Composite monocoque frames are becoming increasingly more popular inperformance cars. Compared to their steel and aluminum counterparts theyprovide additional torsional stiffness at the cost of less weight. This thesiscovers the complex optimization process of a monocoque applied within theregulations of a Formula Student competition. It aims to give the reader a goodunderstanding of the rules and how they affect the optimization process whilegenerating an optimized design used in the competition of Formula StudentGermany -21 by KTH Formula Student. The rules of Formula Student dictate the structural requirements on themonocoque based on a steel space frame. All materials except low carbon steelused in the structure require proof of equivalence through regulated testingmethods. However, this thesis shows that the regulated setup can severelyaffect results through a deep analysis of the testing methodology.The torsional stiffness of the monocoque is analyzed and optimized accordingto the results of a free-size optimization. Both through slight adjustmentsin chassis geometry and the laminate, resulting in a theoretical torsionalstiffness of 9.9 kNm/deg, more than five times as much as the old space frame.Weighing in at 20 kg, a significant weight reduction of about 10 kg, eventhough it was larger, with a surface area of about 4.2 m2. This design will be the first monocoque manufactured within KTH FormulaStudent since 2010. Therefore, a lot of focus was put on analyzing the rulesand lay the ground for future development by conducting tests on optimizedpanels. These results have the potential to further reduce the weight of a futuremonocoque with a different geometry. / Allt fler sportbilar använder självbärande karosser i komposit. Till skillnadfrån deras stål och aluminium motsvarighet så tillåter kompositkonstruktionenen styvare konstruktion för samma vikt. Denna rapport går igenom denkomplicerade optimeringsprocessen för en självbärande kaross i kolfiber appliceratinom tävlingen Formula Student. Målet med rapporten är att läsaren ska fåen bättre förståelse av reglerna och dess påverkan på optimeringsprocessensamtidigt som en optimerad design presenteras för användandet i “FormulaStudent Germany -21” åt KTH Formula Student. Reglerna inom Formula Student ställer strukturella krav på den självbärandekarossen baserat på en standard för stålrörsramar. Alla material förutomlåg kols stål som används i strukturen kräver att ekvivalens bevisas genomspecifika tester. Denna rapport visar att dessa tester kan generera olika resultatgenom en djup analys av metodiken. Torsions styvheten av karossen analyseras och optimeras enligt reglernagenom en så kallad free-size optimization". Genom att variera geometri ochkomposit utvecklades en kaross som var mer än 5 gånger så styv som dentidigare stålrörsramen med en teoretisk torsions styvhet på 9.9kNm/deg. Meden vikt på 20 kg reducerades även vikten 10 kg, även om den var större, ochhade en area på cirka 4.2m2. Denna design kommer att vara den första självbärande komposit karossentillverkad inom KTH Formula Student sedan 2010. Efter den djupa analysen avreglerna, testas då de optimerade panelerna, vilket lägger grunden för framtidautvecklingen. Dessa resultat har potential att reducera vikten ytterligare av enframtida kaross, genom ändringar i geometrin.

No / Rheological characterisation of hydroxyapatite -high density polyethylene (HA-HDPE) composites has been performed in terms of isothermal compressibility and wall slip. Addition of HA to the polymer melt decreases the compressibility of the melt. The unfilled HDPE was found to exhibit wall slip at shear stresses as low as 0.10 MPa. The flow curves of the composites showed three distinct regions: a gradient at low shear rates; a plateau region; and a gradient at higher shear rate. An increase in rheometer pressure seems to suppress the slip in composites. The 40 vol.-% HA-HDPE composite exhibited two critical shear stresses, one corresponding to wall slip, which occurs in the lower shear rate region of the flow curve, and the other corresponding to a plateau, which is identified with the stick-slip behaviour of unfilled HDPE reported in the literature. The plateau shear stress increased with filler volume fraction and this effect is attributed to the decreased compressibility of the melt. A good correlation with a negative correlation coefficient was found to exist between compressibility and shear stress in the plateau region. The slip observed in unfilled HDPE and at low shear rates in the 40 vol.-% HA- HDPE systems has been explained in terms of a low molecular weight polymer layer formed at the melt/wall interface. The large interfacial slip observed in the plateau region is attributed to complete disentanglement of adsorbed chains from free chains at the melt/wall interface at and beyond the plateau region.

In recent decades, the necessity to find a completely environmentally friendly substitute for synthetic fibres in composite applications has intensified, driven by the objective of reducing emissions in both the production and disposal of composite components. Natural fibres present a potential solution, yet they have some issues such as the inhomogeneous quality of their cross-section and mechanical properties, depending on different aspects, for example, growing conditions and the amount of intake water. Another potential solution is organic man-made fibres, such as fibre made from Cellulose NanoFibrils, which do not present the previously cited drawbacks.This thesis investigates and compares the potentials of organic fibres, either man-made or natural, in composite reinforcement applications. To accomplish this, organic fibres are integrated into composite plates using two distinct thermoset matrices, epoxy and vinyl ester, respectively via methods of hot pressing and vacuum infusion. Subsequently, the produced composite plates undergo tensile testing, with the results being compared with the theoretical values. Furthermore, microscopy is employed to examine the adhesion at the interface between reinforcement and matrix.The findings indicate that man-made fibres from Cellulose NanoFibrils bind more efficiently with thermoset matrices compared to flax fibres, making them more adept as reinforcement materials for thermoset composites. / Under de senaste decennierna har behovet av att hitta en helt miljövänlig ersättning för syntetiska fibrer i kompositapplikationer intensifierats, drivet av målet att minska utsläppen både vid produktion och avfallshantering av kompositkomponenter. Naturliga fibrer presenterar en potentiell lösning, men de har vissa problem som den ojämna kvaliteten på deras tvärsnitt och mekaniska egenskaper, beroende på olika aspekter, till exempel växtförhållanden och mängden intaget vatten. En annan potentiell lösning är organiska konstgjorda fibrer, som fibrer tillverkade av cellulosa nanofibriller, som inte har de tidigare nämnda nackdelarna.Denna avhandling undersöker och jämför potentialen hos organiska fibrer, antingen konstgjorda eller naturliga, i kompositförstärkningsapplikationer. För att uppnå detta integreras organiska fibrer i kompositplattor med hjälp av två olika termohärdande matriser, epoxi och vinyl-ester, via metoder för varmpressning och vakuuminfusion. Därefter genomgår de producerade kompositplattorna dragprovning, med resultaten jämförda med de teoretiska värdena. Dessutom används mikroskopi för att undersöka vidhäftningen vid gränssnittet mellan förstärkning och matris.Resultaten indikerar att konstgjorda fibrer från cellulosa nanofibriller binder effektivare med termohärdande matriser jämfört med linfibrer, vilket gör dem mer lämpliga som förstärkningsmaterial för termohärdande kompositer.

Roller conveyors are critical components in various industries for material handling, enabling the efficient transportation of items in assembly lines, warehouses, and distribution centers. Traditionally constructed from materials such as steel, aluminum, or plastic, roller conveyors are now being innovatively designed using composite materials. This study investigates the design, analysis, and optimization of roller conveyors utilizing composite materials to achieve weight reduction while maintaining or enhancing structural integrity and operational efficiency. Composite materials offer enhanced properties compared to their individual components. Typical composites include fibers like carbon, glass, or aramid within a matrix of epoxy resin, providing superior strength, corrosion resistance, and customization capabilities. The research employs finite element analysis (FEA) and other advanced modeling techniques to evaluate the performance of composite roller conveyors under various loading conditions. The findings suggest that using composite materials can significantly reduce the weight of roller conveyors, leading to decreased energy consumption, lower operational costs, and improved handling efficiency. The optimized design enhances productivity and contributes to sustainability by minimizing environmental impact. This thesis advances the understanding of composite-based roller conveyors, demonstrating their potential to replace conventional materials and achieve higher efficiency in industrial applications.

Particle-based films are today an important part of various designs and they are implemented in structures as conductive parts, i.e., conductive paste printing in the manufacture of Li-ion batteries, solar cells or resistive paste printing in IC. Recently, particle based films were also implemented in the 3D printing technique, and are particularly important for use in aircraft, wind power, and the automotive industry when incorporated onto the surface of composite structures for protection against damages caused by a lightning strike. A crucial issue for the lightning protection area is to realize films with high homogeneity of electrical resistance where an in-situ noninvasive method has to be elaborated for quality monitoring to avoid undesirable financial and time costs. In this work the drying process of particle based films was investigated by high-frequency eddy current (HFEC) spectroscopy in order to work out an automated in-situ quality monitoring method with a focus on the electrical resistance of the films. Different types of particle based films deposited on dielectric and carbon fiber reinforced plastic substrates were investigated in the present study and results show that the HFEC method offers a good opportunity to monitor the overall drying process of particle based films. Based on that, an algorithm was developed, allowing prediction of the final electrical resistance of the particle based films throughout the drying process, and was successfully implemented in a prototype system based on the EddyCus® HFEC device platform presented in this work. This prototype is the first solution for a portable system allowing HFEC measurement on huge and uneven surfaces.

Dans le domaine de l'électronique de puissance, la gestion thermique de l'intégration des puces en silicium au sein du système global constitue un problème clé. La chaleur dissipée par les composants électriques est évacuée vers l’extérieur à travers un drain thermique, généralement en cuivre, qui est brasé sur le substrat céramique. Cette étude est consacrée à l'élaboration de drains thermiques adaptatifs en matériaux composites cuivre allié/fibres de carbone (FC) qui combinent une bonne conductivité thermique et un CTE proche de celui du substrat. Dans ce type de matériau, la liaison interfaciale renfort/matrice doit être forte afin d'optimiser le transfert des propriétés entre les deux composants. Le couple cuivre/carbone étant non réactif, un élément d’addition carburigène (Cr ou B) est ajouté à la matrice de cuivre afin de créer cette liaison chimique forte. Un matériau modèle a été réalisé par pulvérisation cathodique afin d’étudier la diffusion de l’élément d’addition au sein de la couche de cuivre vers la zone interfaciale et la formation d’un carbure métallique. Une méthode de chimie des solutions a ensuite été utilisée pour élaborer des poudres de cuivre allié de stœchiométrie donnée. Enfin, les matériaux composites (Cu-B/FC et Cu-Cr/FC) ont été élaborés par métallurgie des poudres et leurs propriétés thermiques et mécaniques corrélées à la microstructure et à la chimie des zones interfaciales / In the field of power electronics, thermal management of silicon chips plays a key role in our ability to increase their performance. Heat generated by the electronic components is dissipated through the heat sink, generally made of Copper that is brazed on to a ceramic substrate. This study focuses on the elaboration of adaptive heat sink material using Copper alloys/Carbon fibers (CF) composite materials which have a good thermal conductivity and a CTE close to the ceramic substrate. In this kind of material, it is necessary to have a strong matrix/reinforcement link in order to optimize transfer properties. Since there is no reaction between Copper and Carbon, a carbide element (Cr or B) is added to the Copper matrix to create this strong chemical bond. A model material has been elaborated by cathode sputtering in order to study the diffusion of the alloying element in the Copper layer and the metallic carbide formation in the interfacial zone. Copper alloy powders, with a given stoichiometry, have also been synthesized by a chemical method. Lastly, composite materials (Cu-B/CF and Cu-Cr/CF) have been elaborated by a powder metallurgy process and their thermal and mechanical properties correlated to the microstructure and the chemistry of the interfacial zones.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse s’est inscrit dans le cadre du développement de la technologie flamme oxyacétylénique pour la synthèse de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) au Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textile. La simplicité et l’originalité de ce procédé en font un candidat très sérieux pour envisager la mise en œuvre d’un pilote industriel pour la production de fibres de renforcement multidimensionnelles, notamment composées de fibres de carbone sur lesquelles ont cru de nanotubes de carbone. Ce travail a consisté à :- Réaliser une étude bibliographique sur les procédés de croissance de NTC,- Etablir la preuve de concept de la croissance des nanotubes sur des fibres,- Concevoir et réaliser un dispositif assurant une bonne maîtrise de la croissance,- Mettre au point le procédé de croissance sur des fibres,- Identifier les principaux paramètres influençant la qualité et la quantité des nanotubes,- Caractériser les nanotubes obtenus,- Faire croître ces nanotubes sur des fibres de carbone,- Intégrer des nouveaux matériaux multidimensionnels dans des matrices afin de réaliser des matériaux composites structurels,- Caractériser ces matériaux,- Décrire les mécanismes de croissance dans la flamme.Notre effort a porté sur le traitement des fibres avant exposition à la flamme et à évaluer les conditions de croissance des NTC en faisant varier notamment, la température d’exposition des fibres et la qualité des catalyseurs de croissance. Après synthèse des NTC sur les fibres de carbone et leur caractérisation nous avons réalisé des matériaux composites. Nous avons mesuré que les NTC améliorent significativement le module d’Young des composites mais altèrent sensiblement la contrainte à la rupture. Les propriétés électriques longitudinales et transversales sont améliorées d’un facteur 8 et 5 respectivement. Nous avons proposé des mécanismes de croissance des NTC. Ces mécanismes sont directement en relation avec propriétés physiques et chimiques des particules de catalyseur. / The research presented in this work aims to develop the oxyacetylene flame method for the Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) synthesis at the Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics of Textiles. The simplicity and the degree of innovation of this process make of it a serious candidate for manufacturing a pilot in order to produce new kind of tridimensional material made of CNT having grew on carbon fibres. This work consisted of:- Make a bibliographic study,- Establish a proof of concept of the growth of CNT,- Design and manufacture a device allowing process control,- Setup the process of growth on the fibres,- Identify the main parameters influencing CNT quality and quantity,- Characterize CNT,- Assume the CNT growth on carbon fibers,- Integrate these multidimensional materials into an organic matrix to realize structural composite materials,- Characterize these materials,- Describe and explain the growth mechanism in the flame.First, we focused our work on the fibres chemical treatment before flame exposition to evaluate the NTC growth conditions by varying notably, the fibres exposition temperature and the quality of the catalysts. After, the NTC syntheses on carbon fibres (CF) was done. The multidimensional product was characterized par various examinations and analyses. Composite materials were molded with epoxy resin to evaluate mechanical properties of NTC-FC. Young’s modulus was increased and tensile strength at break decreased. Transverse and longitudinal electrical properties were increased by 500 to 800 % respectively. Finally, we proposed NTC growth mechanisms. They are directly linked to the chemical and physical catalyst particles properties.

No description available.

Les objectifs de ce travail concernent l'étude, la conception et la caractérisation d'antennes miniatures actives ou passives, large bande ou bande étroite fonctionnant en bandes MF, HF et VHF. Le manuscrit est divisé en cinq parties : La première partie présente un système de caractérisation d'antennes qui a été développé, validé et utilisé pour tous les aériens conçus. Ce système, basé sur une cellule à plaque parallèles (PPC), permet un large spectre de mesures telles que la mesure du gain, du point de compression, de l'intermodulation et de la sensibilité via une méthode rayonnée, particulièrement intéressante dans le cas des antennes actives intégrées. La deuxième partie concerne les antennes solénoïdales sur ferrite. L'utilisation de simulateurs électromagnétiques 3D a permis d'obtenir des résultats qui sont comparés à la théorie proposée dans la littérature. Les principaux systèmes d'adaptation d'impédance sont également étudiés. La troisième partie met en avant la possibilité de concevoir des antennes à substrat ferromagnétique de géométrie non conventionnelle en utilisant des matériaux composites. Deux antennes miniatures fabriquées et fonctionnant en bande VHF permettent d'illustrer ce point. Dans la quatrième partie, nous présentons un concept d'antennes à substrat ferromagnétique partiellement saturé. L'utilisation d'une source de champ magnétique statique associée à un matériau initialement dispersif permet de constater un certain nombre de phénomènes intéressants, tels que l'amélioration de l'efficacité tout en préservant l'adaptation de l'antenne ou bien la création de directivité sur des antennes électriquement très compactes. La dernière partie présente la valorisation du travail à travers un projet de télécommunication hertzienne longue portée s'inscrivant dans le cadre de la navigation maritime. / The objectives of this work concern the study, the design and the measurement of miniaturized passive and active, broadband and narrowband antennas for MF, HF and VHF frequency bands. The thesis is divided into five parts : The first part deals with a measurement system, which has been developed, validated and used for all conceived aerials. The system is based on a parallel plate cell (PPC) and allows an evaluation of the gain, the compression point, the interception point and the sensitivity using a radiative method particularly useful in the case of active integrated antennas. The second part concerns solenoidal ferrite antennas. The results obtained from electromagnetic 3D simulators were compared to the state of the art theory. Main matching technics have also been studied. The third part put the light on the possibility of development of arbitrary shaped antennas on a ferromagnetic substrate using a composite material. Two antennas developed for the VHF band, confirm this point. In the fourth part, we present a concept of antennas on a partially saturated ferromagnetic substrate. A static magnetic field associated with an initially lossy material brings up some interesting phenomena such as an increased efficiency without a degradation of the impedance matching or the directivity with very small antennas. The last part presents an application of the work across a project dedicated to long distance telecommunications in marine navigation.

共著者あり。共著者名: 亘理文夫，今井徹，山方秀一，小林雅博. 日本歯科理工学会, 豊泉裕，亘理文夫，今井徹，山方秀一，小林雅博 = TOYOIZUMI, Hiroshi ; WATARI, Fumio ; IMAI, Tohru ; YAMAGATA, Shuichi ; KOBAYASHI, Masahiro, 光重合法による曲げおよびねじり剛性を有する審美性矯正ワイヤーの試作 = Fabrication of Aesthetic Wires with Flexural and Torsional Stiffness by Photo Curing Method, 歯科材料・器械 = The Journal of the Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices, 18(6), 1999 NOV, pp.429-440 / Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 博士 / 歯学