La plupart des études sur la perception isolent une modalité sensorielle pour mieux l’étudier et la comprendre. Malheureusement, aucun de nos sens ne représente la seule source d’information, car une intégration sensorielle se fait en tout moment lors de la perception de l’environnement. L’information d’un sens est donc plutôt en accord ou en conflit avec l’apport d’information des autres sens. Le but de la présente étude était d’investiguer, par IRMf, les activations cérébrales d’une intégration visuelle et olfactive lorsque ces deux perceptions sont congruentes. Pour ce faire, une image et/ou une odeur étaient présentées au sujet et ce dernier devait identifier si le stimulus perçu était congruent. Ce protocole permettait d’observer les activations cérébrales lors de l’analyse d’un stimulus et la prise de décision selon la congruité du stimulus présenté. La condition de congruence vision-odeur activa les zones visuelles et olfactives plus fortement que lors des conditions contrôle (image seule, odeur seule). Ces résultats illustrent une potentialisation des aires visuelles et olfactives par une intégration d’information congruente venant de ces deux modalités. Par conséquent, l’intégration d’un stimulus visuel et odorant congruent semble rehausser la perception du stimulus. / Most studies on perception isolate one sensory modality in order to better study and comprehend it. Unfortunately, none of our senses represents the only source of information, since sensory integration is underway at all times during environmental perception. The information from one sense is therefore usually in agreement with or in conflict with the input of information from other senses. The goal of the present study was to investigate, by fMRI, the cerebral activations caused by visual and olfactory integration when these two perceptions are congruent. To do this, an image and/or an odour were presented to the subject who then had the task of identifying whether the perceived stimulus was congruent. This protocol allowed the observation of the cerebral activations during stimulus analysis and decision-making depending on the congruity of the presented stimulus. The vision-odour congruent condition activated the visual and olfactory areas more strongly than the control conditions (image only, odour only). These results illustrate a potentialization of the visual and olfactory areas by an integration of the congruent information coming from these two modalities. As a result, the integration of a visual and olfactory congruent stimulus seems to enhance the perception of a stimulus.

The most common approach towards transfer pricing has been purely economic or with focus on tax regulations. However, transfer pricing has developed to become a component of organizational strategy. This indicates a growing focus on transfer pricing from a managerial perspective. A well-functioning transfer pricing structure can enable increased operational efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to explain the alignment between transfer pricing methods and strategy. The alignment between corporate levels and divisions enhances a corporation’s possibility to obtain strategic congruence, and thereby competitive advantage to become a stronger player on the market. The research is conducted as a multi-level case study with both qualitative and quantitative data collection. The result stresses that the case firms transfer pricing design is based on managerial objectives, and uses market-based and negotiated transfer price policies. The result finds that the methods and the strategy are partly aligned, which contributes to the corporation’s overall performance. Although, due to the levels different perceptions of profit maximization some sub-optimization occurs.

This study explored how personal strivings constructs of Goal Conflict and Complementarity and primary appraisal dimensions of Motivational Relevance and Congruence (separately and in combination), related across time to immediate and long-term effects of a stressful transaction. The study was located within the transactional model of stress and integrated aspects of motivational theory, focusing on the theoretical position that within the stressful transaction the relationship between motivational factors and the individual response to an event is mediated by cognitive processes, including appraisal. Advances in transactional theory highlight the role of motivational factors (such as personal strivings) as linked to primary appraisal in the form of Motivational Relevance and Congruence. The utility of personal strivings in exploring the role of motivational factors in the stress process were highlighted. Despite an increasing theoretical focus on motivation and appraisal, research in the area is limited. Data was collected for the study through the administration of questionnaires to university students (N=152) prior to (time 1) and into (time 2) an examination period. The questionnaires used a range of self-report measures. Correlations, partial correlations and ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that Goal Complementarity and Conflict directly influenced primary appraisal processes but not affective and wellbeing outcomes. It was proposed that primary appraisal processes were the conduit through which the impact of Goal Complementarity and Conflict were expressed within the stressful transaction. The results also suggested the impact of anticipatory Motivational Relevance which seemed to imply a highly “loaded” event with negative affective and long-term consequences into the event. Subjects entering the event wit h an “optimistic” demeanour indicated by high anticipatory Congruence and positive affect had increased Congruence into the event with consequent amplified positive emotions and dampened negative effects. Subjects with high anticipatory Relevance and low Congruence across the event had relatively higher scores on negative outcomes. High anticipatory Relevance and Congruence was associated with negative immediate and long-term outcomes into the event. High Relevance Congruence was generally associated with a strong emotional response, which also elicited strong positive emotion as the event unfolded. Subjects with low Relevance did not seem to hold as strong an investment in the event and reported reduced emotions and symptomology. These findings were discussed in relation to the stress, appraisal and motivation literature and their limitations and implications were explored.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um pouco da história da criptografia, assim como sua importância nos dias atuais, a base da teoria dos números e de congruência modular necessárias para compreender a criptografia RSA, que é o foco deste trabalho. A criptografia RSA é a mais usada atualmente por causa da dificuldade em ser decodificada. Foi elaborada e apresentada uma aula aos alunos do ensino fundamental e médio participantes do Programa de Iniciação Científica Júnior da OBMEP, sendo mostrado o porquê ela funciona, os métodos de codificação e decodificação. / In this work some of the history of cryptography is presented, as well as its nowadays applications. The RSA encryption is the most widely used because of the difficulty to being decoded. In order to understand the RSA encryption, which is the focus of this work, we recall some basis of number theory and modular congruence. Also, it was prepared and presented a lecture to the students of middle and high school participants in the Program of Junior Scientific Initiation of OBMEP, being shown why it works, methods of encoding and decoding.

Malgré l'expansion des publicités conjointes, la littérature y afférente demeure embryonnaire et reflète certaines divergences, notamment par rapport aux termes employés pour caractériser la relation entre les marques partenaires (fit, cohérence perceptuelle, complémentarité, congruence).Cette recherche tente d'élucider le processus de formation et de changement d'attitudes en publicité conjointe en trois étapes : (1) en justifiant en quoi le concept de congruence est le plus intéressant pour caractériser la relation entre les marques partenaires, (2) en explorant les dimensions qui sous-tendent la congruence perçue des marques, et (3) en modélisant ce processus sur la base d'une intégration du modèle ELM en persuasion publicitaire et de la théorie de la congruence de Mandler.Les résultats montrent d'abord que la perception de la congruence des marques s'effectue via les aspects fonctionnels et symboliques de l'alliance. Ensuite, les analyses menées à l'issue d'une expérimentation auprès de 1517 consommateurs, montrent principalement que l'incongruence fonctionnelle n'affecte pas les attitudes post-exposition envers les marques à images fortes et positives. Toutefois, cette incongruence peut exercer une influence négative sur l'attitude envers l'alliance et sur l'attitude envers l'annonce, si elle n'est pas résolue. / In spite of the joint advertising expansion, the literature remains embryonic and reflects some divergences, especially in the various terms used to describe the relationship between the brand partners (fit, perceived consistency, complementarity, congruity).This research tries to clarify the process of attitude formation and change in joint advertising, in three steps: (1) by justifying how the congruity concept is the most interesting to characterize the relationship between the brand partners, (2) by exploring the dimensions that underlie the perceived congruity, and (3) by modelizing this process on the basis of an integration of ELM model and Mandler's theory.First, the results show that the perception of the brand congruity is made through the functional and symbolic aspects of the alliance. Then, the analyses of an experiment on 1517 consumers show primarily that the functional incongruity doesn't affect the post-exposition attitudes towards brands having strong and positive images. However, this incongruity can exert a negative influence on the attitude towards the alliance and on the attitude towards the ad, if it is not resolved.

Food allergies within the United States and Europe have become exceedingly prevalent in children, adolescents, and adults. In the United States alone, over 12 million people have been diagnosed with at least one food allergy. If the allergen is accidentally consumed, the food allergy sufferer may suffer a life-threatening condition known as anaphylaxis. More than 200 U.S. food allergic consumers die annually as a result of anaphylaxis due to ingestion of food allergens. To safely manage food allergies, food allergy sufferers and stakeholders (such as caregivers) require clear and complete ingredient information to avoid certain allergens in packaged food products. Despite U.S. legislative mandates designed to assist the food allergic consumers and stakeholders to make safe food selection choices, food allergy labeling on consumer packaged food products remains unclear. To properly manage food allergy, it is imperative that food allergy stakeholders have access to clear and unambiguous food allergen ingredients located on the food product labels. The purpose of this research was to capture the impact of current United States food allergen labeling guidelines on U.S. food allergy stakeholders. With the elaboration likelihood framework, this research aimed to better understand how the congruence of allergen ingredient information on the Product Label Claim on the front of the package and Nutrition Facts Panel information on the back of the package affected food allergic consumers and stakeholders in evaluation of product packaging allergen information. A total of 223 food allergy stakeholders were administered four surveys depicting food allergen labeling variations found on U.S. food product labels. Seventeen hypotheses were formulated and analyzed with ANCOVA and t tests to measure the impact of congruence and elaboration of the food allergen messages on the food product labels, with a specific focus on purchase intention. Findings indicated that food allergy stakeholders had difficulties using and understanding existing food allergen labels under current U.S. food allergen labeling guidelines. The results also showed confusion among U.S. food allergic stakeholders with safe food selection choices when the label claims did not align with the actual allergen ingredient information. Research, public policy, and managerial implications were thoroughly discussed.

Numerous research studies have concluded that values drive perceptions, responses to situations, judgments, interactions among people, and behaviors. In addition, studies have found that congruence or agreement between individual values and organizational values can increase job satisfaction and commitment. Minimal research has explored the concept of value congruence between substance abuse counselors and their treatment settings, and its impact on perceived ethical work behaviors and organizational commitment. This study explored how the extent of fit between individual and organizational values impacts ethical work behaviors and organizational commitment of substance abuse counselors.

The personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and its influence on work outcomes is a relatively new topic in social and behavioral sciences. Most well-known personality theory is Big Five that includes openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness traits. LMX theory focuses on the mutual relationship between a supervisor and a subordinate. There is a gap in the literature regarding the mediating role of LMX perceptions of subordinates on the relationship between personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and affective commitment (AC). The purpose of this cross-sectional design was first to explore the direct relationship between supervisors and subordinates personality congruence and AC of subordinates. The second purpose of this study was to explore the role of LMX as a mediator between the personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and AC of the subordinates. A cluster sampling method was used to gather 400 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 3 technopolises in Ankara, who completed self-reported questionnaires. A technopolis is a technology science park. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted to measure the congruence level of dyads' personality traits and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the mediating effect of LMX. Results revealed that, LMX has no mediating effect on personality congruence and AC. The results also revealed that there is a significant relation between the agreeableness congruence of supervisors and subordinates, and AC. This information can be used by organizations by pairing up agreeable dyad members to increase affective commitment. The findings of this study may create positive social change by promoting optimum functioning organizations that have committed employees which would affect the society and economy in a positive way.

An e-pseudovariety is a class of finite regular semigroups closed under the taking of homomorphic images, regular subsemigroups and finite direct products. Chapter One consists of a survey of those results from algebraic semigroup theory, universal algebra and lattice theory which are used in the following two chapters. In Chapter Two, a theory of generalised existence varieties is developed. A generalised existence variety is a class of regular semigroups closed under the taking of homomorphic images, regular subsemigroups, finite direct products and arbitrary powers. Equivalently, a generalised e-variety is the union of a directed family of existence varieties. It is demonstrated that a class of finite regular semigroups is an e-pseudovariety if and only if the class consists only of the finite members of some generalised existence variety. The relationship between certain lattices of e-pseudovarieties and generalised existence varieties is explored and a usefu l complete surjective lattice homomorphism is found. A study of complete congruences on lattices of existence varieties and e-pseudovarieties forms Chapter Three. In particular it is shown that a certain meet congruence, whose description is relatively simple, can be extended to yield a complete congruence on a lattice of e-pseudovarieties of finite regular semigroups. Ultimately, theorems describing the method of construction of all complete congruences of lattices of e-pseudovarieties whose members are finite E-solid or locally inverse regular semigroups are proved.

Sur les espaces de modules de différentielles abéliennes existe une action naturelle de SL(2,R). Ses orbites, appelées disques de Teichmüller, se projettent dans les espaces de modules de surfaces de Riemann sur des géodésiques complexes. En tirant en arrière la forme dz du tore standard par des revêtements ramifiés au-dessus d'un seul point, on obtient les surfaces à petits carreaux, points entiers des espaces de modules de différentielles abéliennes. Nous étudions en détail les disques de Teichmüller des points entiers de l'espace des modules des différentielles abéliennes en genre deux avec un zéro double: nombre de disques de Teichmüller pour chaque nombre de carreaux, et leur géométrie; propriétés algébriques des stabilisateurs (sous-groupes de SL(2,Z) qui ne sont pas de congruence); comportement asymptotique des constantes de Siegel-Veech (coefficients des taux de croissance quadratiques des géodésiques fermées) lorsque le nombre de carreaux tend vers l'infini.