In this thesis, we propose and evaluate quasi-optimal algorithms for solving the code-constellation optimization problem in M-ary CDMA system. The M-ary CDMA system is a new CDMA architecture. The more spreading codes used in each user, and the higher bandwidth efficiency can achieve with more bits packed in each symbol. We use a code, which we refer to as ¡§mapping code¡¨, to help form a multidimensional spherical code-constellation. The M codewords of the mapping code correspond one-to-one to the M points on the code-constellation. Thus, the code-constellation optimization problem is a combinatorial optimization problem. We present that an exhaustive search (ES) algorithm would have compute and check all possible subset, and then this problem becomes a NP-hard. Based on the exhaustive search algorithm, we propose symmetric points search (SPS) algorithm to reduce computation complexity, but it is not optimal algorithm. In addition, we propose a quasi-optimal algorithm, namely Manhattan distance search (MDS) algorithm. Numerical results and comparisons are provided to illustrate that the computation complexity of the Manhattan distance search algorithm increases linearly with dimension of code-constellation and its performance is better than others.

To achieve two main objectives, viz., to increase the system capacity and having higher data rates, of 3G system for individual users, it comes up to be the unprecedented demand on both communication bandwidth and powerful DSP processing techniques. In this thesis, a new space-time encoding scheme, referred to as the Virtual Constellation Mapping (VCM) scheme associated with the turbo encoder, is devised to enhance transmission data rate and spectral efficiency. It also alleviates the requirement of powerful signal processing technique. In fact, the proposed scheme is very simple and could be used to achieve full utilizing encoding efficiency. It means that the new scheme is easy in practical implementation. To verify the advantages of this new scheme, we apply it to both the 3GPP FDD of WCDMA system and OFDM based Wireless LAN system. First, by comparing the proposed scheme with the conventional standards 3GPP scheme, the information data rate is increased from 384 kbps information data rate to 450.4 kbps, that is 17 % improvement. It should be noted by using the new approach, other system components of 3GPP, e.g., modulation scheme, control bits and the data rate of the QPSK modulators outputs, are all the same. Moreover, this VCM scheme can be applied to the multicarrier modulation or the Wireless LAN with the OFDM modulation. Computer simulation results showed that with the same transmission data rate, our scheme is more robustness compare with the conventional space-time trellis coded OFDM scheme, in high Doppler fading channel. In addition, the proposed scheme required less decoding complexity as the standards, when it is implemented in the 3GPP system and the OFDM system with space-time trellis coding scheme.

A quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) retrodirective array phase modulator (RAPM) was designed and fabricated to characterize its backscatter signal constellation when placed near objects with varying conductivities and relative permittivities. The signal constellations produced when the RAPM was placed near objects were compared to a constellation in free space to determine relative magnitude and phase changes. When conductors and high permittivity dielectrics were placed close behind the RAPM, constellation points were found to shrink in magnitude by up to twenty percent and shift in phase by up to eight degrees. When conductors were placed between the RAPM and an interrogator, the signal constellation was found to collapse, shrinking by up to 95.6 percent. For materials similar to free space, minimal constellation shrinkage resulted, but signal constellation rotation by up to 68 degrees occurred. The power consumption of a RAPM was also characterized and found to decrease as the number of bits per symbol increased. This result demonstrates that in comparison to conventional backscatter tags, which implement one bit per symbol, the RAPM can implement a greater number of bits per symbol, reduce its power consumption, and increase its range in a passive backscatter communication system. To characterize the beamwidth of the RAPM's retrodirective array, a radar cross section (RCS) measurement of the RAPM was performed over a scan angle range of -90 to +90 degrees. The structural component generated by the RAPM's patch antenna ground plane was found to dominate the antenna mode of the retrodirective array. As a result, a novel homodyne receiver based RCS measurement was performed to filter out the structural RCS component and measure the pure antenna mode of the RAPM.

<p>Motivated by current applications in multihop transmission and ad hoc networks, the classical three-node relay channel consisting of a source-destination pair and a relay has received significant attention. One of the crucial aspects of the relay channel is the design of proper relaying protocols, i.e., how the relay should take part into transmission. The thesis addresses this problem and provides a partial answer to that.</p><p>In this thesis, we propose and study two novel relaying protocols. The first one is based on constellation rearrangement (CR) and is suitable for higher-order modulation schemes. With CR, the relay uses a bit-symbol mapping that is different from the one used by the source. We find the optimal bit-symbol mappings for both the source and the relay and the associated optimal detectors, and show that the improvement over conventional relaying with Gray mapping at the source and the relay can amount to a power gain of several dB. This performance improvement comes at no additional power or bandwidth expense, and at virtually no increase in complexity. The second one is a half-duplex decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme based on partial repetition (PR) coding at the relay. With PR, if the relay decodes the received message successfully, it re-encodes the message using the same channel code as the one used at the source, but retransmits only a fraction of the codeword. We analyze the proposed scheme and optimize the cooperation level (i.e., the fraction of the message that the relay should transmit). We compare our scheme with conventional repetition in which the relay retransmits the entire decoded message, and with parallel coding, and additionally with dynamic DF. The finite SNR analysis reveals that the proposed partial repetition can provide a gain of several dB over conventional repetition. Surprisingly, the proposed scheme is able to achieve the same performance as that of parallel coding for some relay network configurations, but at a much lower complexity.</p><p>Additionally, the thesis treats the problem of resource allocation for collaborative transmit diversity using DF protocols with different type of CSI feedback at the source. One interesting observation that emerges is that the joint powerbandwidth allocation only provides marginal gain over the relaying protocols with optimal bandwidth allocation. </p>

In recent years, the accumulation of space debris has become an increasingly pressing issue, and adequately monitoring it is a formidable task for designated ground-based sensors. Supplementing the capabilities of these ground-based networks with orbiting sensing platforms would dramatically enhance the ability of such systems to detect, track, identify, and characterize resident space objects -- the primary goals of modern space situational awareness (SSA). Space-based space situational awareness (SBSSA), then, is concerned with achieving the stated SSA goals through coordinated orbiting sensing platforms. To facilitate the design of satellite constellations that promote SSA goals, an optimization approach is selected, which inherently requires a pre-defined mathematical representation of a cost index or measure of merit. Such representations are often analytically available, but when considering optimal constellation design for SBSSA applications, a closed-form expression for the cost index is only available under certain assumptions. The present study focuses on a subset of cases that admit exact representations. In this case, geometrical arguments are employed to establish an analytical formulation for the coverage area provided as well as for the coverage multiplicity. These analytical results are essential in validating numerical approximations that are able to simulate more complex configurations. / text

The Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC) is the nearest, and thus most studied, star forming region to the Earth. To date, most of the studies conducted at submillimetre wavelenths have focused on the spectral line analysis using high resolution heterodyne recievers. However, the role of dust, which is known to be important in the evolution of the interstellar medium, can only be studied through its continuum emission. This thesis presents the first results obtained using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope to study, simultaneously, the continuum and line components of emission on the OMC. / xiii, 139 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.

ARAÚJO, Júlio César Rosa de. Os chats: uma constelação de gêneros na internet. 2006. 341f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2006. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T10:57:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jcraraujo.pdf: 3695407 bytes, checksum: 7da489a27bf06a724a4705329ddc6d5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T15:34:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jcraraujo.pdf: 3695407 bytes, checksum: 7da489a27bf06a724a4705329ddc6d5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-25T15:34:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jcraraujo.pdf: 3695407 bytes, checksum: 7da489a27bf06a724a4705329ddc6d5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / In the present research my objective was to create a concept to the phenomenon of the constellation of genres. Thus, to define that category, about which I developed my Thesis, the theoretical and philosophical formularizations of Bakhtin relative to the uses of the language were my support. The text which relates this research is organized in two great parts. In the first one, I present my theoretical and methodological construction for the study of the constellations of genres, bringing as proposal the choice of the strongest characteristic of the communication sphere where the grouping of genres is, the observation of the formative process of those genres and the identification of the social functions that they realize. In the second part, I present the chats like an example of constellation of genres and I illustrate my theoretical and methodological construction through of seven different types of chats, focusing the hypertextuality, the transmutation of genres and the communicative purpose as the operational categories to the analysis. In this research, I tried give an ethnographic character through an intense exercise of participant observation, accessing many chat rooms in the Internet during three years. For obtaining the data, besides the participant observation, I did small interviews with some chatters by e-mail. After the triangulation of the data and its posterior analysis, I arrived to the following results: the constellation of chats assumes a hypertextual nature because such characteristic is what brings chats closer as for the aspect of their communication sphere; chats are genres that share the same formative phenomenon, in other words, everyone of them is formed by the transmutation and the reinterpretation of oral genres from various communication spheres; finally, chats become distinct of each one because they build a web of communicative purposes inside of the constellation in order to serve to several social functions. / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver um conceito que desse conta do fenômeno de agrupamentos genéricos designado aqui de constelação de gêneros. Para o alcance deste objetivo, a investigação se inscreve na base epistemológica das formulações teórico-filosóficas de Bakhtin, relativas aos usos da linguagem. A Tese foi organizada em duas grandes partes. Na primeira, apresento a elaboração de um percurso teórico-metodológico que permitiu elaborar um constructo de constelação de gêneros a partir da eleição de pelo menos uma característica marcante da esfera de comunicação em que se ambienta o agrupamento constelar, do processo formativo de seus gêneros e das funções sociais que eles realizam. Na segunda parte, ilustro a elaboração do constructo com a análise de sete tipos de chats, elegendo a hipertextualidade, a transmutação e o propósito comunicativo dos bate-papos virtuais como as categorias operantes para caracterização do agrupamento constelar desses gêneros. Para a construção dos dados, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter etnográfico na Internet durante três anos. A partir de um exercício intenso de observação participante, em diversas salas de chat, e de pequenas entrevistas realizadas por e-mail com alguns chatters, a triangulação dos dados e a sua posterior análise apontam para os seguintes resultados: a constelação dos chats assume uma natureza hipertextual, pois tal característica aproxima os gêneros quanto a este aspecto; os chats são gêneros que compartilham o mesmo fenômeno formativo, uma vez que todos transmutam e reinterpretam gêneros orais de variadas esferas de comunicação; finalmente, esses gêneros se tornam distintos entre si graças à teia de propósitos comunicativos que eles formam dentro da constelação para atender às mais diversas funções sociais.

The topic of this thesis is the sibling constellation theory. This theory says that the order of birth can affect many areas of life. The aim of this thesis is to verify this theory. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the term sibling constellation and briefly describes the history of research connected with this theory along with information about differences between certain author´s interpretations. The thesis also deals with the upbringing stereotypes that cause differences between individuals born in a certain order and with the description of their typical personality traits. The practical part of the thesis concentrates on verifying of sibling constellation theory through a questionnaire. The questionnaire is based on facts about each sibling position that were learned from literature and deals with the relationship between respondent´s parents and siblings in order to reveal possible rivalry and jealousy in their family environment.

nÃo hà / O roteiro cinematogrÃfico à um gÃnero discursivo pertencente à esfera cinematogrÃfica. Por ser a forma escrita de um empreendimento audiovisual, para muitos roteiristas e produtores, esse gÃnero à algo passageiro, que dura apenas o tempo que leva sendo transformado no produto final. Contudo, esse gÃnero extrapola esse carÃter fugaz por possibilitar um trabalho crÃtico, criativo e original com a escrita e a leitura. AtravÃs dele, os sujeitos podem expressar sua visÃo de mundo a fim de criticÃ-la e transformÃ-la; podem desenvolver ideias inovadoras capazes de despertar interesse no outro; podem exprimir-se de modo autÃntico e independente sem limitar sua inventividade, podem manusear diferentes semioses (literatura, teatro, danÃa, mÃsica, fotografia) e recursos digitais, e podem, acima de tudo, escrever com prazer. AtravÃs do roteiro cinematogrÃfico, os sujeitos se engajam em um contexto discursivo Ãnico, interagem, confrontam-se e transformam-se. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa objetiva demonstrar que o gÃnero discursivo roteiro cinematogrÃfico pode servir como uma valiosa ferramenta no ensino e na aprendizagem da LÃngua Portuguesa. Essa pesquisa à qualitativa, pois as aÃÃes sÃo observadas e analisadas em seu ambiente natural de realizaÃÃo, e tambÃm aplicada, jà que se pretende empregÃ-la para a soluÃÃo de problemas reais. Este estudo concentra sua anÃlise em duas dimensÃes: 1) na apropriaÃÃo dos gÃneros constelados na produÃÃo do roteiro cinematogrÃfico e 2) na prÃtica docente. Os resultados indicam que a intervenÃÃo foi pertinente para o desenvolvimento das competÃncias linguÃsticas dos discentes e para transformaÃÃes no fazer docente. Como aporte teÃrico, para tratar dos gÃneros discursivos, foram eleitos Bakhtin (1997), Marcuschi (2008) e Biasi (2008); para tratar da constelaÃÃo de gÃneros, Swales (2004) e AraÃjo (2006, 2009); para discorrer sobre a multimodalidade, Kress e van Leeuwen (2006) e DionÃsio (2008, 2014); para discursar sobre a sequÃncia narrativa, Adam (1992, 2008); e para apresentar / The cinematographic script is a discursive genre belonging to the cinematographic sphere. Because it is the written form of an audiovisual project, for many writers and producers, this genre is something temporary, that lasts only the time it takes to be transformed into the final product. However, this genre transcends this fleeting character by enabling a critical, creative and original work with writing and reading. Through it, subjects can express their world view in order to criticize and transform it; can develop innovative ideas capable of arousing interest in the other; can express themselves in an authentic and independent way without limiting their inventiveness, they can manipulate different semioses (literature, theater, dance, music, photography) and digital resources, and can, above all, write with pleasure. Through the cinematographic script, the subjects engage in a unique discursive context, interact, confront and transform themselves. Thus, the present research aims to demonstrate that the discursive genre cinematographic script can serve as a valuable tool in the teaching and learning of the Portuguese Language. This research is qualitative, since the actions are observed and analyzed in their natural environment of realization, and also applied, since it is intended to be used to solve real problems. This study focuses its analysis in two dimensions: 1) the appropriation of the constellated genres in the production of the cinematographic script and 2) in the teaching practice. The results indicate that the intervention was relevant to the development of the language skills of the students and to transformations in the teaching profession. As a theoretical contribution, Bakhtin (1997), Marcuschi (2008) and Biasi (2008) were chosen to deal with the discursive genres; to talk about the constellation of genres, Swales (2004) and AraÃjo (2006, 2009); to discuss multimodality, Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Dionisio (2008, 2014); to address the narrative sequence, Adam (1992); and to present the cinematographic script, Comparato (2000), Field (2001) and Campos (2007).

Os rotavírus do grupo A (RVA) são importantes causadores de diarreias virais em crianças e animais jovens de diferentes espécies, com impactos na saúde pública e animal. Visando contribuir para o entendimento e prevenção das rotaviroses assim como suas possíveis relações zoonóticas, caracterizou-se os 11 segmentos de dsRNA de rotavírus codificadores das proteínas estruturais e não estruturais presentes em amostras fecais positivas de suínos coletadas nos anos de 2012-2013, em 2 estados brasileiros. Mediante o emprego de RT-PCR, sequenciamento nucleotídico e análises filogenéticas, todos os segmentos genéticos oriundos de 12 amostras de RVA detectados em suínos foram analisados e comparados com os de outras amostras descritas previamente. As sequências obtidas para os genes codificadores das proteínas NSP2, NSP3 e VP6 contemplaram a open reading frame (ORF) completa do gene, enquanto que a ORF parcial foi determinada para os genes codificadores das proteínas VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP7, NSP1, NSP4, NSP5 e NSP6. Os genotipos de rotavírus suíno provenientes das regiões amostradas concordam com os mais frequentemente descritos nesta espécie animal, apresentando, assim, uma matriz genética suína com a maioria dos segmentos pertencentes à constelação genotípica 1, com exceção dos genes codificadores das proteínas VP6 e NSP1, os quais foram os genotipos I5 e A8, respectivamente. Apesar de predominar o genotipo 1 (Wa-like) nas sequências deste estudo, a análise genômica sugere a existência de uma variação intragenotípica no genoma do rotavírus do grupo A atualmente circulante nas populações suína amostradas dos estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso. Adicionalmente, buscou-se identificar os aminoácidos relacionados com a adaptação dos rotavírus no hospedeiro e assinaturas genéticas que distinguissem RVA suíno e humano. Para isso, as sequências obtidas neste estudo foram comparadas com outras cepas de RVA detectadas nestas duas espécies e pertencentes ao genotipo 1 (Wa-like) disponíveis no Genbank. Como resultados foram encontrados mais de 75 sítios de mudanças deaminoácidos que diferenciam RVA suíno e humano além de sítios de substituiçãopresentes em algumas proteínas virais que frequentemente covariaram entre elas. Estes resultados proporcionam um maior entendimento da diversidade viral circulante em unidades de produção suína e uma melhor compreensão dos animaiscomo reservatórios genéticos de cepas de rotavírus emergentes em humanos. / Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are leading causes of viral diarrhea in children and in the young of many animals species with impacts on public and animal health. To contribute to the understanding and prevention of rotaviruses as well as its possible zoonotic relationships, it was characterized the 11 segments of dsRNA rotavirus encoding the structural and nonstructural proteins present in positive fecal samples from pigs collected in the years 2012-2013 in 2 Brazilian states. Using RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses, all gene segments from 12 RVA samples detected in pigs were analyzed and compared with the other samples as described previously. The sequences obtained for the NSP2, NSP3, and VP6 coding genes covered the complete open reading frame (ORF), while the partial ORF was determined for the VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP7, NSP1, NSP4, NSP5 and NSP6 coding genes. The genotypes of porcine rotavirus from the sampled regions agree with the most frequently reported in this species, presenting thus a porcine-RVA-like backbone with most segments being designated as constellation genotype 1, with the exception of the VP6 and NSP1 coding genes, which were genotypes I5 and A8, respectively. Although genotype 1 (Wa-like) sequences were predominant in this study, the genomic analysis suggests the existence of a intragenotypic variation in group A rotavirus genome currently circulating in swine populations sampled in the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso. In addition, we sought to identify the amino acids related to the adaptation of rotavirus in the host and genetic signatures that distinguish RVA pig and human. For this, the sequences obtained in this study were compared with other strains of RVA detected in these two species, belonging to genotype 1 (Wa-like) available in Genbank. The following results were found more than 75 sites of amino acid changes that differentiate RVA pig and human as well as substitution sites present in some viral proteins that often covaried between them. These results provide a greater understanding of the current viral diversity in swine production units and a better understanding of animals as genetic reservoirs emerging rotavirus strains in humans.