Les théories relatives à la biodiversité contrastent fortement quant au rôle qu’elles accordent aux différences de traits écologiques entre espèces (théorie des niches) ou à la stochasticité démographique (théorie neutre de la biodiversité) pour expliquer l’organisation des communautés d’espèces compétitrices. Les espèces en compétition pour une ressource pulsée permettent de tester à relativement court terme ces théories : dans le cadre de la théorie des niches, les espèces en compétition devraient présenter de fortes différences de traits les conduisant à exploiter différemment la ressource pulsée; elles devraient alors répondre démographiquement de manière différente aux fortes fluctuations en ressources et leurs dynamiques populationnelles devraient être asynchrones. Au contraire, dans le cadre de la théorie neutre, les espèces ne devraient pas présenter de différences majeures dans leurs caractères associés à l’exploitation de la ressource variable; elles devraient alors répondre de la même manière aux pulses et leurs dynamiques populationnelles devraient être synchronisées. Nos travaux, centrés sur quatre espèces du genre Curculio en compétition pour l’exploitation des glands de chêne, permettent de mettre en évidence (i) qu’un fort partitionnement global de leurs niches est assorti de dynamiques populationnelles asynchrones. (ii) Cependant, ils montrent également que deux des quatre espèces compétitrices apparaissent très similaires quant aux caractères étudiés et présentent des dynamiques de population synchronisées. Les résultats, dans leur ensemble, fournissent donc l’un des premiers arguments empiriques en faveur d'une théorie unifiée de la biodiversité / Understanding the organization of communities composed of competing species, and notably their biodiversity, has led to two theories that sharply contrast with each other about the role primarily assigned either to the differences in ecological traits among the species (niche theory) or to the demographic stochasticity (neutral theory of biodiversity). Species competing for a pulsed resource allow testing the two theories in short-term studies: the niche theory predicts that differences should exist in the traits of such species, which should allow them taking advantage of the resource in various ways; the species should thus respond differently to the fluctuations in the availability of the resource, resulting in asynchronous population dynamics. In contrast, the neutral theory predicts that the trait differences possibly existing between the species should not impact the way they use the variable resource; the species should then respond similarly to the pulses and their population dynamics should be synchronized. Our work, focusing on four phytophagous insect species (Curculio spp.) that compete for oak acorns (Quercus spp.), (i) show evidence of a clear, global niche partitioning combined with asynchronous population dynamics (ii) but points out that two of these species show similar ecological traits and display synchronized population dynamics. Overall, these results therefore provide one of the first empirical arguments in favor of a unified theory of biodiversity

As increasingly more IoT devices are being deployed simultaneously in the dense 2.4 GHz ISM band, interference could start occurring. BLE, and IEEE 802.15.4 are two protocols used in IoT devices, that both are now also capable of using IPv6 communication. Since the protocols coexist in this same frequency band, interference could become a problem. However, uncooperative coexistence between these two protocols under higher IPv6 data rates is understudied, and could be unfair. This thesis aims to study possible coexistence, and mitigate it using CCA.An experimental test setup consisting of two nodes for each protocol in close proximity was used to measure possible reliability issues and data rate decrease by logging sent connection based packets over serial, while limiting the amount of available overlapping data channels for each protocol.The results show that even though PDR is maintained, throughput can decrease. While still using all channels, BLE suffers a throughput decrease of 2.25% and IEEE 802.15.4 a decrease of only 0.34%. In the most extreme case BLE can suffer a decrease of 73.3% in throughput, while IEEE sees a mean throughput decrease of 10.9%. When enabling CCA in this extreme case, an improvement of 54.6% in throughput was observed for BLE, while IEEE 802.15.4 saw a relative loss of 3.5%. Therefore, the conclusion could be made that enabling CCA in IEEE 802.15.4 can enable more fair coexistence between the protocols. / Eftersom allt fler IoT-enheter distribueras samtidigt i det täta 2,4 GHz ISM-bandet kan störningar inträffa. BLE och IEEE 802.15.4 är två protokoll som används i IoT-enheter, som båda nu också kan använda IPv6-kommunikation. Eftersom protokoll existerar i samma frekvensband kan störningar bli ett problem. Men osammanhängande samexistens mellan dessa två protokoll under högre IPv6-datahastigheter är underskattad och kan vara orättvist. Avhandlingen syftar till att studera eventuell samexistens och mildra den med hjälp av CCA.En experimentell testinställning bestående av två noder för varje protokoll i närheten, användes för att mäta eventuella pålitlighetsproblem och minskning av datahastighet genom att logga skickade anslutningsbaserade paket över seriell, samtidigt som man begränsar mängden tillgängliga överlappande datakanaler för varje protokoll.Resultaten visar att även om PDR upprätthålls kan genomströmningen minska. Medan BLE fortfarande använder alla kanaler, har BLE en genomströmningsminskning på 2.25% och IEEE 802.15.4 en minskning med endast 0.34%. I det mest extrema fallet kan BLE drabbas av en minskning med 73.3% i genomströmning, medan IEEE ser en genomsnittlig genomströmningsminskning på 10.9%. Vid aktivering av CCA i detta extrema fall observerades en förbättring av 54.6% i genomströmning för BLE medan IEEE 802.15.4 såg en relativ förlust på 3.5%. Därför kan slutsatsen dras att en attityd till CCA i IEEE 802.15.4 kan möjliggöra en mer rättvis samexistens mellan protokollen.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) wireless communications standard and its evolution is paving the path for the fifth generation (5G) technology. LTE is also considered for supporting public safety networks, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, and many other applications. Hence, it is critical to ensure that the LTE system performs effectively even in harsh signaling environments. Unfortunately, LTE is vulnerable to intentional interference at the physical layer. We define the term LTE control channel spoofing, which refers to the case when an adversary sets a fake LTE-like base station (evolved NodeB or eNodeB) that transmits a partial or full LTE downlink frame to deceive LTE devices and hinder them from attaching to a real cell. Based on analyzing the initial cell selection process in the LTE specifications, we identify three different level of LTE control channel spoofing. We have built a testbed to demonstrate the feasibility of such an attack. The experimental results show that LTE control channel spoofing can cause permanent denial of service for LTE devices during the cell selection process. We propose effective mitigation techniques to enhance the immunity of LTE systems against all the three forms of LTE control channel spoofing, and ensure that it is secure and available when and where needed. Moreover, the commercial success of LTE and the resulting growth in mobile data demand have motivated cellular network operators to strive for new innovations. LTE-Unlicensed has been recently proposed to allow cellular network operators to offload some of their data traffic by accessing the unlicensed 5 GHz frequency band. There are three variants of LTE-Unlicensed that have been proposed in the industry. These variants differ in their operational features, but they enhance the capacity of LTE and represent a big milestone in its evolution toward 5G. However, LTE-Unlicensed faces several challenges when operating in the 5 GHz bands, as this spectrum is mainly occupied by Wi-Fi and by various radar systems. Therefore, we analyze the algorithms proposed in the industry for the LTE-Unlicensed and Wi-Fi coexistence, and we develop a new spectrum sharing technique for the coexistence between LTE-Unlicensed and radar systems. In order to analyze LTE-Unlicensed and Wi-Fi coexistence, we first explain the technical details of each of the three variants of LTE-Unlicensed, and we provide a comparative analysis of them in terms of their operational features. Then we develop an unbiased and objective evaluation of their proposed coexistence mechanisms with Wi-Fi systems, and numerically compare their performance. In order to emphasize the need for developing a new spectrum sharing technique for the coexistence between LTE-Unlicensed and radar systems, we first present the different regulatory requirements for the 5 GHz unlicensed bands in several world regions, and we perform a comprehensive survey on the different radar types within the 5 GHz sub-bands. Then we develop a novel spectrum sharing technique based on chance-constrained stochastic optimization to allow the LTE-Unlicensed eNodeB to share the spectrum efficiently with a radar system. The optimization problem is formulated to guarantee the minimum performance criteria for the radar operation, and at the same time allows the LTE-Unlicensed eNodeB to control its transmit power to maximize the performance for the serving LTE-Unlicensed device. A mathematical model is used to transform the stochastic optimization problem into a deterministic one, and an exhaustive search is used to solve the resulting optimization problem. Due to the power control mechanism resulting from the proposed algorithm, numerical results show a significant reduction in the protection distance required between the radar and the LTE-Unlicensed network for the two to coexist, as the proposed algorithm can allow the two systems to operate effectively with a protection distance of only 3.95% of the one imposed by the regulations.

The maintenance of species diversity occurs at the regional scale but depends on interacting processes at the full range of lower scales. Although there is a long history of study of regional diversity as an emergent property, analyses of fully multiscale dynamics are rare. Here, we use scale transition theory for a quantitative analysis of multiscale diversity maintenance with continuous scales of dispersal and environmental variation in space and time. We develop our analysis with a model of a linear habitat, applicable to streams or coastlines, to provide a theoretical foundation for the long-standing interest in environmental variation and dispersal, including downstream drift. We find that the strength of regional coexistence is strongest when local densities and local environmental conditions are strongly correlated. Increasing dispersal and shortening environmental correlations weaken the strength of coexistence regionally and shift the dominant coexistence mechanism from fitness-density covariance to the spatial storage effect, while increasing local diversity. Analysis of the physical and biological determinants of these mechanisms improves understanding of traditional concepts of environmental filters, mass effects, and species sorting. Our results highlight the limitations of the binary distinction between local communities and a species pool and emphasize species coexistence as a problem of multiple scales in space and time.

The increased demand for broadband communications has led to the rapid development of the conventional terrestrial and satellite wireless communications systems. One of the main challenges to next generation wireless systems is to deliver high-capacity and cost-efficient solutions to cope with an increasing usage of broadband services and applications. In the recent years, an emerging competitive system has attracted the attention for providing wireless broadband communications and other services based on quasi-stationary aerial platforms operating in the stratosphere known by high altitude platforms (HAPs), and located 17-22 km above the earth surface. This solution has been described by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as "a new and long anticipated technology that can revolutionize the telecommunication industry''. The HAP systems provide important advantages such as low cost, high elevation angles, low propagation delay, easy and incremental deployment, flexibility in operation, broad coverage, broadcast and broadband capability, ability to move around in emergency situations, etc. Therefore, they have been proposed by ITU for the provision of fixed, mobile services and applications, e.g. the third generation (3G) services licensed by ITU and backbone link for terrestrial networks in remote areas. This thesis explores and investigates the wireless communication and techno-economic performance of terrestrial systems and HAPs. An overview of research and development on aerial platforms worldwide is given. Coexistence performance and techniques of heterogeneous systems to provide broadband wireless communications based on Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) are investigated. A heterogeneous scenario is developed to examine the coexistence performance of heterogeneous systems. The capacity and deployment aspects of HAPs are analyzed, and further compared with terrestrial Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) through techno-economic studies including a proposed partnership based business model for HAPs. Performance of wireless sensor network applications via HAPs is also investigated, and shows the high potential of HAPs for large-area and long-endurance surveillance and emergency applications. The thesis shows that communications from the aerial platforms provide the best features of both terrestrial and satellite systems. HAPs can effectively coexist in a heterogeneous radio environment, and are competitive solutions in urban and suburban scenarios in terms of capacity, coverage and business perspective. This makes HAP a viable competitor and complement to conventional terrestrial infrastructures and satellite systems.

Honor ideology and militarized masculinities have recently gained more attention within the research field of peace and conflict studies. It has been found that attitudes related to honor and gender equality are associated to the use of violence on both an individual level and on state level. This thesis is exploring honor ideology in a post-war context in order to investigate if honor ideology is connected to attitudes regarding coexistence. By using new survey data collected in north-eastern Sri Lanka, ordinal logit regressions are used to test the hypotheses that individuals with higher levels of masculine toughness, patriarchal values and honor ideology are less willing to coexist with people from former ‘rivalling’ groups. From the regression analyses, it was found that there seems to be a relationship between higher levels of masculine toughness, patriarchal values and honor ideology, and lower levels of willingness to coexist with people from former ‘rivalling’ groups – findings that were statistically significant on 95-99% confidence interval. However, the results are not very robust and further research is needed to investigate how honor ideologies affect other attitudes that are important for peace.

Il s’agit d’analyser un schéma complexe qui ne peut pas être la relation de deux univers diamétralement antithétique, déjà dans les faits, mais aussi dans les idées, entre une gendarmerie vouée à l’Etat, la collaboration, l’ordre ou la loi et des maquis prolongement d’une Nation, de résistances, du désordre, de hors-la-loi. Ce doctorat veut comprendre comment les mondes de l’ordre conventionnel et du désordre coexistent, à l’intérieur d’un même milieu, voire d’un même lieu. Les interactions avec la population rurale sont alors au cœur de notre réflexion. / It is about analysing a complex scheme of interactions that cannot be reduced to the relation between two opposed worlds, the opposition in actions and ideas between the collaborating, state devoted, law abiding and the resistants, the hand of a Nation, the outlaws. That is to say the doctorate is trying to find out how legal order and disorder coexisted within the same milieu sometimes even in the same place. Our reflexion is centred on the social interaction with the rural population.

The eighteenth century in England has long been associated with increasing consumption, trade, luxury, and intellectual exchange. In contrast with the religiously-fueled tumult of the previous century, it is frequently portrayed as a polite, enlightened and even secularising age. This thesis questions this picture. Taking the ambiguous legacies of the so-called "Toleration Act" of 1689 as its starting point, it explores the impact of the complex and uncertain outcomes of the 1689 Act on social relations between Protestant Dissenters and members of the Established Church in England in the first half of the eighteenth century. In connecting broader legislative change with developing social discourses and the practicalities of everyday life, it demonstrates the extent to which the Toleration Act made religious questions integral to the social and cultural development of the period. As a result, it stresses not only that developing modes and norms of sociability were essential to determining the nature of religious coexistence, but also that the changing religious landscape was absolutely integral to the evolution of multiple different social registers in eighteenth-century England. It therefore demonstrates how previously disparate approaches to eighteenth-century England are mutually illuminating, creating an account of the period that is better able to attend to both religious and cultural change. With this in mind this thesis pays particular attention to the language through which contemporaries described their sociability, suggesting that they have great potential to illuminate the nature of religious coexistence in this period. Starting from the premise that the words an individual chooses are in some way both reflective and constitutive of their ways of thinking, several of the chapters that follow draw on and analyse the language contemporaries employed at the intersections between religion and sociability. The thesis as a whole suggests that doing so can give us insight into how their religious lives were socially organised, how groups were formed, bounded, and transgressed, and how that in itself fed back into the structures of sociability.

Florestas pluviais tropicais, entre elas a Floresta Atlântica, são formações de elevada diversidade e riqueza o que as torna muito complexas. Elucidar os mecanismos que mantêm esta diversidade constitui o foco das abordagens ecológicas atuais. O objetivo do presente estudo, além de contribuir para o melhor conhecimento florístico-estrutural da Floresta Atlântica, foi o de avaliar as relações entre espécies e o ambiente, a partir da heterogeneidade florística em respostas a gradientes ambientais. O estudo foi conduzido em três formações florestais no sul Catarinense, compreendendo um fragmento de floresta brejosa, e dois de Floresta Ombrófila Densa, uma submontana e outra montana. Foram amostrados indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos, com altura a partir de 0,20 m. Classes de tamanho foram estabelecidas, consistindo em (1) indivíduos iguais ou maiores a 0,20 m e menores que 1m; (2) maiores que 1 m e menores que 5 cm de DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito); e (3) iguais ou maiores a 5 cm de DAP. A análise de correspondência canônica aplicada à classe 3 mostrou a segregação das comunidades a partir de gradientes indiretos (altitude e topografia), ocasionando variação na disponibilidade de recursos (gradientes diretos) locais. A análise de nichos aplicada às três classes de tamanho demonstrou especialização de nichos por parte das espécies, conforme demonstrado pelo índice médio de marginalidade (OMI). As relações do ambiente com as fases ontogenéticas demonstraram que as espécies tendem a conservar seus nichos e que esta conservação é mais evidenciada no ambiente de sub-bosque, onde as espécies tendem a coexistir com sobreposição de nichos. / Tropical rain forests, including the Atlantic Forest, are made up of high diversity and richness which makes them very complex. Elucidating the mechanisms that maintain this diversity is the focus of current ecological approaches. The aim of this study also contributes to a better understanding of the floristic-structural Atlantic Forest, was to assess the relationships between species and the environment from the floristic heterogeneity in responses to environmental gradients. The study was conducted in three forests in southern Santa Catarina, including a remnant lowland peat forest and submontane rain forest and montane rain forest.We sampled tree species, height from 0.20 m. Size classes were established, consisting of (1) individuals equal to or greater than 0.20 m less than 1m, (2) greater than 1 m in less than 5 cm DBH (diameter at breast height), and (3) equal or larger than 5 cm DBH. A canonical correspondence analysis applied to the class 3 showed the segregation of communities from indirect gradients (altitude and topography), causing variation in the availability of resources (direct gradients) locations. The analysis of niche applied to three size classes demonstrated expertise in niches by species, as demonstrated by the average index of marginality (IMO). Relations on the environment and ontogenetic stages showed that the species tend to retain their niche and that conservation is more evident in the environment of the understory, where species tend to coexist with overlapping niches.

O uso de redes sem fio no ambiente industrial está crescendo cada vez mais devido às vantagens que estas redes apresentam comparadas aos sistemas cabeados. No entanto, é necessário que as redes sem fio apresentem a mesma robustez que as redes cabeadas. Para isso, é necessário garantir o enlace de rádio frequência entre os dispositivos e também é preciso que a rede atenda aos requisitos de comunicação em tempo real. O protocolo WirelessHART foi criado em 2007, sendo o primeiro padrão aberto de comunicação sem fio especialmente desenvolvido para ambientes industriais. Esse protocolo vem ganhando cada vez mais aplicabilidade na indústria devido à sua alta confiabilidade e robustez. Por se tratar de um protocolo recente, ainda existem muitas pesquisas em andamento, sendo uma das áreas relacionada a ferramentas para análise e monitoramento da rede. Tais ferramentas têm como objetivo principal capturar as mensagens que trafegam na rede, ou seja, atuam como um sniffer. No entanto, o protocolo WirelessHART apresenta algumas peculiaridades quando comparado a outras redes sem fio, como por exemplo, o uso de 15 canais diferentes. Devido a isso, muitos sniffers já propostos para redes sem fio não podem ser utilizados, pois capturam dados em apenas uma frequência. Outra questão está relacionada ao monitoramento de redes já instaladas, onde os dispositivos podem se encontrar em locais de difícil acesso. Dessa forma, é necessário que a ferramenta tenha mobilidade, ou seja, não necessite estar conectada a um computador, por exemplo. Então, uma vez que ainda não existe uma ferramenta de monitoramento ideal para redes WirelessHART, este trabalho propõe um nova ferramenta, que apresenta vantagens, tais como: captura de dados nos 15 canais utilizando apenas um receptor de rádio, armazenamento local dos dados capturados utilizando um cartão de memória e medição da energia nos canais, para obter informações a respeito de interferências na rede. Além disso, uma aplicação offline de análise dos dados apresenta estatísticas e análises a respeito dos dados capturados. Este trabalho apresenta alguns conceitos teóricos importantes a respeito do protocolo e os detalhes da implementação da ferramenta. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a ferramenta está atuando corretamente como um sniffer e está realizando a detecção de interferências na rede. Um estudo de caso mostra o comportamento da rede WirelessHART coexistindo com o padrão IEEE 802.11. / The use of wireless networks in industrial environment is growing due to the advantages of these networks compared to wired systems. However, the wireless networks must have the same robustness that wired networks. It is necessary to ensure the link between devices and it is also necessary that the network meets the requirements of real-time communication. The WirelessHART protocol was created in 2007, and it is the first open wireless communication standard specifically designed for industrial environments. This protocol has been gaining increasing applicability in industry due to its high reliability and robustness. Because it is a recent protocol, there are still many ongoing researches. One of them is related to tools for analyzing and monitoring the network. Such tools have the main objective to capture the messages that travel on the network, acting as a sniffer. However, the WirelessHART protocol has some peculiarities as compared to other wireless networks, such as the use of 15 different channels. Because of this, many sniffers already proposed for wireless networks can not be applied, because they capture data on only one frequency. Another issue is related to the monitoring networks already installed, where devices can be found in places of difficult access. Thus, it is necessary that the tool has mobility, i.e., does not need to be connected to a computer, for example. So, since there is still no ideal monitoring tool for WirelessHART networks, this paper proposes a new tool, which has advantages such as: data capture in 15 channels using only one radio receiver, local storage of captured data using a memory card and measuring the energy in the channels for getting information about interference in the network. In addition, an offline application presents statistics and analysis about the captured data. This paper presents some important theoretical concepts about the protocol and implementation details of the tool. The results show that the tool is working properly as a sniffer and it’s performing the interference detection in the network . A case study shows the behavior of the WirelessHART network coexisting with IEEE 802.11 standard.