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<p>  </p> <p>This study investigates consumers’ moral-decision making process when they become aware of brands’ controversial actions. Specifically, this study aims to understand the effects of consumers’ cognitive and affective responses on their moral judgments after learning about the controversy of brands conducting animal testing, which in turn impacts their brand switching intention. The current study also considers consumers’ approach-avoidance conflicts in the moral-decision making process in which consumers confront moral dilemmas. The particular brands’ controversial action of interest for this study is personal care brands’ conducting animal testing on their products and selling animal-tested products because many believe that animal testing is only vital for biomedical research purposes but not for pursuing beauty purposes. This study builds a conceptual model depicting the consumer moral decision-making process based on Rest's (1994) and Schwartz’s (2015) ethical decision-making (EDM) theory and Sirgy’s (1986) self-congruence theory. To test the model, highly valid responses were collected from 454 U.S. nationwide consumers through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results indicated that: (1) consumers’ affective response (outward-focused emotion) and cognitive response (moral awareness) both provoked their moral incongruence and brand switching intention, (2) consumers’ cognitive response had a negative and significant impact on their moral disengagement, but moral disengagement had a marginal impact on brand switching intentions, (3) consumers’ affective response has a stronger impact on their moral judgment than cognitive, and their affective response can directly lead to brand switching intention, and lastly, (4) moral incongruence and moral disengagement mediated the effects of moral awareness and outward-focused emotion on brand switching intention. Finally, the research findings contribute to the consumer science literature in the area of consumers' moral decision-making process. For practical contributions, this study encourages companies to conduct practice that follows general consumers' moral beliefs and values to avoid losing their loyal customers. </p>

The word problem for a finite set of ground identities is known to be decidable in polynomial time using congruence closure, and this is also the case if some of the function symbols are assumed to be commutative. We show that decidability in P is preserved if we add the assumption that certain function symbols f are extensional in the sense that f(s1,…,sn) ≈ f(t1,…,tn) implies s1 ≈ t1,…,sn ≈ tn. In addition, we investigate a variant of extensionality that is more appropriate for commutative function symbols, but which raises the complexity of the word problem to coNP.

The Supreme Court of the United States has recently determined that assigning students to schools and classrooms based on racial identity is unconstitutional. However, it also left the door open for further and different rulings. If researchers are able to show that lack of consideration of race has deleterious effects on federally mandated programs and initiatives, the ruling may be modified or opened up to specific circumstances. Among its many consequences, this ruling brings a focus onto the question of student-teacher matching in classrooms. Over the years, there has been a great deal of discussion in the literature about matching teacher and student by race, ethnicity, gender, and language. Some people claim that matching is crucial for student success while others dispute this claim. The current study examines the question of racial and ethnic matching empirically in the context of a large-scale randomized controlled study of an innovation for middle school mathematics learners. It extends the literature by (1) focusing on the relationship between student-teacher match and a specific, heavily documented situation with targeted learning goals, (2) adding information about Hispanic students to the discussion, and (3) helping evaluate factors that may be important in determining the validity of large-scale experiments. Alone and in conjunction with other similar empirical evidence, it will also have a significant effect on federal and state educational policy. The sample consists of the 92 teachers and 1576 7th grade students on 76 school campuses throughout 8 Texas regions who participated in the Scaling-Up SimCalc project. Teachers and students either used SimCalc Mathworlds™ curriculum and technology or a control for a two-week replacement unit. The crux of the current analysis was a match between aggregated and individual teacher and student characteristics and an inquiry into how these matches influence student math performance in the classroom within and between our experimental and control group. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) analysis was used to investigate the differences in student mathematics performance, modeled as students nested in classrooms nested in schools. / Ph. D.

Yes / The development of students’ mathematics skills in higher education is often the topic of professional debate in learning development circles. Less prevalent are discussions taking place around the interpersonal dynamics that occur during one-to-one (tutorial) sessions. This case study explores these dynamics. It arose from the continuing professional development activities of an adviser (learning developer) at a UK university. As a result of recording one-to-one mathematics sessions it was found that the adviser was unconsciously competent and that, although she was adept at identifying her areas for development, she struggled to articulate the considerable strengths of her practice. We wanted to find a way of describing, analysing and evaluating her competence, and alighted upon the person-centred approach. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to present the synthesis of maths skills practice with this approach in the hope of stimulating further research and professional conversation in the learning development community. The report offers novel idiographic findings through the application of person-centred theory to one practitioner’s experience of delivering maths skills development. We conclude by suggesting that focusing on the relationship between adviser and student can help to create conditions conducive to successful one-to-one education.

<p>Data je karakterizacija raznih tipova specijalnih elemenata mreže, kao &scaron;to su kodistributivni, neutralni, skrativi, standardni, izuzetni, neprekidni, beskonačno distributivni i drugi i ti rezultati su primenjeni u strukturnim ispitivanjima algebri, posebno u mrežama kongruencija, podalgebri i slabih kongruencija algebri.&nbsp; Specijalni elementi su posebno proučavani i u bipolumrežama i dobijene su nove teoreme reprezentacije za bipolumreže. Ispitana je kolekcija svih mreža sa istim skupom i-nerazloživih elemenata, pokazano je da je ta kolekcija i sama mreža u odnosu na inkluziju i daju se karakterizacije te mreže.&nbsp; Re&scaron;avan je problem preno&scaron;enja mrežnih identiteta sa mreže podalgebri i kongruencija na mrežu slabih kongruencija. Proučavane su osobine svojstva preseka kongruencija i svojstva pro&scaron;irenja kongruencija i neke varijante tih svojstava u vezi sa mrežama slabih kongruencija. Date su karakterizacije mreže slabih kongruencija nekih posebnih klasa algebri i varijeteta, kao &scaron;to su unarne algebra, mreže, grupe, Hamiltonove algebra i druge.</p> / <p>A characterization of various types of special elements in lattices: codistributive,&nbsp; neutral, cancellable, standard, exceptional, continuous, infinitely distributive and others are given, and the results are applied in structural investigations in algebras, in particular in lattices of subalgebras, congruences and weak congruences. Special elements are investigated also in bi-semilattices and new representation theorems for bisemilattices are obtained. The collection of all lattices with the same poset of meet-irreducible elements is studied and it is proved that this collection is a lattice under inclusion and characterizations of this lattice is given.&nbsp; A problem of transferability of lattice identities from lattices of subalgebras and congruences to&nbsp; lattices of weak congruencse of&nbsp; algebras is solved. The congruence intersection property and the congruence extension property as well as various alternations of these properties are investigated in connection with weak congruence lattices. Characterizations of weak congruence lattices of special classes of algebras and varieties, as unary algebras, lattices, groups, Hamiltonian algebras and others are given.</p>

Samhällsvetenskapliga portalfigurer som Durkheim, Marx och Weber har medverkat i diskussionen om aktör och struktur. Diskussionen om intentioner; agerande och samhällsstrukturer pågår fortfarande. Om de samhällsvetenskapliga fenomenen utgår från individen – aktören – och/eller dess omgivning - strukturen - är en evig fråga. Denna avhandling är ett bidrag till den moderna diskussionen om aktör och struktur. Syftet är att analysera problemkomplexet aktör-struktur. Många tidigare studier i genren är abstrakta och generella. I detta arbete studeras också samhällsforskares tillämpning. Efter analyser av den aktörsteoretiska ansatsen (statsvetaren Axel Hadenius' forskning, den strukturteoretiska ansatsen (sociologen Bruce Mayhews forskning), samt a ansatsen (statsvetaren Bo Rothsteins forskning), samt redovisas ett preciserat förhållningssätt till problemkomplexet. Studiens utgångspunkt är att både den ensidiga aktörsteoretiska ansatsen och den ensidiga strukturteoretiska ansatsen kommer att uppvisa brister. De respektive ensidiga ansatserna antas inte brista främst på grund av sin ensidighet, vilket flera företrädare för den aktör-strukturteoretiska ansatsen hävdar. Utifrån avhandlingens vägledande analysram förväntas de respektive ensidiga ansatsernas filosofier, teorier och förklaringar brista på så sätt att företrädarnas programförklaringar inte stämmer överens med företrädarnas tillämpningar. Därmed uppfyller de ensidiga ansatsernas företrädare inte det grundläggande kravet på vetenskaplig klarhet. Av analysen framgår att det i den aktörsteoretiska ansatsens tillämpning också återfinns strukturfaktorer av ett slag som ansatsens företrädare programmatiskt vill utesluta. I den tillämpade strukturteoretiska ansatsen återfinns aktörsfaktorer. Också den aktör-strukturteoretiska ansats som analyseras uppvisar brister i överensstämmelse mellan programförklaring och tillämpning. Resultaten tas till intäkt för att överge både den individualism som den aktörsteoretiska ansatsen vilar på och den strukturalism sätts i detta arbete den filosofiska antagande att den samhälleliga verkligheten innehåller både aktör och struktur, Antagandet om samhällets tvåsidighet utgör en viktig grund för den preciserande aktör-strukturteoretiska ansats som är studiens övergripande slutsats. / This thesis is a contribution to the age-old discussion in the social sciences about actor and structure. From the outset it is argued that the question of actor and structure constitutes a complexity of problems which contains philosophical, theoretical and explanatory elements. Different ways of comprehending the complexity of problems constitute a watershed between research approaches. The three main approaches are the actor theoretical approach, the structural theoretical approach and 1he actor-structural theoretical approach. The purpose of this study is to analyse these three approaches and thereby present a fruitful approach to the complexity of problems. The author adopts the combined actor-structural theoretical approach from the start, but not in an uncritical and self-evident manner. This study is based on two lines of argumentation. Firstly, it is stipulated that a social scientist's research programme on actor and structure should be consistent With the researcher's application. Secondly, it is stipulated that social reality consists of both actor and s1ructure, and that actor and  structure do not mean the same thing. The author's suggestion is that this idea about the two-sidedness of soc iety is a prerequisite for interna! consistency. Hence, traces of both actor and structure should a lso be found in the applications of the two one-sided approaches. In order to discern the one-sided actor theoretical approach, three ideas are stipulated as philosophy, theory and explanation in a specified ideal type: methodological individualism, instrumental rationality and intentional explanation. These ideas are present in the research programme of the chosen representative of the actor theoretical approach, the Swedish political scientist Axel Hadenius. It is found that Hadenius' application does not correspond with his research programme. In his application. factors occur that are not totally reducible to facts aboul separale or aggregated individuals. In order to discern the one-sided sructural theoretical approach, three ideas are stipulated as philosophy. theory and explanation in a specified ideal type: structuralism, theoretical relations between structures and nomothetical-deductive explanations with structures. These ideas are present in the research programme of the chosen representative of the structural theoretical approach, the American sociologi st Bruce Mayhew. It is found that Mayhew's application does not correspond with his research programme. In his application, fac1s about separate or aggregated individuals occur. The three ideas behind the ideal type actor-structural theoretical approach are two-sided level realism, theoretical actor-structural relations and actor-structural explanation. These ideas are present in the research programme of the chosen representative of the actor-structural theoretical approach, the Swedish political scientist Bo Rothstein, even if there are also traces leading off in other directions. Finally, the testing of the occurrence of the preliminary actor-structural approach in the three research approaches is combined with the elabora1ion of philosophy, theory and explana1ion in the specified actorstructural theoretical approach. The latter approach constitutes the author's stand on the complexity of problems of actor and structure. The philosophy in the specified approach, two-sided leve! realism, is allegedly composed of three closely related ideas: actual closeness between actor and structure, situational irreducibility, and the relational concept of social structure. The idea of the theoretical relation between actor and structure is allegedly composed of three closely related ideas: empirical openness, analytical dualism and generative mechanisms. All are, in tum, closely related to the three ideas of the two-sided leve! realism, as well as to the idea of actor-structural explanation. The specified approach lays the foundations for clarity in terms of internat logical congruence between research programme and application.

My doctoral research addressed two questions regarding the influence of orthographic knowledge on speech processing. First, I attempted to identify the locus of the orthographic effects observed in spoken word recognition tasks in which the orthographic consistency and the congruency between the phonological and orthographic representations of the stimuli were manipulated. Several studies provided converging results suggesting that only phonological representations activated at lexical or postlexical processing levels are affected by orthographic knowledge, while those activated at prelexical levels are not. However, the lexical processing level is not the only factor that determines the occurrence and/or the size of the orthographic effects. Regardless of the processing level tapped by the task, the characteristics of the material and the way in which participants perform the tasks also play an important role. Second, I examined the generality of the orthographic effects both in the suprasegmental domain and in the operation of working memory. Overall, the results showed orthographic effects in both situations./La question de l’influence des connaissances orthographiques sur le traitement de la parole a été abordée sous différents angles à travers les études menées dans le cadre de ma thèse de doctorat. Plus précisément, le locus des effets orthographiques a été examiné dans des tâches de reconnaissance de la parole grâce à une manipulation de la consistance orthographique et de la congruence entre les représentations phonologique et orthographique des stimuli. Les résultats obtenus convergent pour indiquer que seules les représentations phonologiques activées dans les situations qui exigent un traitement lexical et/ou post-lexical sont affectées par les représentations orthographiques. Cependant, l’occurrence et/ou la magnitude des effets orthographiques obtenus semblent dépendre également des caractéristiques du matériel et de la manière dont les participants effectuent la tâche. La question de la généralité des effets orthographiques a aussi été abordée : les effets orthographiques ont été démontrés d’une part dans le domaine suprasegmental (sur le ton lexical) et, d’autre part, dans le fonctionnement de la mémoire de travail.

Le concept de générativité, soit la préoccupation des adultes à l'égard du bien-être des générations futures, a fait l'objet de nombreuses études en psychologie sociale depuis les années 1950. En parallèle, plusieurs entreprises positionnent leurs produits et services comme génératifs, une réalité qui n'a toutefois pas été examinée d'un point de vue académique en marketing. Afin de remédier à cette lacune, nous proposons l'introduction formelle du concept de générativité dans la littérature marketing, ainsi que le développement d'une échelle de mesure entièrement dédiée à la générativité du consommateur. Nous analysons également les effets du positionnement génératif des produits sur le comportement du consommateur. Les résultats de la première étude ont montré que le positionnement génératif affectait positivement et significativement les attitudes envers le message et le produit, ainsi que les intentions d'achat. Ces effets étaient encore plus importants lorsque la publicité ciblait des consommateurs fortement génératifs. De plus, la construction de l'échelle de la générativité du consommateur a mis en évidence la présence de deux dimensions de la générativité : communale et agentique. L'analyse de la validité prédictive de l'échelle a de nouveau montré l'importance de cibler des personnes fortement génératives dans le cas de produits positionnés comme génératifs. Toutefois, l'analyse du type de positionnement génératif, du lieu de contrôle et du revenu familial comme modérateurs n'a pas révélé de relations statistiquement significatives. Notre recherche a néanmoins montré que les consommateurs mariés étaient plus génératifs que les célibataires, et que seules les personnes possédant un revenu familial confortable ou élevant des enfants possédaient un indice élévé de générativité communale. Qui plus est, les pères étaient plus génératifs sur le plan agentique que les mères. Ces résultats pointent également l'importance d'identifier le type de générativité du consommateur (communal ou agentique).

Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d’évaluer la prévalence vie entière des traitements à visée psychotrope et les caractéristiques associées à cet usage dont l’adéquation avec l’existence de troubles psychiatriques. Les travaux ont été réalisés à partir des données issues de l’enquête Santé Mentale en Population Générale sur un échantillon de 36 785 adultes représentatifs de la population générale française. Un tiers des sujets a rapporté avoir fait usage d’au moins un traitement psychotrope au cours de la vie. L’inadéquation diagnostic-traitement est retrouvée dans le sens « usage en l’absence de trouble psychiatrique » aussi bien que dans le sens « absence d’usage en présence de trouble identifié ». Ainsi, seul un tiers des sujets avec un diagnostic de trouble dépressif récurrent a fait usage d’un traitement antidépresseur ou thymorégulateur. Concernant l’utilisation de traitements alternatifs, seuls 1,3 % des personnes rapportent un usage de traitement homéopathique à visée psychotrope. Ces traitements sont principalement utilisés par des personnes présentant un trouble anxieux en association avec un traitement psychotrope conventionnel. Des études ultérieures documentant l’ensemble des traitements à visée psychotrope utilisé dans le traitement des symptômes psychiques permettraient d’affiner les résultats sur l’adéquation diagnostic-traitement et d’estimer le nombre de sujets évitant le recours aux traitements conventionnels par l’utilisation d’alternatives thérapeutiques. / The aims of this work were to assess the lifetime prevalence of psychotropic drug use and the characteristics associated with use, particularly the congruence with psychiatric diagnoses. The studies were performed using the database from the survey Mental Health in the General Population including 36 785 persons representative of the French general population. One out of three subjects reported a lifetime use of psychotropic treatment. The non-congruence between diagnosis and psychotropic drug was observed in the pattern “use without psychiatric disorders” as well as in the pattern “no use with psychiatric disorders”. So, only one out of three persons with recurrent major depressive disorder reported having used an antidepressant or a mood stabilizer. Regarding complementary and alternative medicine use, only 1,3% of persons reported use of homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms. These treatments were mainly used by persons with anxiety symptoms in association with conventional psychotropic drugs. Further studies assessing the all the treatments used for psychiatric symptoms would allow to refine the results on the congruence between diagnosis and psychotropic drug and to estimate the number of persons avoiding use of conventional psychotropic drugs by using complementary and alternative medicine.