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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Alterações neurocognitivas e morfométricas cerebrais associadas ao uso do crack / Neurocognitive and morphometric brain alterations associated with crack use

Oliveira Junior, Hercilio Pereira de 06 June 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇAO: Recentes achados experimentais sugerem que a cocaína na forma crack é mais neurotóxica quando comparada à cocaína inalada. Estes estudos são congruentes com os achados clínicos de que pacientes com transtorno por uso da cocaína e usuários de crack têm pior prognóstico e mais consequências adversas para à saúde. OBJETIVO: Investigar alterações diferenciais em substância cinzenta cerebral (SC) e prejuízos neurocognitivos entre usuários de crack (CRACK), cocaína inalada (COC) e controles. MÉTODOS: 78 indivíduos adultos foram avaliados neste estudo (16 CRACK, 26 COC e 36 controles). Todos indivíduos realizaram uma bateria abrangente de testes neurocognitivos. Dados estruturais do cérebro foram analisados através de um protocolo de morfometria baseada em voxels (VBM) e do Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Diferenças em volume de substância cinzenta entre os três grupos foram avaliadas através de um modelo fatorial tendo idade e escolaridade como covariáveis. Foram realizados testes de correlação entre variáveis de uso da cocaína e volume de substância cinzenta. RESULTADOS: Participantes do grupo CRACK apresentaram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior bilateral (p < 0,001), córtex precentral direito e córtex temporal medial (p < 0,05) em relação aos controles. Em comparação aos indivíduos do grupo COC, os indivíduos do grupo CRACK tiveram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior direito (p < 0,05) e giro parietal superior esquerdo (p < 0,001). A idade de início de uso da cocaína mais precoce foi associada a volumes menores de SC no córtex temporal superior esquerdo (p < 0,05) e lóbulo paracentral direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK. Anos de uso da cocaína foram associados negativamente ao volume de SC no polo temporal medial direito (p < 0,05) no grupo CRACK. O uso da droga no último mês foi associado a volumes menores de SC em córtex parahipocampal e hipocampo direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK e cíngulo anterior direito apenas no grupo CRACK (p < 0,05). CRACK e COC desempenharam pior que os controles em funções executivas globais e impulsividade. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que usuários de crack apresentam alterações mais graves em região pré-frontal e prejuízos em funções cognitivas como auto-monitorização e funções executivas quando comparados a usuários de cocaína inalada. Variáveis como idade de início da cocaína, anos de uso e dias de uso da droga no último mês foram associadas a volumes menores de SC em regiões corticais relacionadas ao funcionamento executivo e controle inibitório. Em conclusão, usuários de crack apresentaram mais prejuízos em região pré-frontal do cérebro e novos estudos longitudinais poderão contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de como tais alterações podem impactar negativamente o curso clínico e resultados no tratamento / BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have shown that smoked crack is more neurotoxic when compared with intranasal cocaine. These reports are congruent with clinical findings that crack-addicted patients have a worse prognosis and more severe health consequences. AIM: To examine differential gray matter (GM) alterations and neurocognitive impairments in crack-addicted patients (CRACK) compared with intrasanal cocaine-addicted patients (COC) and controls. METHODS: 78 adult male subjects were evaluated in this study (16 CRACK, 26 COC and 36 controls). Subjects were submitted to an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Structural brain data were analyzed using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) protocol and the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Differences in gray matter volume among the three groups were investigated with a full-factorial model controlling for age and years of education. We have performed a correlation analysis between variables of cocaine use and gray matter volume. RESULTS: CRACK presented significantly reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), bilateral anterior cingulate (p < .001), right precentral gyrus (p < .05), and right medial temporal cortex (p < .05) compared with controls. When directly compared with COC, CRACK had reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), right anterior cingulate (p < .05), and left superior parietal gyrus (p < .001). Age at first cocaine use was positively associated with GM volume in the left superior temporal cortex (p < .05) and paracentral lobe (p < .05) in the total sample and CRACK. Years of cocaine use were negatively associated with GM volume in the right medial temporal pole (p < .05) in CRACK. Past-30 days cocaine use was associated with reduced GM in the parahippocampal and hippocampus (p < .05) in the total sample and reduced right anterior cingulus in CRACK (p < .05). Both CRACK and COC participants performed worse than controls in global measures of executive functioning and impulsivity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that participants with cocaine use disorder who use crack present more severe prefrontal cortex abnormalities and self-monitoring/executive alterations when compared with intrasanal cocaine users. Age of first cocaine use, years of cocaine exposure, and past-30 days cocaine use were associated with GM reductions in cortical areas implicated in executive functioning and inhibitory control. In conclusion, crack users presented more alterations in the prefrontal cortex and further longitudinal studies are warranted to a better comprehension of how such alterations may impact negatively treatment outcomes
162

Uso do álcool no padrão BINGE e consequências em usuários de drogas / Binge-drinking and the consequences among drug users

Raimundo, Maria Fernanda Rosa de Almeida 14 September 2015 (has links)
O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de álcool no padrão binge em usuários de drogas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório, da abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial - Álcool e Drogas. A amostra foi composta por 140 usuários de drogas em tratamento. Constituíram instrumentos para coleta de dados: informações sociodemográficas, Escala de Gravidade de Dependência do Álcool (SADD), AUDIT-C, Escala de Severidade de Dependência de Drogas (SDS), Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief) e The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). A amostra caracterizou-se predominantemente por adultos do sexo masculino, solteiros, cor negra/parda, com baixo nível de escolaridade, que professavam a religião católica. A maioria dos participantes fez uso de bebida alcoólica no padrão binge e nível severo de dependência alcoólica e de drogas. Na presente amostra não foram verificadas associações entre o consumo no padrão binge e situações de violências. Os usuários também apresentaram consequências mais graves nos aspectos físicos, interpessoais, intrapessoal, controle de impulso e responsabilidade social avaliadas pela escala DrInC. O uso pesado de álcool tem sido uma prática muito comum entre usuários de cocaína e crack, o que representa graves riscos para a saúde física e social dessas pessoas. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de estratégias interventivas para controle do uso de álcool nessa população / The study aimed to evaluate the binge-drinking among drugs users. It is a cross-sectional study of a quantitative approach. The study was developed in a Psychosocial Attention Center - Alcohol and drugs. The sample was composed of 140 drug users in treatment. The tools of data collection were: sociodemographic information, Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD), The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), Severity Dependence Scale (SDS), Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief) and Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). The sample was characterized predominantly by being adults, males, singles, black / brown color, with low education level, who professed the Catholic religion. Most participants made the use of alcohol in binge-drinking and severe levels of alcoholism and addiction. In the present sample was not identified associations between the binge- drinking and violence situations. Users also present more serious consequences in the physical, interpersonal, intrapersonal aspects, impulse control and social responsibility evaluated by DrInC scale. Heavy use of alcohol has been a very common practice for cocaine and crack users, which represents serious risks to physical and social health of these users. The results indicate the need for intervention strategies of alcohol use control with this population
163

Efeitos neurodegenerativos da metilecgonidina e da cocaína em cultura celular primária de hipocampo / Neurodegenerative effects of methylecgonidine and cocaine in hippocampal primary cell culture

Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia 28 September 2009 (has links)
O uso da cocaína na forma de crack vem crescendo nos últimos anos quando comparado às demais vias de administração. Contribuem para esse fato a obtenção quase imediata de efeitos e a maior facilidade de uso, que dispensa a necessidade de material injetável. O usuário de crack sofre os efeitos não só da cocaína, mas também de seu produto de pirólise, a metilecgonidina (AEME). Existem evidências de que a cocaína leva à neurodegeneração, entretanto a participação da AEME nesse processo ainda não foi estudada. A proposta deste estudo foi investigar a participação da AEME no processo neurodegenerativo utilizando cultura primária de hipocampo realizada a partir de fetos de ratos. Foram realizados ensaios de viabilidade celular (MTT) e da atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH), além da avaliação morfológica por microscopia de fluorescência. Foi estudada também a participação do dano oxidativo no processo de neurodegeneração, como a formação de aduto de DNA; atividade das enzimas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR) e glutationa S-transferase (GST); e a produção de malonaldeído (MDA), um biomarcador de peroxidação lipídica. Tanto a cocaína quanto a AEME mostraram-se neurotóxicas. A partir dos ensaios de viabilidade e da avaliação morfológica foi possível inferir que, em células hipocampais, a cocaína leva à morte celular tanto por necrose quanto por apoptose e que a provável via envolvida na neurodegeneração da AEME é a apoptose. A AEME não causou lesão direta ao DNA, uma vez que não foi observada a formação de adutos nem com a desoxiguanosina (d-G), a base nitrogenada mais reativa, nem com DNA comercial. Mais ainda, nossos resultados mostraram que a AEME e a cocaína, nas concentrações de 1 e 2 mM, respectivamente, foram equipotentes e a incubação concomitante das duas substâncias nessas concentrações apresentou efeito aditivo após 48 horas de exposição. A morte de células hopocampais evidenciada a partir de 24 horas de exposição foi precedida pela diminuição da atividade da GPx após 3 horas de incubação tanto com a AEME e a cocaína, quanto com a associação entre essas substâncias. A atividade da GST também diminuiu, no entanto, somente após 6 horas de exposição, antecedendo a morte celular. Não foi observada alteração na atividade da GR. Houve um aumento, porém, não estatisticamente significativo, de MDA após 48 horas de incubação. Nossos resultados sugerem uma maior susceptibilidade à neurodegeneração com o uso de crack do que com a cocaína isoladamente. / Smoking crack has increased in the last years when compared to the other routes of cocaine administration. Its advantage is the quicker and stronger high effects and its ease of use without the need of needles. Smoking crack involves inhaling not only cocaine, but also its pyrolysis product, methylecgonidine (AEME). There are evidences that cocaine causes neurodegeneration, but AEME involvement in this process has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to investigate AEME participation in neurodegeneration using a primary hippocampus culture made from rat fetuses. Cellular viability assays (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and morphological evaluations with fluorescence microscopy were performed. The involvement of oxidative injury in the neurodegeneration process was also studied through DNA adduct formation; the evaluation of antioxidants enzymes activities as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST); and the production of malonaldehyde (MDA), a lipoperoxidation biomarker. Both cocaine and AEME showed neurotoxic effects. Through viability assays and morphologic evaluations we can suggest that, in hippocampal cells, cocaine cell death mechanism involves not only necrosis, but also apoptosis and that AEME pathway involved in neurodegeneration is only apoptosis. AEME did not produce a direct DNA injury, as no DNA adduct was observed with desoxyguanosine (d-G), the most reactive nitrogenous base, nor with commercial DNA. Moreover, our results showed that 1 and 2 mM of AEME and cocaine, respectively, were equipotent and the concomitant incubation of both compounds in those concentrations showed additive effect after 48 hours of exposure. Hippocampal cell death at 24 hours was preceded by a decrease in GPx activity after 3 hours of incubation with AEME, cocaine and association between these two compounds. GST activity also decreased but only after 6 hours of exposure, also before cell death. There was no alteration in GR activity. There was an increase, although not statistically significant, in MDA after 48 hours of exposure. As smoking crack abusers are exposed to both cocaine and AEME, our results suggest a higher susceptibility to neurodegeneration in smoking crack than with cocaine alone.
164

Uso do álcool no padrão BINGE e consequências em usuários de drogas / Binge-drinking and the consequences among drug users

Maria Fernanda Rosa de Almeida Raimundo 14 September 2015 (has links)
O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de álcool no padrão binge em usuários de drogas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório, da abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial - Álcool e Drogas. A amostra foi composta por 140 usuários de drogas em tratamento. Constituíram instrumentos para coleta de dados: informações sociodemográficas, Escala de Gravidade de Dependência do Álcool (SADD), AUDIT-C, Escala de Severidade de Dependência de Drogas (SDS), Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief) e The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). A amostra caracterizou-se predominantemente por adultos do sexo masculino, solteiros, cor negra/parda, com baixo nível de escolaridade, que professavam a religião católica. A maioria dos participantes fez uso de bebida alcoólica no padrão binge e nível severo de dependência alcoólica e de drogas. Na presente amostra não foram verificadas associações entre o consumo no padrão binge e situações de violências. Os usuários também apresentaram consequências mais graves nos aspectos físicos, interpessoais, intrapessoal, controle de impulso e responsabilidade social avaliadas pela escala DrInC. O uso pesado de álcool tem sido uma prática muito comum entre usuários de cocaína e crack, o que representa graves riscos para a saúde física e social dessas pessoas. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de estratégias interventivas para controle do uso de álcool nessa população / The study aimed to evaluate the binge-drinking among drugs users. It is a cross-sectional study of a quantitative approach. The study was developed in a Psychosocial Attention Center - Alcohol and drugs. The sample was composed of 140 drug users in treatment. The tools of data collection were: sociodemographic information, Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD), The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), Severity Dependence Scale (SDS), Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief) and Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). The sample was characterized predominantly by being adults, males, singles, black / brown color, with low education level, who professed the Catholic religion. Most participants made the use of alcohol in binge-drinking and severe levels of alcoholism and addiction. In the present sample was not identified associations between the binge- drinking and violence situations. Users also present more serious consequences in the physical, interpersonal, intrapersonal aspects, impulse control and social responsibility evaluated by DrInC scale. Heavy use of alcohol has been a very common practice for cocaine and crack users, which represents serious risks to physical and social health of these users. The results indicate the need for intervention strategies of alcohol use control with this population
165

Alterações neurocognitivas e morfométricas cerebrais associadas ao uso do crack / Neurocognitive and morphometric brain alterations associated with crack use

Hercilio Pereira de Oliveira Junior 06 June 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇAO: Recentes achados experimentais sugerem que a cocaína na forma crack é mais neurotóxica quando comparada à cocaína inalada. Estes estudos são congruentes com os achados clínicos de que pacientes com transtorno por uso da cocaína e usuários de crack têm pior prognóstico e mais consequências adversas para à saúde. OBJETIVO: Investigar alterações diferenciais em substância cinzenta cerebral (SC) e prejuízos neurocognitivos entre usuários de crack (CRACK), cocaína inalada (COC) e controles. MÉTODOS: 78 indivíduos adultos foram avaliados neste estudo (16 CRACK, 26 COC e 36 controles). Todos indivíduos realizaram uma bateria abrangente de testes neurocognitivos. Dados estruturais do cérebro foram analisados através de um protocolo de morfometria baseada em voxels (VBM) e do Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Diferenças em volume de substância cinzenta entre os três grupos foram avaliadas através de um modelo fatorial tendo idade e escolaridade como covariáveis. Foram realizados testes de correlação entre variáveis de uso da cocaína e volume de substância cinzenta. RESULTADOS: Participantes do grupo CRACK apresentaram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior bilateral (p < 0,001), córtex precentral direito e córtex temporal medial (p < 0,05) em relação aos controles. Em comparação aos indivíduos do grupo COC, os indivíduos do grupo CRACK tiveram volumes menores de SC no córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo (p < 0,001), cingulado anterior direito (p < 0,05) e giro parietal superior esquerdo (p < 0,001). A idade de início de uso da cocaína mais precoce foi associada a volumes menores de SC no córtex temporal superior esquerdo (p < 0,05) e lóbulo paracentral direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK. Anos de uso da cocaína foram associados negativamente ao volume de SC no polo temporal medial direito (p < 0,05) no grupo CRACK. O uso da droga no último mês foi associado a volumes menores de SC em córtex parahipocampal e hipocampo direito (p < 0,05) no grupo total de usuários e CRACK e cíngulo anterior direito apenas no grupo CRACK (p < 0,05). CRACK e COC desempenharam pior que os controles em funções executivas globais e impulsividade. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que usuários de crack apresentam alterações mais graves em região pré-frontal e prejuízos em funções cognitivas como auto-monitorização e funções executivas quando comparados a usuários de cocaína inalada. Variáveis como idade de início da cocaína, anos de uso e dias de uso da droga no último mês foram associadas a volumes menores de SC em regiões corticais relacionadas ao funcionamento executivo e controle inibitório. Em conclusão, usuários de crack apresentaram mais prejuízos em região pré-frontal do cérebro e novos estudos longitudinais poderão contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de como tais alterações podem impactar negativamente o curso clínico e resultados no tratamento / BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have shown that smoked crack is more neurotoxic when compared with intranasal cocaine. These reports are congruent with clinical findings that crack-addicted patients have a worse prognosis and more severe health consequences. AIM: To examine differential gray matter (GM) alterations and neurocognitive impairments in crack-addicted patients (CRACK) compared with intrasanal cocaine-addicted patients (COC) and controls. METHODS: 78 adult male subjects were evaluated in this study (16 CRACK, 26 COC and 36 controls). Subjects were submitted to an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Structural brain data were analyzed using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) protocol and the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12. Differences in gray matter volume among the three groups were investigated with a full-factorial model controlling for age and years of education. We have performed a correlation analysis between variables of cocaine use and gray matter volume. RESULTS: CRACK presented significantly reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), bilateral anterior cingulate (p < .001), right precentral gyrus (p < .05), and right medial temporal cortex (p < .05) compared with controls. When directly compared with COC, CRACK had reduced GM volume in left orbitofrontal (p < .001), right anterior cingulate (p < .05), and left superior parietal gyrus (p < .001). Age at first cocaine use was positively associated with GM volume in the left superior temporal cortex (p < .05) and paracentral lobe (p < .05) in the total sample and CRACK. Years of cocaine use were negatively associated with GM volume in the right medial temporal pole (p < .05) in CRACK. Past-30 days cocaine use was associated with reduced GM in the parahippocampal and hippocampus (p < .05) in the total sample and reduced right anterior cingulus in CRACK (p < .05). Both CRACK and COC participants performed worse than controls in global measures of executive functioning and impulsivity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that participants with cocaine use disorder who use crack present more severe prefrontal cortex abnormalities and self-monitoring/executive alterations when compared with intrasanal cocaine users. Age of first cocaine use, years of cocaine exposure, and past-30 days cocaine use were associated with GM reductions in cortical areas implicated in executive functioning and inhibitory control. In conclusion, crack users presented more alterations in the prefrontal cortex and further longitudinal studies are warranted to a better comprehension of how such alterations may impact negatively treatment outcomes
166

Gravidade da dependência de cocaína (Fumada e Inalada) em indivíduos em tratamento ambulatorial / The Severity of cocaine dependence (smoked and snuffed) in subjects undergoing outpatient treatment

Jéssica Adrielle Teixeira Santos 12 June 2017 (has links)
O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os fatores sociais e de saúde associados à da gravidade da dependência de cocaína (fumada e inalada) entre usuários em tratamento ambulatorial. Trata- se de um estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 160 indivíduos em tratamento para a dependência química no CAPS-ad de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Os participantes foram selecionados mediante critérios de elegibilidade e avaliação do estado mental por meio da Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-A). Para a coleta de dados um questionário foi elaborado contendo: Informações sociodemográficas, Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6); Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD); Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- Consumption (AUDIT-C); Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) e Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Brief (CCQ-B). Na análise estatística foram utilizados os testes: qui-quadrado, regressão logística, teste Mann Whitney e correlação de Spearman. A amostra foi composta por 78 (48,8%) de cocaína inalada e 82 (51,2%) de crack. Em relação aos aspectos sociais e de saúde, os usuários de crack foram mais velhos (p = 0,028), com menos anos de estudo (p = 0,042),desempregados (p = 0,05), maioria em situação de rua (p < 0,001), com antecedentes de tratamentos (p = 0,019), baixa renda mensal (p < 0.001), renda incompatível com despesas (p = 0,002), mais envolvidos em roubo (p = 0,009), sofreram agressão (por pessoa conhecida e desconhecida (p = 0,005 e p = 0,014), presenciaram agressão/homicídio (p = 0,030), dormiram em albergues (p = 0,011), apresentam problemas para dormir (p = 0,007), sintomas de alucinações (p > 0,001), agressividade (p = 0,031). Os usuários de cocaína inalada se diferenciaram apenas por apresentarem maior contato com amigo íntimo (p = 0,007). Em relação ao uso de drogas, os usuários de crack apresentaram maior tempo de uso na vida de tabaco (p = 0,032) e maconha (p = 0,047), maior frequência de uso do crack (p = 0,009). Nos resultados da análise multivariada, os indivíduos adultos (OR 3,1 95%CI 1,50;6,7) e em situação de rua (OR 4,5 95%CI 1,49;13,61) apresentaram chances aumentadas de utilizar crack. Quanto à avaliação final da ASI, constatou-se que os usuários de crack apresentaram elevados níveis de problemas nas áreas Emprego (p = 0,005) e Psiquiátrica (p = 0,003). Os níveis de problemas relacionados ao álcool, drogas e fissura (AUDIT, SDS, CCQ-B) não se diferenciaram entre os usuários de cocaína, resultando em severos níveis de gravidade independente a via de uso, com exceção da SADD. Das correlações entre as áreas da ASI e o dos instrumentos, destaca-se que a área Álcool foi correlacionada positivamente com os todos os instrumentos, a área Droga e os resultados do AUDIT, SDS e CCQ-B, a área Família com o CCQ-B, a área Psiquiátrica com SDS e CCQ-B, a área Problemas Sociais com a SDS e a CCQ-B. A área Médica foi correlacionada negativamente com a SDS. O uso de cocaína apresenta variações em relação aos níveis de gravidade da dependência da droga e problemas nas áreas emprego e sustento, uso de álcool e de drogas, situação legal social e saúde mental / The aim of this study was to evaluate the social and health factors associated with the severity of cocaine dependence (smoked and snuffed) among users on outpatient treatment. This is a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted with 160 individuals undergoing treatment for chemical dependence in the CAPS-ad in Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo. Participants were selected through eligibility criteria and mental status assessment using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-A). The data collection instruments were: Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6); Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD); Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- Consumption (AUDIT-C); Severity of Dependency Scale (SDS) and Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Brief (CCQ-B). In the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: chi- square, logistic regression, Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation. The sample consisted of 78 (48.8%) snorted cocaine and 82 (51.2%) of crack. In relation to social and health aspects, crack users were older (p = 0.028), with less years of study (p = 0.042), unemployed (p = 0.05), homeless (p < 0,001), history of previous treatments (p = 0.019), low monthly income (p <0.001), income incompatible with expenses (p = 0.002), more involved in robbery (p = 0.009), suffered aggression (per person known and unknown (p = 0.005 and p = 0.014), witnessed aggression / homicide (p = 0.030), slept in shelters (p = 0.011), trouble sleeping (p = 0.007), hallucinations (p> 0.001) and aggressiveness (p = 0.031). The snuffed cocaine users differed only because they had greater contact with close friends (p = 0.007). Regarding the drug use, crack users had a longer time of use in the life of tobacco (p = 0.032) and marijuana (p = 0.047), a higher frequency of crack use (p = 0.009). In the results of the multivariate analysis, the adult individuals (OR 3.1 95% CI 1.50, 6.7) and homeless (OR 4.5 95% CI 1.49, 13.61) presented increased odds of use crack. Regarding the final evaluation of ASI, It was found that crack users presented high levels of problems in the areas of Employment (p = 0.005) and Psychiatric (p = 0.003). The levels of alcohol, drug and fissure problems (AUDIT, SDS, CCQ-B) did not differ among cocaine users, resulting in increased levels of severity independent of the route of use, with the exception of SADD. From the correlations between the ASI and the instruments, the Alcohol use positively correlated with all the instruments, the Drug area and the results of the AUDIT, SDS and CCQ-B, the Family area with CCQ- B, the Psychiatric area with SDS and CCQ-B, the Social Problems area with SDS and CCQ-B. The Medical area was negatively correlated with SDS. The use of cocaine showed various severity levels of drug dependence and problems in the areas of employment and livelihood, alcohol and drug use, social legal status, and mental health
167

O impacto da religiosidade na infância e adolescência sobre o padrão de consumo em adultos dependentes de crack / The impact of religiosity during childhood and adolescence on the drug consumption in adults addicted to crack cocaine

Pinto, Alexandre de Rezende 04 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-20T15:38:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandremoreiradealmeida.pdf: 793755 bytes, checksum: fe47d5a36a2b4ed7fd21c0f4d5811f14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T17:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandremoreiradealmeida.pdf: 793755 bytes, checksum: fe47d5a36a2b4ed7fd21c0f4d5811f14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T17:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandremoreiradealmeida.pdf: 793755 bytes, checksum: fe47d5a36a2b4ed7fd21c0f4d5811f14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Introdução: Embora muitos estudos mostrem um efeito protetor da religiosidade contra o uso e abuso de drogas, há pouca informação sobre o impacto do envolvimento religioso na infância e adolescência no padrão de consumo em adultos dependentes de substâncias. Métodos: Estudo transversal de dependentes adultos de crack internados em 20 Comunidades Terapêuticas de sete estados brasileiros. Foram usadas análises de regressão logística para estimar o odds ratio (OR), ajustado para variáveis sociodemográficas, para a associação entre história religiosa (freqüência a missas/cultos e participação em atividades ligadas à religião como encontros, grupos de jovens, trabalhos sociais e de caridade) nas faixas etárias de 8-11 anos, 12-14 anos e 15-17 anos e comportamentos ligados ao uso de crack. Resultados: De um total de 531 entrevistados, 98,9% acreditavam em Deus e 86,1% tinham uma religião. A história religiosa se relacionou a menos início de consumo antes dos 18 anos (OR: 0,95 [IC 95% 0,92-0,98]) e menos craving intenso (OR: 0,95 [0,91-0,99]). Envolvimento religioso aos 15-17 anos se associou a menor chance de início de consumo antes dos 18 anos (OR: 0,87 [0,80-0,95]), de consumo <10 pedras de crack (OR: 0,87 [0,80-0,95]) e menos craving (OR: 0,86 [0,74-0,99]). A história religiosa nas três faixas etárias se relacionou a melhor qualidade de vida no domínio psicológico. A relação entre envolvimento religioso dos 15-17 anos e menor chance de início de consumo de crack antes dos 18 anos foi mediado parcialmente por atividades sociais (proporção de 22% do efeito total) e relacionamento com os pais (17% do efeito total). Conclusão: A religiosidade fornece alguma proteção sobre o padrão de consumo e melhor percepção de qualidade de vida no domínio psicológico, mesmo em dependentes graves de crack. / Introduction: Although many studies have shown a protective effect of religiosity against drug use and abuse, there is little information on the impact of religious involvement during childhood and adolescence on the consumption pattern of substances by drug-dependent adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study of crack-dependent adults admitted to 20 Therapeutic Communities in seven Brazilian states. Logistic regression analyses were used in order to estimate the odds ratio (OR), adjusted for demographic variables, for the association between religious history (church service attendance and participation in activities related to religion such as meetings, youth groups, social projects and charity) in the age groups of 8-11, 12-14 and 15-17 years old, and behaviors regarding crack use. Results: Out of a total of 531 respondents, 98.9% believed in God, and 86.1% had a religion. Religious history was related to lower consumption initiation before the age of 18 years (OR: 0.95 [95% CI 0.92-0.98]) and less craving (OR: 0.95 [0.91 - 0.99]). Religious involvement at 15-17 years of age was associated with less chance of early consumption before the age of 18 years (OR: 0.87 [0.80-0.95]), consumption of less than 10 rocks (OR: 0.87 [0.80-0.95]) and less craving (OR: 0.86 [0.74-0.99]). Religious history in the three age groups was related to better quality of life in the psychological domain. The relationship between religious involvement at 15-17 years of age and less chance of early crack use before the age of 18 was partially mediated by social activities (22% of the total effect) and relationship with parents (17% of the total effect) . Conclusion: Religiosity provides some protection on the consumption pattern and better perception regarding quality of life in the psychological domain, even in severe crack addicts.
168

Induction and expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization: Modulation by a partial D₂-like agonist

Sibole, Janet Marie 01 January 2003 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a partial D₂-like dopamine agonist (i.e. terguride) would block the induction or expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in pre-weanling rats. The ability of terguride to induce behavioral sensitization was also examined, as partial D₂-like agonists have agonistic actions in cases of low dopaminergic tone.
169

Peri-adolescent monoamine interference alters behavioral response to cocaine and associated dopamine dynamics in adulthood

Zeric, Tamara January 2022 (has links)
Adolescence is a sensitive developmental period encompassing neural maturation that is critical for an individual’s behavioral transition into adulthood. Due to widespread physiological changes attributed to this period, adolescents are also vulnerable to the initiation of risky behaviors, such as drug experimentation and use, as well as the emergence of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system in the brain undergoes a transient peak in activity and continues to mature during adolescence, potentially mediating adolescent hypersensitivity to social, appetitive, and drug-associated rewards. Simultaneously, the serotonin (5-HT) system exerts its influence on the dopamine system throughout adolescence, a process vital for proper impulse control and emotional regulation in adulthood. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are multifaceted and are comprised of diverse maladaptive behaviors that promote compulsive drug seeking, including loss of control and the propensity to engage in drug use irrespective of personal risks and/or consequences. Drug addiction and substance use have a large negative impact globally both economically and with regards to public health outcomes, representing approximately 1.3% of the global burden of disease. Furthermore, dopamine reward pathways are heavily impacted by drug use, particularly with respect to stimulants, and the level of drug-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum can be correlated with a drug’s perceived “high.” Certain experiences and adverse behaviors linked to refinement of monoamine connectivity in the brain during adolescence, such as heightened stress and sensation seeking, may predispose individuals for developing SUDs in adulthood. However, how drug reward sensitivity and associated activity of the dopamine system is altered in adulthood as a consequence of interfering with monoamine neurodevelopment during adolescence has not been clarified. To this end, I aim to understand how imbalanced monoamine development during adolescence contributes to stimulant-mediated behaviors in adulthood, specifically contextual reward associations, in relation to in vivo activity of the dopamine reward system. I introduce a sensitive peri-adolescent (PA) period in mice, during which blockade of the serotonin transporter (SERT) via fluoxetine administration during postnatal (P) days 22-41 leads to inhibited adult aggression and locomotor response to stimulants. Conversely, I describe a more refined PA (P32-41) period during which systemic dopamine transporter (DAT) blockade via GBR12909 administration leads to enhanced aggression and stimulant-induced locomotor activity in adulthood. Utilizing these behaviorally opposing models characterized in our lab, I describe the diverging effects of systemic DAT and SERT blockade from P32-41 on cocaine-induced locomotor response as well as cocaine-mediated contextual preference. I administered cocaine intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, applying the open field test and cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to assess stimulant-induced locomotor response and environmental reward associations, respectively. Potentiation of serotonergic tone during P32-41 via fluoxetine administration leads to decreased cocaine-induced locomotor response and a lack of preference for a cocaine-associated context in adulthood at a dose of 10 mg/kg, compared to controls and PA GBR treated subjects. Conversely, potentiation of dopaminergic tone by administering GBR12909 during P32-41 is associated with enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor reactivity at 10 mg/kg and greater contextual preference at lower doses of cocaine (5 mg/kg), in comparison to PA fluoxetine treated mice and controls. To understand how in vivo VTA dopamine population activity is altered in both PA models during cocaine-associated behaviors in adulthood, I performed cocaine CPP while recording calcium signals in VTA dopamine neurons using fiber photometry in freely behaving subjects. Importantly, I utilize these recordings as a proxy for measuring changes in VTA dopamine activity as the subjects engage with a cocaine-paired environment. I found that PA DAT blockade was associated with greater baseline VTA dopamine activity in adulthood compared to controls, as well as heightened VTA dopamine activity while the subjects were in a cocaine-paired context during selected portions of the behavioral task compared to control subjects. Additionally, we found a significant positive correlation between the magnitude of preference for a cocaine-associated context and the frequency of VTA dopamine calcium signals recorded while the subject is engaged with a cocaine-paired environment. Adult mice following PA DAT blockade displayed a greater frequency of recorded VTA dopamine calcium signals while in a cocaine-paired environment compared to PA fluoxetine treated mice. Supporting our correlational analysis, I detected a decreased preference for a cocaine-paired context in PA fluoxetine treated subjects compared to both controls and PA GBR12909 mice, when using a dose of cocaine in between the previous concentrations tested (7.5 mg/kg). Interestingly, PA fluoxetine treated subjects showed transition-dependent differences in VTA dopamine calcium activity during the final five-minute portion of our behavioral task, displaying less activity shortly post-entry into the cocaine-paired environment compared to pre-entry. In congruence, PA fluoxetine subjects showed enhanced VTA dopamine calcium activity on the saline-paired side shortly post-entry compared to pre-entry. In collaboration with the Sulzer Lab, we also probed the effects of both PA manipulations on electrically evoked dopamine release in the ventral striatum of adult anesthetized mice using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Electrical stimulation was targeted to the midbrain and evoked dopamine release was recorded in the ventral striatum both at baseline and in response to cocaine injection, using the same 7.5 mg/kg dose applied in the calcium imaging study. Overall, we found a significant increase in dopamine release at baseline in the ventral striatum of adult PA GBR12909 treated subjects compared to both PA fluoxetine subjects and controls. Moreover, we found significantly greater cocaine-induced dopamine release in our PA GBR12909 mice compared to controls in adulthood. These findings are consistent with the imaging and behavioral data, highlighting the persistence of an elevated dopaminergic phenotype due to systemic PA DAT blockade. Conversely, systemic PA SERT blockade leads to behaviorally opposing effects and generally lower VTA DA activity dynamics in comparison to PA GBR12909 treated subjects in adulthood. The unique, combinatorial approach applied in this dissertation work further our knowledge of how sensitive developmental periods influence the emergence of complex behaviors in adulthood, which is vital to improving treatment approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders.
170

Cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and drug-associated behavior - An unexpected dissociation

Shukla, Avani 10 May 2016 (has links)
No description available.

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