Based on these fragments, this dissertation first makes an attempt to clarify the issues involving the Gu Wen Shang Shu that was discovered in the Kong's wall, as reported in various documents of the Han Dynasty. It then proceeds to discuss the characteristics and the origins of the "archaic scripts" in the Shuo-wen Jie-zi and the Stone Classics in Three Scripts of the Wei Dynasty, as these two texts and the script of Gu Wen Shang Shu are closely related. / Finally, by examining the discrepancies between the quotations of the Shang Shu in the Shuo-wen Jie-zi and the version of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, this dissertation constructs the argument that such discrepancies are perhaps the result of the interpretative replacement of characters which was, after all, a common method of teaching employed by gu wen scholars of the Eastern Han. / It further deals with the argument of the "li-shu" transliteration (li gu ding), and through a detailed analysis of the expressions and terms used in the text, it expounds the view that the li-shu transliteration of the Gu Wen Shang Shu was non-existent in the Han Dynasty, let alone a so called li-shu transliterated version. / Seeking to challenge this viewpoint, the author of this dissertation has made a close examination of the Gu Wen Shang Shu and has discovered that it was actually written in "li-shu", rather than in archaic script. Through a survey of relevant philological issues, the arguments are presented in this dissertation. / The controversy surrounding the opposition between the archaic and vernacular scripts (jin gu wen) of the Han Dynasty is one of the most complex issues in Chinese philology. Scholars have yet to come to a consensus on which script the Gu Wen Shang Shu (The Book of History Written in Archaic Script) was written. For a long time, a popular view has been that the difference between "jin wen" (vernacular script: li-shu) and "gu wen" (archaic script) lies in the types of script used, as the so-called Gu Wen Shang Shu is believed to have been written in archaic script. / The issue of script of Gu Wen Shang Shu has been a significant topic in Chinese philology. Moreover, the controversy over the archaic script and the contemporary script of the Han Dynasty is very much about the Shang Shu. An understanding of this issue is crucial in resolving problems confronting other archaic texts. / Though the original text of the Gu Wen Shang Shu is no longer extant, there are a few surviving fragments in the quotations of the Shang Shu in the Shuo-wen Jie-zi, the "archaic scripts" in the Stone Classics in Three Scripts (San-ti Shi-jing), the "li-shu" transliteration (li gu ding) of the Shang Shu and the quotations of the Gu Wen Shang Shu of Ma Bong and Zheng Xuan in the Jin-dian Shi-wen. / 蘇春暉. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(p. i-xvi). / Adviser: Chan Hung Kan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: A, page: 0198. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (p. i-xvi). / Su Chunhui.

In Experiments 3 and 4, event-related potentials were recorded to verify the findings of the first two behavioral experiments. Similarly, Experiment 3 employed the lexical decision task and Experiment 4 used the position decision task. First, results revealed that a series of ERP components (P150, P200, and N400) were found to be related to the effect of position-specific radical frequency when the lexical decision task was used (Experiment 3). However, when replacing the lexical decision task with the position decision task but keeping illegal characters as fillers, the effect of position-specific radical frequency became quite weak, which was only associated with P200 (Experiment 4a). Moreover, when using the position decision task but replacing illegal characters with geometric figures as fillers, there were no effects of position-specific radical frequency any more (Experiment 4b). Second, the task was found to influence the time course for effects of position-free radical frequency, which was reflected by P200 in the lexical decision task (Experiment 3) and by N400 in the position decision task (Experiments 4a and 4b). Finally, simple character frequency could play a role in processing compound characters in which simple characters were used as radicals, but such effect was significant only in the position decision task and it was reflected by a change in N400 (Experiments 4a and 4b). / These findings indicate that position-specific radicals could play a role in character recognition, but this effect appears to be constrained by the task and/or the composition of materials. In contrast, effects of position-free radicals keep stable across different tasks and composition of materials. In addition, the findings also suggest that simple character information could exert influence on compound character processing, but only when characters are processed implicitly (e.g., in the position decision task). Implications of this research and future directions are discussed. / This research was designed to examine the processing of different kinds of radical frequency information, i.e. frequency as a position-free radical, frequency as a position-specific radical, and frequency as a stand alone character. Whether the task or the composition of materials could influence the processing of such information was also examined. The first two were behavioral experiments and results indicated that effect of the position-free radical frequency was stable across the lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and the position decision task (Experiment 2). Effect of the position-specific radical frequency emerged only when the lexical decision task was available (Experiment 1). / Wu, Yan. / Adviser: Hsuan Chih Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-108). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; includes Chinese characters in Appendix A-C.

by Lin Feng. / "June 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [114]-130). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

A subordem Oniscidea abriga os isópodos terrestres, os quais apresentam uma grande riqueza de espécies em diferentes ambientes com características completamente diversas, desde a zona litorânea até ambientes desérticos. No Brasil há uma diversidade de espécies ainda pouco estudada, sendo que a família Philosciidae representa uma grande parte da fauna de isópodos da América do Sul. O presente estudo tem como objetivos descrever uma nova espécie no gênero Benthana para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, descrever seus estágios de manca e juvenil, assim como caracterizar sua estrutura populacional com respeito aos aspectos reprodutivos e crescimento. Benthana cairensis foi descrita como uma nova espécie de Philosciidae e tem como caracteres diagnósticos a presença de 17 estetascos na antênula, exópodo do pleópodo 1 do macho alongado apresentando um lobo na margem lateral interna. Essa espécie é semelhante a três outras do gênero em relação a presença do lobo, no entanto diferencia-se de todas elas devido às diferenças no número de omatídeos, inserção dos ramos do urópodo e dimorfismo sexual nos pereiópodos dos machos. A fase imatura e indiferenciada sexualmente apresenta três estágios, chamados de mancas. O estágio de Manca I é caracterizado pela simplicidade de suas estruturas e pela sua rápida duração, de aproximadamente 4 horas; apresenta 6 pares de pereiópodos, esses ainda glabros e o aparelho bucal fracamente desenvolvido ainda sem a presença dos dentes pectinados na maxilula, característicos de Benthana. O estágio seguinte, de Manca II, já apresenta o aparelho bucal mais desenvolvido com os dentes pectinados da maxilula e pereiópodos já com o padrão de setas semelhante ao adulto, inclusive a seta “hand-like” do carpo 1, uma autapomorfia do gênero. O último estágio de manca (Manca III) caracteriza-se pela presença do sétimo par de pereiópodos presente dobrado ventralmente sob o corpo do animal. Os estágios de juvenis caracterizam-se pela diferenciação sexual, mas ainda são imaturos sexualmente. Os três primeiros estágios foram descritos para os machos com destaque para o desenvolvimento da protusão do exópodo do pleópodo 1, outra autapomorfia do gênero, o qual só começa a ficar evidente no segundo estágio (JUII) e somente apresenta-se completamente desenvolvido quando o animal atinge aproximadamente 1.0 mm de largura de cefalotórax (LC). O dimorfismo sexual presente nos quatro primeiros pares de pereiópodos dos machos começa a aparecer após os três primeiros estágios de juvenil e está completamente evidente em machos de aproximadamente 1.2 mm de LC. A população de Benthana cairensis do Sítio Cairé caracteriza-se por apresentar uma reprodução contínua durante o ano. As fêmeas investem menos em uma única prole, no entanto são capazes de se reproduzir mais de uma vez ao longo de sua vida. A proporção sexual operacional da população é de 1:1, mostrando que há um equilíbrio no que se refere ao número de machos e fêmeas aptos para reprodução. Os machos vivem menos que as fêmeas e são menores. As fêmeas possuem o corpo maior, o que aumenta a superfície para abrigar a prole o que foi demonstrado pela correlação positiva do tamanho da fêmea com o número de ovos. As características de desenvolvimento de B. cairensis são semelhantes a outras espécies de Philosciidae, apresentando três estágios de mancas. Suas características populacionais, no que se referem a estação reprodutiva e investimento reprodutivo, são semelhantes a outras espécies subtropicais e, como esperado, diferentes de espécies de isópodos que vivem em regiões temperadas. / Terrestrial isopods are included in the suborder Oniscidea which shows a great species richness living at different places showing diverse environmental conditions, occurring from the littoral zone through desert regions. In Brazil there is a diversity that is still poorly studied in which the family Philosciidae represents a great part of South America’s woodlice fauna. The present study aims to describe a new species of the genus Benthana to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to describe its manca and juvenile stages as well as to characterize its population structure concerning reproductive aspects and growth. Benthana cairensis was described as a new species of Philosciidae and presents the following diagnostic characters: 17 aesthetascs on the antennula and male pleopod 1 exopod elongated with a lobe on the inner lateral margin. This species resembles other three species of the genus concerning the presence of pleopod lobe; however it is differentiated by the number of omatidia, insertion of uropod endopod and exopod and sexual dimorphism on male’s pereiopods. The immature and undifferentiated phase has three stages, called mancas. The Manca I is marked by the simplicity of its appendages and by its queek duration, of about 4 hours; it presents 6 pairs of pereiopods still glabrous and mouth parts weekly developed still without the presence of the pectinate teeth of maxillula, characteristic of Benthana. The next stage, Manca II, already shows the mouth parts a little more complete, presenting the pectinate teeth of maxillula and the pereiopods showing the setae pattern of the adult, including the hand-like seta on carpus 1, an autapomorphy of the genus. The last manca stage (Manca III) is characterized by the presence of the 7th pair of pereiopods folded ventrally on the pereion. The juvenile stages are sexually differentiated, but still immature. The first three stages were described for males, enphatizing the development of dentiform protusion of pleopod exopod 1, another autapomorphy of the genus which begins to be evident only at the second stage (JUII) and it is completely formed when the animal reaches 1.0 mm of cephalothorax width (CW). Sexual dimorphism at the first four male pereiopods beggins to develop after the three juvenile stages and it is completely formed on males of approximatly 1.2 mm of CW. The population of Benthana cairensis at Sítio Cairé is characterized by showing a continnuous reproduction during the year. Females invest less in a single brood, but are able to reproduce more than once in its lifetime. The operational sex ratio of population is 1:1, which shows that there is an equillibrium concerning the number of males and females that are able to reproduce. Males live less than females and are smaller. Females have a bigger body which increases the surface where the brood develops; this was demonstrated by the positive correlation of female body size with the offspring number. The developmental characteristics of B. cairensis are similar to those of the other species of Philosciidae presenting three manca stages. Its population features concerning reproductive season and reproductive effort resembles those of other subtropical species and as expected, is different from species that occur at temperate regions.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T13:57:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Heverton Albuquerque Rocha.pdf: 591949 bytes, checksum: 3cf696e4f7d755ab97a6fde94fcd48c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T13:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Heverton Albuquerque Rocha.pdf: 591949 bytes, checksum: 3cf696e4f7d755ab97a6fde94fcd48c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The tropical flowers and decorative plant agricultural trade has grown markedly in the country, mainly in species from heliconia gender. This research aimed to evaluate agricultural aspects, genetic variability, heritability, correlation and to estimate the reapetability coefficient as well as to indicate the main characteristics for the breeding of seven Heliconia psitacorum genotypes. The agronomical characters evaluated were: inflorescence emission days from shoot formation (DEI), shalft crop recess from de inflorescence emission (ICH); CICLO, period since perfilho emission until inflorescence crop (DEI+ICH), number of stem leaves in inflorescence period emission (NFH), floral stem mass (MH), stem diameter (DH), stem length (CH), inflorescence length (CI), number of inflorescence open bracts (NBA). The genotype show differences among agricultural characters variability average evaluated from 13 th and 30 th month after planting (MAP). DEI presented heritability 97,99%, genetic variability coeficient (CVG) 22,48% and CVg/CVe (b1) from 1,07. ICH presented the less heritability estimative(63,44%) following by the smaller CVg and b1 respectively 3,83% and 0,21 pointing little progress chance selection to this character. Only the characters ICH, CH and NBA presented the CVg lesser than CVe. Throughcorrelation analysis, we verified DEI didn´t present genotipic correlation with ICH, however, presented genotipic correlation with CICLO (0,94*). This fact indicates large effect from DEI in CICLO and genotips that present large period to inflorescence emission consequently they present biggest CICLO. Genetic correlation from DH with DEI (0,64*). CICLO (0,63*) and MH (0,96*), in general demonstrate genotips with bigger diameter in the shafts, present bigger fresh mass and time since shoot emission to inflorescence crop. Observed values indicate to be possible get immediate genetics gains in indirect selection to reduction of the CICLO from genetic indirect selection with smaller DEI. The main component technique showed that inflorescence length (CI), stem diameter (DH) and days for inflorescence emission (DEI) had 99,55% of total variation. Repetitivity coeficients estimated were varied between 0,06 (ICH) and 0,64 (CI). Repetitivity values above 0,52 to DEI, DH and CI , indicates environmental variety was less magnificent than genetic variety. Determined coeficients of all characters gained values up to 93,6%, except ICH and NBA. / O agronegócio de flores tropicais e plantas ornamentais tem crescido de forma expressiva no país, principalmente em relação a espécies do gênero Heliconia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar caracteres agronômicos, a variabilidade genética, a herdabilidade, as correlações, indicar os principais caracteres para atividades de melhoramento através da Técnica de Componentes Principais e estimar o coeficiente de repetibilidade entre caracteres de hastes florais de cultivares e híbridos interespecíficos de H. psittacorum. Os caracteres agronômicos avaliados foram: dias para emissão da inflorescência a partir da formação do perfilho (DEI); intervalo para colheita da haste a partir da emissão da inflorescência (ICH); CICLO - período desde a emissão do perfilho até a colheita da inflorescência (DEI+ICH); número de folhas nas hastes no momento da emissão da inflorescência (NFH);massa da haste floral (MH); diâmetro da haste (DH); comprimento da haste (CH);comprimento da inflorescência (CI); número de brácteas abertas na inflorescência (NBA). Os genótipos apresentaram diferenças entre as médias para variabilidade dos caracteres agronômicos avaliados do 13º ao 30º mês após o plantio (MAP). O DEI apresentou herdabilidade 97,99%, coeficiente de variação genética (CVg) 22,48% e (b1) de 1,07. O ICH apresentou a menor estimativa de herdabilidade (66,43%), seguido do menor CVg e b1, respectivamente 3,83% e 0,21, indicando reduzida chance de progresso de seleção para este caráter. Apenas os caracteres ICH, CH e NBA apresentaram o CVg inferiores ao coeficiente de variação fenotípica (CVe). Verificou-se que o DEI não apresentou correlação com o ICH, porém, apresentou correlação genotípica com CICLO (0,94*). Isso indica grande efeito do DEI no CICLO e que genótipos que apresentam maior período para a emissão deinflorescências conseqüentemente apresentaram CICLO maior. As correlações genéticas de DH com DEI (0,64*), CICLO (0,63*) e MH (0,96*), demonstram que, de modo geral, genótipos com diâmetro maior das hastes, apresentaram maior massa fresca e tempo mais longo desde a emissão do perfilho à colheita da inflorescência. Os valores observados indicam ser possível obter ganhos genéticos imediatos na seleção para redução do CICLO a partir da seleção indireta de genótipos com menor DEI. A Técnica de Componentes Principais apresentou os caracteres mais importantes CI, DH, DEI com 99,55% da variação total. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade estimados variaram entre 0,06 (ICH) e 0,64 (CI). Os coeficientes derepetibilidade acima de 0,52 para DEI, DH e CI, indicam que a variância ambiental foi de menor magnitude do que a variância genética. Os coeficientes de determinação de todos os caracteres obtiveram valores acima de 93%, exceto para ICH e NBA.

No decorrer de vários anos de leituras e intervenções práticas, foram recolhidos ideias e eixos temáticos, alinhavados e sistematizados na troca de passes entre a arte do futebol brasileiro e seus principais narradores, a partir dos conceitos de hegemonia, sociedade civil e intelectual orgânico em Gramsci. Paralelamente, captou-se o narrador em Walter Benjamin e a sua visão sobre a modernidade. A tese abordará basicamente esses pontos. Tudo em Cenários e Personagens de décadas distintas, em espaços geográficos não necessariamente iguais ou limítrofes, mas capazes de dialogar através dos temas escolhidos. Cenários e personagens que percorrem uma trajetória iniciada na Inglaterra na segunda metade do século XIX, até sua consolidação no Brasil na década de 1960. Dos personagens, percorremos as trilhas de Gentil Cardoso, Dori Kürschner, Neném Prancha, Nelson Rodrigues e João Saldanha, tendo como inspiração os seus grandes solistas: de Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça a Gerson, passando por Friedenreich, Fausto, Leônidas, Didi, Garrincha e Pelé. / During several years of readings and practical interventions, ideas and axial themes were collected, sketched, and systematized in the exchange of passes between the art of Brazilian soccer and major narrators, from Gramsci\'s concepts of hegemony, civil society, and organic intellectuals. Similarly, the narrator is captured in Walter Benjamin and his vision of modernity. The thesis will mainly deal with these points. The content addresses Characters and Settings of distinctive decades, and geographic spaces not necessarily equal or bordering, but able to dialogue through the chosen themes. Characters and settings that cover a trajectory started in England in the second half of the nineteenth century until its consolidation in Brazil in the 1960s. Among the historical personalities, we followed the paths of Gentil Cardoso, Dori Kürschner, Neném Prancha, Nelson Rodrigues and João Saldanha; taking as inspiration the great soloists: from Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça to Gerson, in addition to Friedenreich, Fausto, Leônidas, Didi, Garrincha and Pelé.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A produÃÃo brasileira na literatura de temÃtica homoafetiva passou ao longo do sÃculo XX por uma significativa evoluÃÃo quantitativa e mesmo qualitativa. Ainda assim, a abordagem do tema envolvendo personagens na infÃncia e/ou prÃ-adolescÃncia continua bastante rarefeita na criaÃÃo literÃria brasileira. ApÃs um levantamento do que jà se produziu em nossa literatura com a homoafetividade na infÃncia sendo diretamente ou mesmo sutilmente abordada nos textos, a partir da publicaÃÃo de O Ateneu, de Raul PompÃia, em 1888, selecionamos quatro narrativas por meio das quais analisamos como as personagens literÃrias em idade infantil vivem situaÃÃes de desejo homoafetivo: o prÃprio O Ateneu; CapitÃes da areia (1937), de Jorge Amado; Dona Sinhà e o filho padre (1964), de Gilberto Freyre; e Limite branco (1970), de Caio Fernando Abreu. Verificamos as representaÃÃes de poder surgidas a partir de contextos em que a crianÃa se apresenta envolvida nesse tipo de relaÃÃo, seja nas interaÃÃes entre as personagens, adultos e crianÃas, ou de acordo com o contexto apresentado (famÃlia, escola, igreja, rua) e ainda no que toca à prÃpria linguagem literÃria utilizada pelos ficcionistas. Para subsidiar a anÃlise, trabalhamos os conceitos de infÃncia, sexualidade, homoafetividade, poder (segundo Michel Foucault), com base no aparato teÃrico a respeito das personagens literÃrias. / The Brazilian production of homoaffective themes/issues in literature evolved significantly both in quantitative and qualitative terms throughout the twentieth century. Still, the approach to the subject involving characters in childhood and / or pre â adolescence is quite scarce in Brazilian literary creation. Based on a survey of what has been written in Brazilian literature regarding homoaffective relations in childhood addressed in the texts directly or in a subtle way, from the publication of O Ateneu (The Athenaeum), by Raul Pompeia, in 1888, four narratives were selected, through which we analyze how literary child characters face homoaffective desire: O Ateneu; CapitÃes da areia (Captains of the sands) (1937) by Jorge Amado, Dona Sinhà e o filho padre (Mother and son) (1964), by Gilberto Freyre, and Limite branco (White boundary) (1970), by Caio Fernando Abreu. We analyzed the representations of power arising from contexts in which the child has engaged in this kind of relationship, the interactions between the characters, adults and children, in relation to the given context (family, school, church, street) and the literary language used by the authors. To complement this analysis, we dealt with the concepts of childhood, sexuality, homosexuality, power (according to Michel Foucault), based on the theoretical background and apparatus of the literary characters.

The aim of this esseay is to analyse the configuration of the literary child in Henning Mankells Comedia Infantil and Harry Martinssons Flowering Nettle. The teoretical outset is interdisciplinary, informed by both literarystudies and childstudies adopting a psycho-social perspective which allows a reading of the childprotagonists inside as well as outside preconditions and how these are constructed in the texts. The narratological concepts of focalization is used to investigate in detail how the narrator and narrative constructs a childperspectiveand conception of childhood. A point of interest is also to examine how the novels relate to the idea of the innocent or/and the competent child.

O trabalho propõe, a partir do romance Lucíola, uma análise da imagem da mulher construída por José de Alencar, do arsenal simbólico utilizado nesta construção e da maneira como a representação do feminino neste romance reflete a moral da época. O objetivo é abordar o antagonismo presente na obra buscando mostrar como ele se faz presente não apenas na estrutura da narrativa, como na própria heroína: ser bifronte, ao mesmo tempo virgem e bacante. Ao mesmo tempo, procuraremos analisar em que medida a construção da personagem reflete uma ambição mimética e documentadora, ainda que indireta, do presente histórico. Mostraremos que o paradigma de feminilidade construído por Alencar nesta obra reflete a busca por certo progressismo sem, no entanto, colocar em cheque os valores básicos da moral e da família, acompanhando o ritmo de nossa modernização conservadora. / The aim of this study is to analyze the representation of woman in the novel Lucíola, by José de Alencar, paying attention on its symbolic elements and verifying how the image of women built by Alencar is this work reflects the moral of its time. The main idea is to focus on the antagonism presented in the novel searching how it is part not only of the narrative structure but also of the constructed hero: a duplicated being, at the same time a virgin and a courtesan. At the same time, the study intend to analyze to what extend the building of the character reflects a mimetic or a documentary ambition, even if indirect, of the historical moment. In the end, we will show that the paradigm of femininity built by Alencar in this work reflects the search of some sort of progressivism, although it doesnt call into question the basic values of moral and family, keeping pace with our conservative modernization.

A tese aborda os modos de composição e caracterização das personagens nos romances Ressurreição (1872), Helena (1876) e Dom Casmurro (1899), de Machado de Assis, considerando seus aspectos relacionais. A partir da crítica e correspondência de autoria do escritor nas décadas de 1860 e 1870, mapeamos como ele concebe e analisa a questão da personagem de ficção. Machado de Assis prioriza a personagem em seus textos críticos, tendendo a analisá-la pelos critérios dos caracteres e dos sentimentos. Os caracteres são um costume retórico que visa ao desenho de tipos, remontando a Teofrasto (séc. VI a.C.) e a uma rede de letrados como os satiristas ingleses dos séculos 16 e 17 e La Bruyère (séc. 17). Por um lado, Machado mobiliza essa técnica para a concepção das personagens. Por outro lado, notamos a ironia no procedimento, dada a sua contradição com a figuração dos sentimentos e a diferença implicada no recuo temporal às letras antigas. A partir desse problema de tensão que concerne à personagem machadiana, analiso a referência aos caracteres e retratos antigos e a figuração de um mundo imaginário, que recorre a processos psicanalíticos, enquanto eixos que atuam na composição e caracterização. De forma coerente com a defesa de Machado de Assis em sua própria crítica, nos romances abordados as personagens são compostas de maneira contextual, relacionando-se com a estrutura da trama e com seu meio social no universo narrativo. Ou seja, com a sua constelação de personagens. Observamos que Félix, Estácio e Bento/Santiago/Casmurro/Dom Casmurro organizam em torno de si suas respectivas constelações de personagens, de forma hierárquica. No entanto, eles compõem heróis falhados para esses grupos, agindo não apenas para a própria aniquilação, como também para a anulação dos demais. Especialmente, eles se desenvolvem por meio de enganos e autoenganos quanto a serem excluídos e traídos pelo par amoroso. Assim, a constelação de personagens desses romances machadianos Ressurreição, Helena e Dom Casmurro arranja-se, igualmente, por referência à organização social da família brasileira patriarcal, que persiste no oitocentos, bem como às dinâmicas de ciúme e inveja sistematizadas pela teoria psicanalítica. Ao considerar a trajetória de Ressurreição, Helena e Dom Casmurro, visualizou-se um processo de complexidade crescente na composição e caracterização das personagens, conforme a exploração de alguns temas-chave e a experimentação no âmbito de suas constelações. / This dissertation approaches characters composition and characterization in Machado de Assis novels Resurrection (1872), Helena (1876), and Dom Casmurro (1899) by considering characters relational aspects. We map how Machado de Assis perceives characters in his own critics and letters from the 1860s and the 1870s. The writer stresses the issue of characters as he analyzes them by the criteria of Theophrastian characters and of emotions. The Theophrastian character is a rhetorical genre for drawing types. It goes back to Theophrastus (IV BC) and to a network that includes English Theophrastian character books (16th and 17th centuries), La Bruyère (17th century), among others. On one hand, Machado evokes this technique for characters composition and characterization. On the other hand, theres an irony to this stylistic gesture for its chronological misplacement. Moreover, for the eventual contradiction between Theophrastian characters and the picturing of particular emotions. With this tension in mind, I analyze Machadian characters references to Theophrastian characters and to old portraits, as well as the imagination of these figures according to the literary figuration of psychoanalytical processes. Both orientations take part in the composition of Machados characters. In a coherent relation with the writers own critical essays, in the novels here approached characters are connected to their plots and societies. This means that their composition is entangled with their character constellation. We observe that Félix, Estácio, Bento/Santiago/Casmurro/Dom Casmurro constitute the central reference for their respective character constellation in a hierarchical way. Nonetheless, they prove to be fail heroes for their groups. Not only do they act for self-destruction, but also for the annihilation of others. Thus, each character constellation in these three novels Resurrection, Helena, and Dom Casmurro is equally arranged in relation with references to the Brazilian patriarchal family that remains in the eighteenth century, and to the dynamics of jealousy and envy systemized by psychoanalytic theories. By considering the trajectory of Resurrection, Helena, and Dom Casmurro, we have viewed a process of growing complexity in Machadian characters composition and characterization, which is developed from the exploration of key narrative themes and from the literary experimentation concerning character constellations.