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Showing 41 to 50 of 51 (0.02 seconds)| 41 |
Die Rolle der Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP)-5 und -7 in der humanen Normalniere und bei der hypertensiven Nephropathie / The role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP)-5 and -7 in adult human kidney and hypertensive nephrosclerosisTampe, Björn 30 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Cardiovascular disease risk profile of the South-African mixed ancestry population with high incidence of diabetes mellitus: baseline and three year follow-upSoita, David Jonah January 2013 (has links)
THESIS SUBMITED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF TECHNOLOGY OF BIOMEDICAL
TECHNOLOGTY IN THE FACULTY OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS SCIENCES
AT THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
SUPERVISORS: PROF T.E. MATSHA
PROF R.T. ERASMUS
DR A. ZEMLIN
SUBMITED DECEMBER 2013 / Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the global population. Originally thought to be a health burden of high income countries, the prevalence is rapidly increasing in developing countries. For example, in 2008, an estimated 17.3 million died from CVD, and 80% of these (13.8 mil) were from low to middle income countries. Epidemiological data on CVD in Africa is scanty and of poor quality and national vital registration is available in only 5% of Africa’s 53 countries. Furthermore, data on CVD risk amongst the South African population and specifically the mixed ancestry community is poorly described. The increasing global population of people with CVD has been largely attributed to increasing rates of determinants and risk factors which include obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The prevalence of DM in South Africa is known to be on the rise with more affected communities being South African Asians followed by coloureds.
Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the CVD risk profile of the Bellville South community during a baseline and three year follow-up study, by assessment of known risk factors, MetS, type 2 DM, obesity and CKD.
Methods: Participants for this study were drawn from an urban community of the Bellville South suburb of Cape Town. At baseline (January 2008 and March 2009) 946 individuals aged 16 to 95 participated. All participants received a standardized interview and physical examination during which anthropometric measurements were performed three times and their average used for analysis: weight (kg), height (cm), waist (cm) and hip (cm) circumferences. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight per square metre (kg/m2). A blood sample was obtained from all participants after an overnight fast for the determination of biochemical profiles: glucose, glycated haemoglobin, creatinine, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) which was calculated using Friedewald’s formula. Kidney function test was assessed through estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations. Blood pressure was measured according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Participants with no history of doctor diagnosed DM underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test as recommended by the WHO. Metabolic syndrome was determined using JIS, NCEP ATPIII and IDF criteria. The follow-up examination was conducted in 2011 (3 years from vii
baseline) using similar procedures. A total of 198 participants formed the follow-up cohort whose measurements were compared to those of the baseline. Finally, the prediction and processes/progression of the risk factors were determined.
Results: At both baseline and follow-up studies, females had a higher BMI compared to their male counterparts. The crude prevalence of type 2 DM, including the previously diagnosed type 2 DM was 28.59% (age-adjusted = 33.5%, 95%CI: 30.01 – 36.92), and that of undiagnosed type 2 DM was 17.8% (age-adjusted = 12.4%, 95%CI: 9.8 – 14.8). The overall prevalence of CKD was 28.7% (269) and was higher in females (31.4%) compared to 20.2% in males. MetS was present in 46.5% of the participants. Gender-specific prediction for CVD risk calculated using the 30-year CVD interactive risk calculator showed that high CVD risk was present in normoglycaemic and younger subjects (under 35 years). At follow-up, the cumulative incidence of progression in glucose tolerance status was: 16.2% (32 participants including 11 with new-onset diabetes), and increased in a stepwise fashion with the number of components of MetS. Between baseline and 3-year evaluation glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased by 8.7 ml/min (95% confidence interval: 6.9-10.7), reflecting variables trajectories across baseline strata of kidney functions.
Conclusion: Given the findings of this study and the estimated increases in the determinants and risk factors of CVD in the mixed ancestry population of South Africa this trend may continue to worsen if current trajectories do not change.
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Numerisk beräkning av krypsättningar i pelarförstärkt lera / Numerical calculation of creep settlements in deep cement mixingJohansson, Emil, Granlund Hedén, Victor January 2021 (has links)
I detta examensarbete har en utredning gjorts med syftet att undersöka lämpligheten att genomföra en djupstabilisering med multicementpelare (MC-pelare) i ett område med högt ställda sättningskrav. Detta genom att numeriskt simulera hur djupstabiliserad lera kan bete sig vid belastning med avseende på långtidsdeformationer. Vidare utvärderas hur väl olika materialmodeller kan simulera sättningar med hänsyn till kryp samt huruvida krypsättningar bör beaktas vid denna typ av dimensionering. Simuleringarna är genomförda enligt de geotekniska förutsättningarna och den planerade byggnationen på Galoppfältet i Täby Park. Som en grund för beräkningarna genomfördes en litteraturstudie där bland annat valet att simulera pelarna med Mohr-Coulomb (MoC), Soft Soil Creep (SSC) och Concrete Model (CM) i Plaxis 2D motiveras. Pelarna simulerades med en axissymmetrisk 2D-modell och i samtliga beräkningar simulerades leran med kryp medan pelarna simulerades både med och utan krypsättningar. En kalibrering mot tidigare forskning på området samt sättningsberäkningar av lera på Galoppfältet genomfördes för att säkerställa den valda modellens lämplighet. Därefter simulerades pelare med olika geometriska förutsättningar och varierande uppfyllnadshöjd. En sensitivitetsanalys gjordes även för att åskådliggöra vilka av de osäkra parametrarna som ger stor påverkan på resultatet. Simuleringarna visade att det antagligen är lämpligt att djupförstärka leran med multicementpelare för att uppnå låga sättningar över tid. För en pelardiameter på 800 mm och ett centrumavstånd på 1200 mm uppnåddes följande sättningar med de olika uppfyllnadshöjderna samt de olikamaterial modellerna. Av de testade pelarna ansågs denna geometri mest lämplig för de givna förutsättningarna på Galoppfältet. Detta baseras på den totala sättningen och att vissa pelare gick till brott i simuleringarna för övriga geometrier med större centrumavstånd och mindre pelardiameter. Beräkningarna där pelarna simulerades med SSC- och CM med kryp visade på stor variation sinsemellan. Resultaten med SSC anses felaktigt låga på grund av bristfälliga materialdata och visas därför inte i sammanfattningen. Resultaten med CM utan kryp och MoC utan kryp anses mest trovärdiga om än dock potentiellt för låga eftersom krypsättningar i pelarna inte är inkluderade. Vidare anses CM överlag vara en lämplig modell för att simulera sättningar med kryp i djupförstärkt lera förutsatt att ett tillräckligt underlag för val av materialparametrar finns att tillgå. SSC kan potentiellt vara lämplig enligt resultat från sensitivitetsanalysen förutsatt att materialparametrar kan undersökas för de lokala förutsättningarna. Dock förordas CM för fortsatta studier med krypsättningar i djupförstärkt lera. MoC anses som en god modell om kryp försummas. Med hänsyn till detta anser författarna att kryptester på multicementpelare bör övervägas för att skapa bättre förutsättningar för dimensionering av djupförstärkt lera med krypsättningar. Något som kan ge underlag för dimensionering med högre precision och potentiellt ekonomisk vinning. / This master thesis investigates the suitability of using multicement, a mixture of cement and cement kiln dust (CKD), for deep cement mixing (DCM) as soil improvement in an area with high requirements regarding the maximum allowed settlements. This was done by numerical modelling of long-term settlement behaviour for a DCM improved soil. Furthermore, the usability of different material models when considering creep behaviour are studied. The report also investigates whether creep behaviour should be considered or not in this type of simulation. The simulations are done according to the geotechnical conditions and the planned design for an old gallop track in Täby Park, Sweden. A literature review is done as a basis for the simulations performed in Plaxis 2D with an axis symmetric 2D-model. The use of Mohr-Coulomb (MoC), Soft SoilCreep (SSC) and Concrete Model (CM) for the columns are motivated. Creep settlements are included in the clay for all simulations while the columns are simulated both with and without creep settlements. To ensure the suitability of the model, a calibration is done by replication of a research study as well as replication of settlement calculations of the unimproved clay on Galoppfältet. Thereafter different geometric options for the columns and varying fill depths are simulated. Lastly a sensitivity analysis is conducted to display how much the uncertain material properties affect the result. Using multicement columns (MC columns) for DCM seems to be a good method for stabilizing the soil in Galoppfältet to achieve small settlements over time. For columns with a diameter of 800 mm and a center distance of 1200 mm the following settlements were calculated with the different material models for different fill heights. This geometry was considered most suitable for the conditions at Galoppfältet. The two material models which account for creep in the columns show significantly different levels of total settlement. Due to lack of material data the results from simulations with SSC is deemed incorrect and thus not shown in the abstract. Thereby the results from MoC and CM without creep are deemed most credible even though they may be slightly low since they do not consider creep settlements in the columns. Furthermore, the Concrete Model is considered a good model to simulate settlements including creep in improved clay given that the material properties are carefully selected based on testing of the material. Soft Soil Creep may potentially be suitable for columns according to the calibration given that the different material parameters are investigated for the local conditions. However, CMare favoured. Mohr-Coulomb is deemed as a good model if creep settlements are neglected. With regards to this, the authors believe that creep tests of multicement columns should be considered to create improved preconditions for dimensioning of DCM columns with creep. This to improve the accuracy of design and potentially create cost reductions.
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Oxidační a karbonylový stres, mikrozánět a kardiovaskulární riziko u pacientů s onemocněním ledvin. / Oxidative and carbonyl stress,microinflammation and cardiovascular risk in patiens with chronic kidney diseasePeiskerová, Martina January 2015 (has links)
Short summary: Background: High cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease is partly due to mineral dysbalance, microinflammation and oxidative stress. CKD patients accumulate traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors. FGF23, MMPs and PlGF belong among these non-traditional biomarkers of CV risk. FGF23 is a phosphaturic hormone and inhibitor of calcitriol synthesis. It is associated with vascular calcifications. Matrix-metalloproteinases (e.g. MMP-2, MMP-9) are proteolytic, proinflammatory enzymes, contributing to myocardial remodelation. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is associated with LV hypertrophy in animal model. Plasmatic FGF23, MMPs and PlGF are elevated in CKD. Aim: We aimed to describe dynamic changes between several novel biomarkers of CV risk (FGF23, MMP-2, MMP-9 and PlGF) in CKD stages 1-5, to describe their mutual correlations and possible association with traditional CV risk markers. We studied possible association of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters in patients with CKD stages 2-4. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 80 patiens with CKD 1-5 and 44 healthy controls. In a prospective study we evaluated echocardiographic and laboratory parameters in 62 patients with CKD 2-4 for an average study period of 36±10...
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Oxidační a karbonylový stres, mikrozánět a kardiovaskulární riziko u pacientů s onemocněním ledvin. / Oxidative and carbonyl stress,microinflammation and cardiovascular risk in patiens with chronic kidney diseasePeiskerová, Martina January 2015 (has links)
Short summary: Background: High cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease is partly due to mineral dysbalance, microinflammation and oxidative stress. CKD patients accumulate traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors. FGF23, MMPs and PlGF belong among these non-traditional biomarkers of CV risk. FGF23 is a phosphaturic hormone and inhibitor of calcitriol synthesis. It is associated with vascular calcifications. Matrix-metalloproteinases (e.g. MMP-2, MMP-9) are proteolytic, proinflammatory enzymes, contributing to myocardial remodelation. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is associated with LV hypertrophy in animal model. Plasmatic FGF23, MMPs and PlGF are elevated in CKD. Aim: We aimed to describe dynamic changes between several novel biomarkers of CV risk (FGF23, MMP-2, MMP-9 and PlGF) in CKD stages 1-5, to describe their mutual correlations and possible association with traditional CV risk markers. We studied possible association of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters in patients with CKD stages 2-4. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 80 patiens with CKD 1-5 and 44 healthy controls. In a prospective study we evaluated echocardiographic and laboratory parameters in 62 patients with CKD 2-4 for an average study period of 36±10...
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Die Rolle des FK506 bei der Expression des BMP-Rezeptors BMPR1A / The role of FK506 during the expression of the BMP-Receptor BMPR1AKlöpper, Friederike 24 April 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Výroba zbraní pro Wehrmacht a armády spojenců Německa v českých zbrojovkách za Protektorátu Čechy a Morava v letech 1939-1945 / Production of Armament for Wehrmacht and German Allied Armies in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 1939 -1945.Pojikar, Pavel January 2011 (has links)
The Thesis with title " Armament production for Whermacht and the Army of Aliance in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939 - 1945) is interested in detailed description of armament production within quality and quantity armoured of vehicles and infantry weapons made in war years 1939 - 1945 in Czech munition factories. Foreword part deals with Czech production efore Munich agrément,suitable conditions for militarization and empowerment German Army nor the use in industry either for strategy location. In following chapters the work describes main munition factories (Škoda Plzeň - Skoda Werke, ČKD Praha - BMM, Munition faktory Brno)and due to occupation our country,Czechoslovakia,maximal use of technical and human potenciál in Protectorate.The same it documents sale of spare weapons (cannons and munition) and presents German production,too. In other chapters it directs to confrontal of weapons,thein improvement,following development,army tanks, (mainly tank ŠKODA vz. 35, tank ŠKODA vz. 35,light tank LT vz. 38 and later fighter tank and offensive cannons from útočná ČKD Prague , Marder III, Hetzer, Grille), infantry weapons made in Brnopěchotní (Carabine Mauser K98 and gunmachine MG34, MG42, MG131). It mentios the biggest problem of German armament industry during War,that was critical shortage of raw...
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DIAGNOSTIC BIOSIGNATURES FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE AND RENAL CELL CARCINOMA THROUGH QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS AND PHOSPHOPROTEOMICS ANALYSES OF URINARY EXTRACELLULAR VESICLESMarco Hadisurya (16548114) 26 July 2023 (has links)
<p>Urine-based biomarkers offer numerous advantages for clinical analysis, including non-invasive collection, a suitable sample source for longitudinal disease monitoring, a better screenshot of disease heterogeneity, higher sample volumes, faster processing times, and lower rejection rates and costs. They will be extremely useful in a clinical trial context, which can be applied alone or in combination with other methods as long as they demonstrate clear reproducibility across cohorts. While biofluids such as urine present enormous challenges with a wide dynamic range and extreme complex typically dominated by a few highly abundant proteins, we have demonstrated that the analytical issue can be efficiently addressed by focusing on extracellular vesicles (EVs), tiny packages released by all kinds of cells. These tiny packages contain different kinds of molecules from inside the cells. Here, we established a robust EV isolation and characterization platform to screen and validate Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) biomarkers from urine. PD is a progressive neurological disorder affecting body movement because some brain cells stop producing dopamine. PD is often not diagnosed until it has advanced, making early detection crucial. We investigated urinary EVs from 138 individuals to enable early detection and found several proteins involved in PD development that could be biological indicators for early disease detection. Several biochemical techniques were applied to verify our findings. In the second project, we attempted to develop a novel diagnostic technique for early intervention of RCC. Here, we made our efforts to develop a quantitative method based on data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry to analyze urinary EV phosphoproteomics for non-invasive RCC biomarker screening. Combined with our in-house EVtrap method for EV isolation and PolyMAC enrichment of phosphopeptides, we quantified 2,584 unique phosphosites. We observed unique upregulated phosphosites and pathways differentiating healthy control (HC), chronic kidney disease (CKD), low-grade, and high-grade clear cell RCC. These applications have a significant promise for early PD and RCC diagnosis and monitoring based on actual functional proteins with urine as the source. These studies might provide a viable path to developing urinary EV-based disease diagnosis.</p>
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BIRTHWEIGHT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASEIssa Al Salmi Unknown Date (has links)
The thesis examines the relationship of birthweight to risk factors and markers, such as proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, for chronic disease in postnatal life. It made use of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The AusDiab study is a cross sectional study where baseline data on 11,247 participants were collected in 1999-2000. Participants were recruited from a stratified sample of Australians aged ≥ 25 years, residing in 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (Census Collector Districts) of the six states of Australia and the Northern Territory. The AusDiab study collected an enormous amount of clinical and laboratory data. During the 2004-05 follow-up AusDiab survey, questions about birthweight were included. Participants were asked to state their birthweight, the likely accuracy of the stated birthweight and the source of their stated birthweight. Four hundred and twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were approached, and 339 agreed to participate in the study. The patients completed the same questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to check the diagnoses, causes of kidney trouble and SCr levels. Two control subjects, matched for gender and age, were selected for each CKD patient from participants in the AusDiab study who reported their birthweight. Among 7,157 AusDiab participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birthweights, with a mean (standard deviation) of 3.4 (0.7) kg. The benefit and disadvantages of these data are discussed in chapter three. The data were analysed for the relationship between birthweight and adult body size and composition, disorders of glucose regulation, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases and glomerular filtration rate. Low birthweight was associated with smaller body build and lower lean mass and total body water in both females and males. In addition low birthweight was associated with central obesity and higher body fat percentage in females, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. Fasting plasma glucose, post load glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were strongly and inversely correlated with birthweight. In those with low birthweight (< 2.5 kg), the risks for having impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76 and 2.28 for females and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98 and 1.49 for males compared to those with normal birthweight (≥ 2.5 kg), respectively. Low birthweight individuals were at higher risk for having high blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 130/85 mmHg compared to those with normal birthweight. People with low birthweight showed a trend towards increased risk for high cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/l) compared to those of normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight had increased risk for high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥ 3.5 mmol/l) and triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/l) when compared to those with normal birthweight. Males with low birthweight exhibited increased risk for low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/l) than those with normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight were at least 1.39, 1.40, 2.30 and 1.47 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases respectively, compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg. Similarly, males with low birthweight were 1.76, 1.48, 3.34 and 1.70 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was strongly and positively associated with birthweight, with a predicted increase of 2.6 ml/min (CI 2.1, 3.2) and 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) for each kg of birthweight for females and males, respectively. The odd ratio (95% confidence interval) for low glomerular filtration rate (<61.0 ml/min for female and < 87.4 male) in people of low birthweight compared with those of normal birthweight was 2.04 (1.45, 2.88) for female and 3.4 (2.11, 5.36) for male. One hundred and eighty-nineCKD patients reported their birthweight; 106 were male. Their age was 60.3(15) years. Their birthweight was 3.27 (0.62) kg, vs 3.46 (0.6) kg for their AusDiab controls, p<0.001 and the proportions with birthweight<2.5 kg were 12.17% and 4.44%, p<0.001. Among CKD patients, 22.8%, 21.7%, 18% and 37.6% were in CKD stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Birthweights by CKD stage and their AusDiab controls were as follows: 3.38 (0.52) vs 3.49 (0.52), p=0.251 for CKD2; 3.28 (0.54) vs 3.44 (0.54), p=0.121 for CKD3; 3.19 (0.72) vs 3.43 (0.56), p= 0.112 for CKD4 and 3.09 (0.65) vs 3.47 (0.67), p<0.001 for CKD5. The results demonstrate that in an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, low birthweight people were predisposed to higher rates of glycaemic dysregulation, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases and lower glomerular filtration rate in adult life. In all instances it would be prudent to adopt policies of intensified whole of life surveillance of lower birthweight people, anticipating this risk. The general public awareness of the effect of low birthweight on development of chronic diseases in later life is of vital importance. The general public, in addition to the awareness of people in medical practice of the role of low birthweight, will lead to a better management of this group of our population that is increasingly surviving into adulthood.
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BIRTHWEIGHT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASEIssa Al Salmi Unknown Date (has links)
The thesis examines the relationship of birthweight to risk factors and markers, such as proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, for chronic disease in postnatal life. It made use of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The AusDiab study is a cross sectional study where baseline data on 11,247 participants were collected in 1999-2000. Participants were recruited from a stratified sample of Australians aged ≥ 25 years, residing in 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (Census Collector Districts) of the six states of Australia and the Northern Territory. The AusDiab study collected an enormous amount of clinical and laboratory data. During the 2004-05 follow-up AusDiab survey, questions about birthweight were included. Participants were asked to state their birthweight, the likely accuracy of the stated birthweight and the source of their stated birthweight. Four hundred and twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were approached, and 339 agreed to participate in the study. The patients completed the same questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to check the diagnoses, causes of kidney trouble and SCr levels. Two control subjects, matched for gender and age, were selected for each CKD patient from participants in the AusDiab study who reported their birthweight. Among 7,157 AusDiab participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birthweights, with a mean (standard deviation) of 3.4 (0.7) kg. The benefit and disadvantages of these data are discussed in chapter three. The data were analysed for the relationship between birthweight and adult body size and composition, disorders of glucose regulation, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases and glomerular filtration rate. Low birthweight was associated with smaller body build and lower lean mass and total body water in both females and males. In addition low birthweight was associated with central obesity and higher body fat percentage in females, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. Fasting plasma glucose, post load glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were strongly and inversely correlated with birthweight. In those with low birthweight (< 2.5 kg), the risks for having impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76 and 2.28 for females and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98 and 1.49 for males compared to those with normal birthweight (≥ 2.5 kg), respectively. Low birthweight individuals were at higher risk for having high blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 130/85 mmHg compared to those with normal birthweight. People with low birthweight showed a trend towards increased risk for high cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/l) compared to those of normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight had increased risk for high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥ 3.5 mmol/l) and triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/l) when compared to those with normal birthweight. Males with low birthweight exhibited increased risk for low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/l) than those with normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight were at least 1.39, 1.40, 2.30 and 1.47 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases respectively, compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg. Similarly, males with low birthweight were 1.76, 1.48, 3.34 and 1.70 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was strongly and positively associated with birthweight, with a predicted increase of 2.6 ml/min (CI 2.1, 3.2) and 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) for each kg of birthweight for females and males, respectively. The odd ratio (95% confidence interval) for low glomerular filtration rate (<61.0 ml/min for female and < 87.4 male) in people of low birthweight compared with those of normal birthweight was 2.04 (1.45, 2.88) for female and 3.4 (2.11, 5.36) for male. One hundred and eighty-nineCKD patients reported their birthweight; 106 were male. Their age was 60.3(15) years. Their birthweight was 3.27 (0.62) kg, vs 3.46 (0.6) kg for their AusDiab controls, p<0.001 and the proportions with birthweight<2.5 kg were 12.17% and 4.44%, p<0.001. Among CKD patients, 22.8%, 21.7%, 18% and 37.6% were in CKD stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Birthweights by CKD stage and their AusDiab controls were as follows: 3.38 (0.52) vs 3.49 (0.52), p=0.251 for CKD2; 3.28 (0.54) vs 3.44 (0.54), p=0.121 for CKD3; 3.19 (0.72) vs 3.43 (0.56), p= 0.112 for CKD4 and 3.09 (0.65) vs 3.47 (0.67), p<0.001 for CKD5. The results demonstrate that in an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, low birthweight people were predisposed to higher rates of glycaemic dysregulation, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases and lower glomerular filtration rate in adult life. In all instances it would be prudent to adopt policies of intensified whole of life surveillance of lower birthweight people, anticipating this risk. The general public awareness of the effect of low birthweight on development of chronic diseases in later life is of vital importance. The general public, in addition to the awareness of people in medical practice of the role of low birthweight, will lead to a better management of this group of our population that is increasingly surviving into adulthood.
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