Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-07-13T18:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelson.pdf: 10314498 bytes, checksum: 829833713818c46f3caf0235dbe68aab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T18:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nelson.pdf: 10314498 bytes, checksum: 829833713818c46f3caf0235dbe68aab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação discute o desenvolvimento e o uso das Tecnologias Digitais pelos surdos. A partir da evolução de tais recursos, está sendo possível a interação social entre surdos e ouvintes e, principalmente, a valorização de duas línguas: a Língua de Sinais e a Língua Portuguesa. As tecnologias têm surgido como desafio para os surdos, no sentido da busca pelo conhecimento através da língua escrita, ao mesmo tempo em que tem facilitado a comunicação mais rápida, quando se viabiliza pela utilização da Língua de Sinais. A interação através da escrita com suporte das tecnologias digitais estaria produzindo novas competências comunicacionais, por parte dos surdos, em se tratando da maior independência comunicativa? A partir dessa indagação, investigou-se a influência das tecnologias no desenvolvimento de estratégias de escrita da Língua Portuguesa por surdos e sua relação com o uso da Língua de Sinais. A pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir da etnometodologia, orientada pelos pressupostos da cultura, da identidade surda e do bilinguismo, tendo como instrumentos: questionários, entrevistas e acompanhamento assistemático de comunidades de surdos em algumas regiões brasileiras. Basicamente, buscou verificar as estratégias de uso das tecnologias digitais pelos surdos na aquisição de novos conhecimentos, na comunicação e no desenvolvimento de uma segunda língua, em seus cotidianos. Assim, possibilitou identificar diferentes estratégias comunicacionais no uso da Língua Portuguesa e constatar o emprego constante de imagens para compreender novas informações, funcionando como dispositivo na aquisição desses saberes. Tais constatações sugerem que as aprendizagens de uma segunda língua encontram maior receptividade e sucesso se considerarem as referências imagéticas das pessoas surdas e que a comunicação mediada pelas tecnologias digitais, pela sua característica híbrida, possibilita ao surdo operar melhor no plano dos significantes, na sua expressão sensorial. / This dissertation proposes a discussion about the development and utilization of the Digital Technologies designed for deaf people. From the evolution of these resources, the social interaction between deaf and hearing people became viable, also providing equal appreciation of both languages: Sign Language and Oral Language. These technologies became a challenge to the deaf people, since it provides knowledge through written language, while favouring a faster communication, when enables the utilization of sign language. Would the interaction between digital supported writing produce new communication skills to deaf people, since they can be more independent with this kind of support? From this question, the influence of the technologies applied to the development of writting strategies to the oral language by deaf people and their relation with sign language was investigated. The research is based in the etnomethodology, guided by the assumptions of deaf culture, deaf identity and bilingualism, which instruments are: questionnaire, interviews and unsystematic accompaniment of deaf communities in some brazilian regions. Basically, it's main goal is to check some strategies currently used by deaf people in these digital technologies, in order to acquire new knowledges, in the communication and development of a second language, in their everyday activities. Therefore, it was possible to identify different communication strategies while using the written mode of the oral language and also the recurrent use of images and pictures, in order to understand new informations, working as a teaching device of these knowledges. Those findings suggests that learning a second language is easier and more successful when using visual elements, by linking the visual memory of the deaf learner, and that the immediate communication offered by the digital technologies, with a hybrid feature, grant the deaf person operating it a better understanding of the significants, in their sensorial expression.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giancarlo Martins.pdf: 2851077 bytes, checksum: 867331a3f47929535787e12018641848 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis analyses the manner artistic collectives have been transformed during the last decade, introducing new ways of communication and political action. The main hypothesis is that the fact they do not fit in the criteria of community as proposed in the first half of the twentieth century, it does not mean they have surrendered to the control society or the power devices of the late capitalism. That means a change in the ways of communicating and acting collectively and such experiences have not been sufficiently analysed yet concerning to art theories, asking for new proposed epistemological discussion, especially in the areas of communication and culture studies (Katz and Greiner, Lipovetski, Canclini, Sennett) and political philosophy (Foucault, Virno, Negri, Agamben). The corpus of this research is composed by collective experiences acting in Curitiba and São Paulo, and has proposed a kind of sharing which recognizes the singularities and discontinuity of the subjects in the collective field. The expected result is the presentation of an emerging field of experiences which describe the need of thinking about new manners of acting and creating collectively / Esta tese analisa o modo como coletivos artísticos se transformaram durante a última década, instaurando novos modos de comunicação e ação política. A hipótese principal é que o fato de não se constituírem de acordo com os critérios de comunidade propostos na primeira metade do século XX, não significa que se renderam à sociedade de controle e aos dispositivos de poder do capitalismo tardio. Trata-se de uma mudança nos modos de comunicar e de agir coletivamente, e tais experiências ainda não foram devidamente analisadas no que concerne às teorias da arte, pedindo por novas discussões epistemológicas propostas, sobretudo, na área de comunicação e estudos da cultura (Katz; Greiner, Lipovetski, Canclini e Sennett) e da filosofia política (Foucault, Virno, Negri, Agamben). O corpus da pesquisa é composto por experiências coletivas que atuam em Curitiba e São Paulo e propõem um tipo de compartilhamento que reconhece as singularidades e descontinuidades dos sujeitos na esfera coletiva. O resultado esperado é a apresentação de um campo emergente de experiências que explicitam a necessidade de se pensar novos modos de agir e criar coletivamente

<p>The present study deals with task-oriented conversations between a person with hearing loss and a relative or friend. The purpose was to investigate how the participants in the task-oriented context co-construct understanding, and to focus on different kind of repair strategies that the participants may use to make the hearing loss relevant in the conversation. The method used was Conversation Analysis (CA). The material consisted of eight videotaped task-oriented conversations between a person with hearing loss and their significant other. Altogether eight persons participated in the study – four of them had a hearing loss and the other four had normal hearing. The essay also presents a summary of previous research on communication involving persons with hearing loss. The occurrence and usage of repair strategies was brought to focus as this was of particular interest for this study. It was revealed that quantitative measures of these phenomena previously have been the most commonly used method. The analysis demonstrated that the participants used several different types of repair initiatives during the studied sequences. The categorization was based upon these repair initiatives. The different initiatives were primarily classified according to the manner in whish they specified the nature of the repairable. The study pointed out that the underlying phenomena that were addressed in these sequences were of a complex and various nature. It was proposed that this might demonstrate a need to complement the approaches made earlier in this area with a more qualitative one.</p> / <p>Föreliggande studie behandlar uppgiftsorienterad interaktion mellan en person med hörselnedsättning och dennes anhörig eller vän. Syftet var att undersöka hur deltagarna i den uppgiftsorienterade kontexten samkonstruerar förståelse, och att fokusera på olika reparationssekvenser som deltagarna eventuellt använder för att göra hörselnedsättningen relevant för samtalet. Arbetsmetoden omfattade samtalsanalys i bemärkelsen Conversation Analysis (CA). Materialet bestod av åtta videoinspelningar av uppgiftsorienterade samtal mellan person med hörselnedsättning och anhörig. I studien deltog sammanlagt åtta personer, varav fyra hade hörselnedsättning och fyra var normalhörande. I uppsatsen presenteras även en sammanfattning av tidigare forskning kring kommunikation hos personer med hörselnedsättning. Fokus lades på studier om förekomsten och användandet av reparationsstrategier eftersom dessa var av särskilt intresse för studien. Det visade sig att mer kvantitativa mätmetoder av dessa fenomen tidigare varit det vanligaste tillvägagångssättet. Genom analys av samtalen framkom att deltagarna under aktuella reparationssekvenser använde sig av flera olika typer av reparationsinitiativ. Kategoriseringen i analysen utgick från dessa reparationsinitiativ. Initiativen indelades främst utifrån vilket sätt de preciserade vad som behövde repareras. I studien framkom att de bakomliggande fenomenen som adresserades i dessa reparationer var av komplex och varierande natur. Det föreslogs att detta demonstrerar ett behov av att kunna komplettera de metoder som tidigare använts inom detta forskningsområde med en ett mer kvalitativt synsätt.</p>

The present study deals with task-oriented conversations between a person with hearing loss and a relative or friend. The purpose was to investigate how the participants in the task-oriented context co-construct understanding, and to focus on different kind of repair strategies that the participants may use to make the hearing loss relevant in the conversation. The method used was Conversation Analysis (CA). The material consisted of eight videotaped task-oriented conversations between a person with hearing loss and their significant other. Altogether eight persons participated in the study – four of them had a hearing loss and the other four had normal hearing. The essay also presents a summary of previous research on communication involving persons with hearing loss. The occurrence and usage of repair strategies was brought to focus as this was of particular interest for this study. It was revealed that quantitative measures of these phenomena previously have been the most commonly used method. The analysis demonstrated that the participants used several different types of repair initiatives during the studied sequences. The categorization was based upon these repair initiatives. The different initiatives were primarily classified according to the manner in whish they specified the nature of the repairable. The study pointed out that the underlying phenomena that were addressed in these sequences were of a complex and various nature. It was proposed that this might demonstrate a need to complement the approaches made earlier in this area with a more qualitative one. / Föreliggande studie behandlar uppgiftsorienterad interaktion mellan en person med hörselnedsättning och dennes anhörig eller vän. Syftet var att undersöka hur deltagarna i den uppgiftsorienterade kontexten samkonstruerar förståelse, och att fokusera på olika reparationssekvenser som deltagarna eventuellt använder för att göra hörselnedsättningen relevant för samtalet. Arbetsmetoden omfattade samtalsanalys i bemärkelsen Conversation Analysis (CA). Materialet bestod av åtta videoinspelningar av uppgiftsorienterade samtal mellan person med hörselnedsättning och anhörig. I studien deltog sammanlagt åtta personer, varav fyra hade hörselnedsättning och fyra var normalhörande. I uppsatsen presenteras även en sammanfattning av tidigare forskning kring kommunikation hos personer med hörselnedsättning. Fokus lades på studier om förekomsten och användandet av reparationsstrategier eftersom dessa var av särskilt intresse för studien. Det visade sig att mer kvantitativa mätmetoder av dessa fenomen tidigare varit det vanligaste tillvägagångssättet. Genom analys av samtalen framkom att deltagarna under aktuella reparationssekvenser använde sig av flera olika typer av reparationsinitiativ. Kategoriseringen i analysen utgick från dessa reparationsinitiativ. Initiativen indelades främst utifrån vilket sätt de preciserade vad som behövde repareras. I studien framkom att de bakomliggande fenomenen som adresserades i dessa reparationer var av komplex och varierande natur. Det föreslogs att detta demonstrerar ett behov av att kunna komplettera de metoder som tidigare använts inom detta forskningsområde med en ett mer kvalitativt synsätt.

Due to a lack of effective writing strategies and inhibition of English language proficiency, university students in China are found to produce little and shallow content in their English academic writing. Similar problems are also embodied in the academic writing of Chinese overseas students who struggle to survive in the target academic community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the writing processes of second language (L2) writers, specifically examining the writing strategies of three Chinese post-graduate students in an Australian higher education institution. The study was prompted by the paucity of research in the writing strategies used by Chinese students in English academic writing in an authentic context. Although it was too small in scale to generalise in the field of L2 writing, the study will stimulate research in L2 writing theory and practice. Based on a review of theories related to L2 writing and research in Chinese and English writing strategies, the writing strategies used by three Chinese post-graduate students while writing academic papers in English were investigated. Their understandings of English and Chinese writing processes, the issue of transfer of Chinese writing into English writing and cultural influence of native language on L2 writing were explored as well. Qualitative hermeneutic multi-case study methods were employed to provide a richer description of the writing strategies used by the three students to develop a deeper understanding of the L2 writing process. Data were provided by three Chinese post-graduate student writers in Public Health who were observed undertaking different tasks. Ally, a Masters student, was observed completing one of the assignments for a course. Susan and Roger, both doctoral students, were observed working on a second stage proposal and a journal paper respectively. Data collected from semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, retrospective post-writing discussions and papers were categorised and analysed using topical structure analysis and cohesion analysis. The findings suggest that writing in a second language is a complicated idiosyncratic developmental process influenced by cognitive development, social/educational experience, the writer's first language (L1) and second language (L2) proficiency and cultural factors as well. These proficient writers were found to utilise a broad range of writing strategies while writing academic papers in English. This study in some degree supports Silva's (1993) finding that the L2 writing process is strategically, rhetorically, and linguistically different from the L1 writing process. Most of the metacognitve, cognitive, communicative and social/affective strategies except rhetorical strategies (operationally defined in this study as organisation of text or paragraphs) were found to transfer across languages positively. These student writers were noticed to have difficulties in acculturating into the target academic discourse community because of their background of reader-responsibility which is regarded as a crucial feature in Eastern rhetoric and is distinguished from writer-responsibility in English rhetoric (Hinds, 1987, 1990).

This thesis is part of the Media and Communicative Strategies research line of the UFSM Graduate Program in Communication. The research problem can be summarized by the following question: how the media ecology observed in web 1.0 to web 3.0 practices provides changes in advertising institutional portals? The proposed hypothesis is that the digital environment is enabling changes in advertising concerning various aspects, from the formats used until the levels of interactivity applied to advertisements, as well as the Advertising’s modus operandi, causing re-accommodations of ads (or sites) to different media. The general objective is to analyze the change of advertisements in institutional sites in the scenario of the new media ecology. The specific objectives are to map the evolution of advertising formats; classify institutional portals of the brands selected into four main stages: transposition of traditional media to online support; trying to create for the digital environment; interactivity with users; and implementation of web ambience for mobile ambience; observe the changes in the portals from the generic form as the contents are placed, the practices and the type of advertising used in every moment; check if the homepage has the ability to interact with the user or not, and how this happens based on the types of interactivity proposed by McMillan (2002); list the formats of advertising as presented to the user, according to Sebastian classification (2011) and DoubleClick (2016e); observe the interactivity of theads ads and the devices present in this practice; describe the evolution of digital advertising in terms of interactivity highlighting the interactional devices communicational phenomenon applied to digital advertising; and develop a mapping matrix for advertising on the web. The mapping is used as a methodological strategy; it allows follow the landscape of transformation movements confirming that advertising is building its space in the digital ambience. The results showed evident changes in advertising formats and one of the important aspects is the space devoted to ads, which increased considerably over the years, a fact that reveals a greater adherence of advertisers to advertising broadcast on the web. / Esta tese insere-se na linha de Pesquisa denominada Mídia e Estratégias Comunicacionais do Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação pertencente à UFSM. A problemática de pesquisa pode ser resumida na seguinte questão: como a ecologia midiática observada nas práticas da web 1.0 a web 3.0 propicia alterações nos anúncios publicitários de portais institucionais? A hipótese proposta é que o ambiente digital está possibilitando mudanças nos anúncios publicitários concernentes a vários aspectos, desde os formatos utilizados, até os níveis de interatividade aplicados às peças publicitárias, bem como no modus operandi da Publicidade e Propaganda, ocasionando reacomodações dos anúncios publicitários (ou dos sites) às diferentes mídias. O objetivo geral é analisar as mudanças dos anúncios publicitários em sites institucionais no cenário da nova ecologia midiática. Os objetivos específicos são mapear a evolução dos formatos de anúncios publicitários; classificar os portais institucionais das marcas selecionadas em quatro momentos principais: transposição dos meios tradicionais para o suporte online; tentativa de criar para o meio digital; interatividade com os usuários; e transposição da ambiência web para a ambiência mobile; observar as mudanças nos portais a partir da forma genérica como os conteúdos são colocados, das práticas e do tipo de publicidade utilizado em cada momento; verificar se a homepage tem a capacidade de interagir com o usuário ou não e como isso acontece com base nos tipos de interatividade propostos por McMillan (2002); listar os formatos dos anúncios publicitários conforme apresentados ao utilizador, seguindo a classificação de Sebastião (2011) e DoubleClick (2016); observar a interatividade proporcionada pelos anúncios e os dispositivos presentes nessa prática; descrever a evolução de anúncios digitais em termos de interatividade destacando os dispositivos interacionais do fenômeno comunicacional aplicados à publicidade digital; e elaborar uma matriz cartográfica para a publicidade na web. A cartografia é utilizada como estratégia metodológica, pois permite acompanhar os movimentos de transformação da paisagem confirmando que a publicidade está construindo o seu espaço na ambiência digital. Os resultados mostraram mudanças evidentes nos formatos dos anúncios publicitários e um dos aspectos relevantes é o espaço dedicado aos anúncios, que aumentou de forma considerável ao longo dos anos, fato que revela uma adesão maior dos anunciantes à publicidade veiculada na web.

The present study investigates communicative strategies used by a group of four upper-secondary L2 learners of English. To be able to reach this goal, I have recorded and transcribed a conversation between these students in order to detect natural communication. The communicative strategies I have looked for were: pauses and hesitations, questions, code-switching and message abandonment. Previous research on communicative strategies is divided into two different fields. These two approaches define and classify communication strategies as either interactional or psycholinguistic.  The definition and classification of communicate strategies depends viz. on what kind of approach is used.

This study deals with the relationship between attitudes and practice in terms of strategies for oral communication of five teachers of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE) in five Swedish schools. Through surveys and observations, it is proposed to find out which strategies teachers turn to in their oral communication with students and whether they are aware of this. The purpose is to indicate whether there are divergences in the use and conscience between Spanish-speaking teachers and those who have Swedish as their mother tongue. According to the results, having Spanish as a mother tongue is not a criterion for communicating in the target language with students in ELE classes. Likewise, Spanish-speaking teachers are no more aware of their use of the target language than speaking Swedes. Strategies that predominate in oral communication are code switching and nonverbal language. All teachers are aware of the degree to which and in what contexts they turn to code switching, but not of the different ways in how they use it in oral interaction with students. The results also indicate that Spanish-speaking teachers use nonverbal communication as a strategy to support oral communication to a greater degree than Swedish speakers, but it is not proved that they are aware of their use. / Este estudio versa sobre la relación entre actitudes y práctica en cuanto a estrategias para la comunicación oral de cinco profesores de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) en cinco colegios suecos. Mediante encuestas y observaciones se propone averiguar a qué estrategias los docentes recurren en su comunicación oral con los alumnos y si son conscientes de esto. El propósito es indicar si existen divergencias al respecto entre los profesores hispanohablantes y los que tienen el sueco como lengua materna. Según los resultados, el tener español como lengua materna no es un criterio para comunicarse en la lengua meta con los alumnos en las clases de ELE. Asimismo, los profesores hispanoparlantes no son más conscientes sobre su uso de la lengua meta que los sueco parlantes. Las estrategias que predominan en la comunicación oral son el cambio de código y el lenguaje no verbal. Todos los profesores son conscientes de en qué grado y en qué contextos recurren al cambio de código, pero no de las diferentes maneras que existen para usarlo en la interacción oral con los alumnos. Los resultados indican también que los docentes hispanohablantes usan la comunicación no verbal como estrategia para apoyar la comunicación oral en mayor grado que los sueco parlantes, sea de modo consciente o no consciente.

Linguistic fossilization is a prevalent phenomenon in adult ESLA and presents a perpetual pedagogical challenge to teachers. Despite controversy about the theoretical concept, research is increasingly showing that persistent erroneousness cannot be attributed to single causal factors. This single case study examines controversial aspects surrounding the concept and formulates criteria for identifying fossilization. The study investigates the conversational output of an independent adult learner over a period of nine months and presents a holistic exploration of causal influences. The findings substantiate that fossilization arises from changing combinations of factors, and that such combinations are unique to the situation of each adult learner. The key to the successful treatment of fossilized errors may lie in identifying their roots, which can be achieved by analyzing output and through discussion with learners in order to gain insight into their experience of the learning process. Results also suggest that a critical perspective on the theoretical construct is needed in order to investigate the phenomenon in adult second language acquisition. / Linguistics / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL))

Pour comprendre le développement de la conscience métacognitive d'enfants plurilingues, il est nécessaire d'examiner quels sont les facteurs qui seraient susceptibles de la développer ou de la freiner. La conscience rnétacognitive est considérée comme un élément essentiel de développement des capacités d'apprentissage. Définie en tant que capacité à planifier et à contrôler les processus réflexifs, une conscience métacognitive accrue est susceptible d'aider l'enfant plurilingue à prendre le contrôle de l'organisation de son propre apprentissage. L'examen de l'influence des facteurs susceptibles de l'améliorer a été conduit à partir d'une approche par les biographies langagières. Les résultats suggèrent que l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère à un âge où l'enfant peut prendre conscience de son apprentissage, est l'un de ces facteurs d'amélioration. Les avantages de l'expérience d'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère sont aussi bien d'ordres sociaux que métacognitifs. / Nowadays children more often come into contact with multiple languages at different ages and in variable contexts. Consequently, they may at times be required to communicate in situations in which they lack sufficient understanding of the language used. Knowing about communication, that is, being aware of the interaction, of the potential obstacles and of different strategies to overcome them, is essential to bring exolingual situations to a successful end. Are there features of language acquisition that affect the development of this facet of metacognitive awareness? ln this thesis a specific aspect of early plurilingualism is examined. Reactions of children who learned a new language at an age and in a context in which they were able to be conscious about their learning are compared to those of children who learned a new language from birth onwards. Results demonstrate that a conscious language learning experience is a relevant factor in the development of metacognitive awareness