção de 10 litros e a maior de 100 litros/dia. Observou-se uma variação dos resultados de cada coleta tanto para CCS/mL de leite quanto para CBT/mL de leite, nos dois períodos. Quanto a CCS no G1 houve uma diminuição significativa (P < 0,02), enquanto que para CBT houve um ligeiro aumento, bem menor, quando comparado ao valor mediano foi de 381x103 UFC/mL de leite do grupo G2. Os resultados medianos de CCS/mL de leite e de CBT/mL de leite do tanque comunitário, foram mais elevados nas duas fases, entretanto muito superior para CBT. A análise das variáveis climáticas evidenciou aumento das medianas de precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. No entanto, a correlação entre as variáveis climáticas e qualidade do leite, não mostrou diferenças para o Log10 da CCS e CBT. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a higiene precária no manejo de ordenha. Recomenda-se adoção de políticas públicas voltadas aos pequenos produtores de leite, fixando-os nas propriedades, estimulando-os para incrementar a produção de leite, com melhor qualidade, oferecendo-se condições de sobrevivência em função das atividades que desenvolvem. / Family farming properties has contributed to increase milk production is an important follow-up milk production chain .Hygiene in the production process must be the major focus to ensure higher milk quality and production. The quality of milk from cows in a family farm, in the city of Bofete/SP, was monitored before and after control measures. The evaluation included 21 farms, selected for convenience. Following the initial period of 13 collections for SCC and TBC evaluation, farmers of the two groups (G1 and G2) received technical guidance about mastitis and milk quality in field activity. G1 farmers received intervention in the adopted management by means of technical visit and individual guidance as to the adequate milking manner and hygienic milk production. G2 farmers (control group) did not receive guidance or management intervention. Then, new collections (n=12) of milk samples were performed fortnightly from each farm in the two groups, as well as from the community tank. The farms had on average 29 hectares, varying from 3.5 hectares to 120 hectares. The daily average milk production was 40 liters/day farm, and the lowest production was 10 liters while the largest production was 100 liters/day. Results of each collection varied for both SCC/mL milk and TBC/mL milk in the two periods. As to SCC in G1, there was a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.02), whereas for TBC there was a slight increase, much lower, compared to the median value of 381x103 CFU/mL milk of group G2. The median results of SCC/mL milk and TBC/mL milk from the community tank were higher in the two phases, but even superior for TBC. Analysis of climate variables evidenced an increase in the medians of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. However, the correlation between climate variables and milk quality did not show differences for Log10 of SCC and TBC. The obtained results suggest precarious hygiene in the milking management. Adoption of public policies directed to small dairy farmers is recommended, establishing them in the farms and stimulating them to increase milk production with higher quality, offering survival conditions according to the activities they develop.