Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier la mise en œuvre de services de type Internet of Thing (IoT) ou Machine to Machine (M2M) par satellite. Ce type de système pose une double problématique: d'une part au niveau couche physique : les contraintes liées au terminal (limité en puissance, énergie, taille d'antenne), au canal (potentiellement avec masquage et multitrajet) et au segment spatial impliquent la mise en œuvre de différentes techniques (entrelacement, suppression d'interférents, ...) permettant d'assurer le bilan de liaison adéquat pour le service. D'autre part, le besoin d'offrir un accès à la ressource à un grand nombre de terminaux demandant un débit faible implique l'utilisation de techniques d'accès à contention optimisées, ainsi que la prise en compte au niveau accès des problématiques d'économie d'énergie. Cette couche accès doit également être en mesure de s'interfacer avec des architectures réseaux plus vastes. On peut citer par exemple les architectures Internet afin de supporter des services IP pour l'IoT, avec des notions de services intermittents, telles qu'on les retrouve dans les réseaux DTN, ou bien les architectures 4G/5G pour la mise en œuvre de services mobiles. Cette thèse va investiguer deux approches systèmes innovantes ainsi que différentes techniques aussi bien couche physique que couche accès (potentiellement couplée) permettant leur mise en œuvre. Le premier scénario système consiste à l'utilisation d'un terminal satellite relais très bas débit (contrairement au cas classique traité dans la littérature reposant sur des terminaux broadband), s'interfaçant avec des capteurs en technologie accès terrestres. Des techniques innovantes de gestion des ressources et d'économie d'énergie au travers d'une couche accès dédiée (non DVB) pourraient permettre de supporter le nombre très important de terminaux dans ce type de système. Le second scénario repose sur une communication directe avec des capteurs/objets via une constellation satellite. Cette approche pose le problème de l'efficacité de la forme d'onde pour des services extrêmement sporadique et de la fiabilisation de la communication. Il existe de nombreux travaux coté DLR sur ce type de forme d'onde avec notamment la définition de S-MIM. Néanmoins, cette solution semble complexe et de nombreuses optimisations pourraient être apportées. Coté accès, E-SSA (communication asynchrone à spectre étalé avec SIC) défini par l'ESA est également une piste de travail intéressante même si sa mise en œuvre au niveau système et sa complexité doivent être consolidées. / The aim of this thesis is to study the implementation of Internet-based services of Thing (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) through a satellite link. This type of system have to deal with two issues: first the physical layer level: terminal related constraints (limited in power, energy, and antenna size), channel (potentially with masking and multipath) and the space segment involve the implementation of different techniques (interleaving, interference cancellation,) to ensure proper link budget allowing the communication. On the other hand , the need to provide access to the resource to a large number of terminals requiring low throughput involves the use of optimized contention access techniques , as well as taking into account the level of access issues energy saving. The access layer should also be able to interface with larger networks architectures. Internet architectures for example include supporting IP services for Iota, with sporadic services, such as the ones found in the DTN networks, or 4G architectures / 5G for the implementation of mobile services. This thesis will investigate two innovative approaches and different techniques as well as physical layer access layer (potentially coupled) to their implementation. The first scenario involves the use of a very low throughput satellite relay terminal (unlike in the conventional case found in the literature based on broadband terminals), interfacing with terrestrial access technology sensors. Innovative resource management and energy saving techniques through a dedicated access layer (not DVB) could absorb the large number of terminals in this type of architecture. The second scenario is based on direct communication with sensors / objects via satellite constellation. This approach raises the question of the efficiency of the waveform for extremely sporadic services and the reliability of communication. DLR works on this type of waveform including the definition of S -MIM. However, this solution seems to be complex and many optimizations can be made. From the access layer point of view, E -SSA (asynchronous spread spectrum communication with SIC) defined by the ESA is also interesting even if its implementation to the system and its complexity level should be consolidated.

With increasing world tensions and improvements of satellites and their sensors, the interest and possibility of using space and satellites for defensive purposes has increased greatly. However, not much research has been conducted into the needs and possibilities of satellite constellations over Sweden, especially using SAR and optical sensors combined with AI object detection. This thesis provides insight in to the needs and requirements to achieve certain coverage and gap times and explores different constellation design methods to do so. This is done by combining large scale tests performed with genetic algorithm and a dual-axis propagator with theoretical and analytical methods. Results show that for micro-satellites under 100 kg based on current commercial technology, it is found that between 24 to 63 satellites are needed for 1 hour gap times depending on what combination of SAR and optical satellites are used. The genetic algorithm was found to not generate optimal constellations as the number of satellites increased beyond 12. It was however useful in mapping out possibilities and finding certain optimal parameters such as the inclination. The dual-axis propagator tested for its low processing load was found to be good for coverage analysis and estimating the shapes of the orbits. It was noted to have large positional errors however, limiting its use to analysis and not full constellation design. / Med ökande världsspänningar och förbättringar av satelliter och deras sensorer har intresset och möjligheterna att använda rymden och satelliter för försvarssyften ökat avsevärt. Dock har inte mycket forskning gjorts om behoven och möjligheterna med satellitkonstellationer över Sverige, särskilt när det gäller användningen av SAR och optiska sensorer i kombination med AI-objektdetektering. Denna avhandling ger insikt i behoven och kraven för att uppnå viss täckning och tidsgap samt utforskar olika metoder för konstellationsdesign för att uppnå detta. Detta görs genom att kombinera storskaliga tester med genetiska algoritmer och en dual-axis propagator med teoretiska och analytiska metoder. Resultaten visar att för mikrosatelliter under 100 kg, baserat på nuvarande kommersiell teknik, krävs mellan 24 och 63 satelliter för att uppnå gapptider på 1 timme, beroende på vilken kombination av SAR- och optiska satelliter som används. Det konstaterades att genetiska algoritmen inte tillförlitligt kunde hitta optimala konstellationer när antalet satelliter ökade bortom 12 st. Dualaxelpropagatorn, som testades för sin låga processbelastning, ansågs vara bra för täckningsanalys och uppskattning av omloppsbanornas former. Den hade dock stora positionsfel, vilket begränsade dess användning till analys och inte fullständig konstellationsdesign.

On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE). The goals of the vision include developing a new generation launch capability while completing assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) and retiring the Space Shuttle by 2010. In support of this goal, the Space Shuttle Program (SSP) initiated evaluation of hardware, infrastructure, and workforce skill mix needed to continue Space Shuttle flights until the projected 2010 retirement. The SSP also studied how NASA will deploy personnel from, and use the facilities of, the SSP to ensure that the Space Shuttle operates safely through its final flight, and to ensure personnel and facilities from the SSP are effectively transitioned to NASA’s exploration programs. NASA funding, like other federal agencies, is affected by various factors including domestic and international political environments, current and emerging technologies available to meet agency goals, and sustainability and potential economic return of federal expenditures. In this paper I will present a retrospective analysis of federal budget allocations to NASA as a percentage of the Federal Budget from years 1958 to 2010 (adjusted to 1979 dollars). The classic method for calculating net present value (NPV) is not well suited for projecting potential value of future R&D technologies. A quantitative analysis of R&D technologies transferred to private industry will be presented, as well as a description of a method of evaluating their significance will discussed relative to current budgetary considerations will likely for past, current and upcoming funding cycles. The opportunity at hand for NASA’s transition from SSP to Constellation in support of the VSE initiative is to advocate their culture as R&D innovators and emphasize the future benefit of increased funding. / text

The diploma thesis focuses on the research of sibling constellations and other specifics in relation of healthy siblings and physically disadvantaged, particularly for persons with multiple sclerosis, which at the time of the disease for at least some time have not lived in the common household. The research using interviews with respondents is subsequently analyzed from two points of view, both in terms of healthy individuals to disadvantaged and disadvantaged in terms of the healthy. The goal is to specify different views of the both siblings if they are different, which is expected and other peculiarities of their relationship. Then the analysis follows the trends that are present in the relationship of these people. Research will precede acquaintance with issues of multiple sclerosis, especially its potential impact on psychosocial relations and the issue of the relationship between the average healthy adult siblings. The conclusions confirmed details on the specific consistent with the literature, but pronounced tendency in these relationships were not observed, the disease does not significantly affect relationships, which we believe is influenced mainly by the current state of the respondents, who are all stable and mostly take place everyday activities. KEYWORDS multiple sclerosis,...

Informationsteknologi, IT, och hållbarhetsarbete har blivit två strategiska frågor i nästintill alla företag. Företag måste implementera IT för att optimera nuvarande verksamheter och transformeras till IT-drivna affärsmodeller som kräver hög kompetens och strategiskt tänkande vilket många små- och medelstora företag, SMF, saknar. Att köpa rekonditionerad IT-hårdvara är ett alternativ till att agera hållbart. Däremot erbjuder de företag som levererar rekonditionerad IT sällan mycket mer än just hårdvara eftersom de också ofta saknar de resurser som krävs för att tillhandahålla ytterligare tjänster inom IT. IT-tjänster är ofta avgörande om SMF ska bli kunder eller inte eftersom att köpa all IT från en leverantör minimerar administrationskostnader samtidigt som det skapar djupare relationer mellan kunden och leverantören. De bristande interna resurserna bland SMF har lett till att de frigör delar eller hela verksamheter till externa leverantörer. Frigörandet är däremot inte riskfritt för SMF. Att överlämna delar av verksamheten till externa leverantörer kräver nära relationer med leverantörer vilket gör kommunikationen mellan dem avgörande. Ett sätt för leverantörer att skapa relationer med kunder är genom att utveckla tjänstefiering, det vill säga gå från varucentrerat till tjänstecentrerat erbjudande. För att utveckla tjänstefiering, trots avsaknaden av interna resurser, måste leverantörer samproducera erbjudanden. Genom att skapa ett interaktivt samarbete i nätverk där aktörer tillsammans tillhandahåller erbjudanden har lett till nya värdeskapande system kallat värdekonstellationer. Leverantörer och kunder är nu tillsammans med och skapar värde och kunden ses inte längre som konsument utan snarare medproducent då de är med och deltar i produktionen. Aktörernas roll har således blivit vidgade. De bristande resurserna är inte längre ett hinder för att utveckla nya erbjudanden eftersom de i konstellationen bidrar med resurser samtidigt som de bygger relationer med varandra. / Information technology, IT, and sustainability work have become strategic questions in almost any business. Not only do firms have to implement IT to optimize current operations, they must transform into new business models which requires high level of competence and strategic thinking which especially small and medium-sized enterprises, SME, tend to lack. Buying refurbished IT-hardware is an option for SME to act sustainable. However, suppliers of those goods seldom offer much more as they too tend to lack the resources needed to provide IT services. IT services are usually critical whether SME will become customers or not since buying IT from one supplier minimizes administration costs as well as it creates deeper relationships. Lack of internal resources has led to SMF outsource parts or whole operations more frequently to external suppliers. But the outsourcing does not come harmless. Leaving an operation to an external supplier requires close relationship with the supplier to maintain quality, making the communication vital. A way for a supplier to facilitate relationships is to develop servitization, i.e go from product- to service-centric offers. To develop servitization regardless the scarce resources suppliers have to co-produce offers. Creating an interactive strategy in networks consisting of actors that co-produce offers creates new value creating systems- value constellations. Suppliers and customers are now part of the value creation as they both participate in the production. Their roles have been broadened and the scarce resources as a barrier has now been eliminated as they now share competences while their relationships are being flourished.

This PhD provides insight into designing. It offers a view on the nature and structures of design research proposing that design research occurs within the activity of designing. As a case study, the PhD provides an internal view of the emergent design process of a collaborative architecture design practice terroir. It proposes a way, (the 'design-place'), in which design by collaboration operates within complex and often contradictory contexts. The thesis deals with questions of design in a contemporary, cosmopolitan condition and proposes that within such a condition design is an ethical endeavour. A key underlying proposition of the thesis is that architecture is fundamentally a critical activity. The PhD concludes by demonstrating through design projects how terroir has explored these questions in producing designs that operate at the level of personal and subjective experience in opening up a public, cosmopolitan realm.

<p><p>Det blir alltmer viktigt för företag att arbeta tillsammans. Genom att samarbeta blir verksamheterna mer flexibla.  Verksamheter behöver utnyttja sina resurser mer effektivt för att kunna generera värde för de företag som samarbetar. Mer innovativa idéer behövs i dagens recession. I Målerås Glasbruk och Pukeberg fastigheters har nya kreativa strategier skapats. Det de infört är olika typer av samarbeten när de involverade aktörerna är på en och samma plats. Problemet ligger i att det inte är helt klart vilka intäkter, kostnader och värden det är som uppkommer i samarbete. Trots detta gör aktörer initiativ till att samarbeta. Företagsekonomiskt är inte det inte försvarbart. Därför är detta område intressant att belysa.</p></p><p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att analysera, studera och beskriva de olika aktörernas syn på värden, intäkter och kostnader i kreativa näringar genom två jämförande fallstudier av två glasbruksmiljöer.</p><p>Vi valde att göra två fallstudier av två kreativa miljöer. Vi angrep problemet med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och en abduktiv ansats. Vi använde oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod och har fått en djupare förståelse för aktörernas uppfattning kring intäkter, kostnader och värde som uppstår i samarbete. Data har främst samlats in genom intervjuer, litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar.</p><p>Det visade sig vara diffust om vilka intäkter, kostnader samt vilka värden samarbete skapar och för vem. Samarbetet i ena fallet är ett relativt nytt koncept där framtiden får utvisa följderna. Intäkter kunde skapas på lång sikt och kostnader var främst pga. resursutnyttjande samt provisionskostnader. I Pukeberg framkom det att lönsamhet hade uppnåtts genom att flera samverkade vilket skapade värde för alla i samarbetet. Resultatet visade att de ekonomiska fördelarna inte alltid lockar till samarbete utan det kan vara andra inre värden. På längre sikt kunde även samhällsnytta skapas. Det framkom även av båda fall att skal och breddfördelar kunde uppnås genom samverkan.</p> / <p>It´s becoming more and more important for companies to work together. By cooperating, activities become more flexible. Activities need to use their resources more effectively to generate value for companies that cooperate. More innovative ideas are needed in today's recession. In Maleras Glassworks and Pukeberg property have new creative strategies been created. They introduce different types of cooperation when they involve the actors at the same location. The problem is that it is not entirely clear what revenues, costs and values that are generated in the cooperation. Despite this, are the players the one who initializing to cooperate. At an economically point of view is this not justifiable. That is why this area is interesting to highlight.</p><p>The aim of our thesis is to analyze, describe and study how different stakeholders look at the different values, income and expenses in the creative industries by comparative case studies of two glassworks environments.</p><p>We chose to make two case studies of two creative environments. We attacked the problem with a hermeneutic approach and an abductive reasoning. We used a qualitative research method and have gain a deeper understanding of operators' perception on revenues, costs and value created in cooperation. Data was mainly collected through interviews, literature and scientific articles.</p><p>It turned out to be vague about the revenue, expenses, and which values cooperation creates and to whom. Cooperation in one case is a relatively new concept in which the future will tell the consequences. Revenues could be created in the long term, and costs were mainly because of resources and commission costs. The other case revealed that profitability had been achieved by several combined, creating value for all of the cooperation. The results showed that the economic benefits do not always attract the cooperation it can be other internal values. In the long term could social benefits been created. In both cases could economies of scale and economies of scope been achieved with collaboration.</p>

Det blir alltmer viktigt för företag att arbeta tillsammans. Genom att samarbeta blir verksamheterna mer flexibla.  Verksamheter behöver utnyttja sina resurser mer effektivt för att kunna generera värde för de företag som samarbetar. Mer innovativa idéer behövs i dagens recession. I Målerås Glasbruk och Pukeberg fastigheters har nya kreativa strategier skapats. Det de infört är olika typer av samarbeten när de involverade aktörerna är på en och samma plats. Problemet ligger i att det inte är helt klart vilka intäkter, kostnader och värden det är som uppkommer i samarbete. Trots detta gör aktörer initiativ till att samarbeta. Företagsekonomiskt är inte det inte försvarbart. Därför är detta område intressant att belysa. Syftet med vår uppsats är att analysera, studera och beskriva de olika aktörernas syn på värden, intäkter och kostnader i kreativa näringar genom två jämförande fallstudier av två glasbruksmiljöer. Vi valde att göra två fallstudier av två kreativa miljöer. Vi angrep problemet med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och en abduktiv ansats. Vi använde oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod och har fått en djupare förståelse för aktörernas uppfattning kring intäkter, kostnader och värde som uppstår i samarbete. Data har främst samlats in genom intervjuer, litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Det visade sig vara diffust om vilka intäkter, kostnader samt vilka värden samarbete skapar och för vem. Samarbetet i ena fallet är ett relativt nytt koncept där framtiden får utvisa följderna. Intäkter kunde skapas på lång sikt och kostnader var främst pga. resursutnyttjande samt provisionskostnader. I Pukeberg framkom det att lönsamhet hade uppnåtts genom att flera samverkade vilket skapade värde för alla i samarbetet. Resultatet visade att de ekonomiska fördelarna inte alltid lockar till samarbete utan det kan vara andra inre värden. På längre sikt kunde även samhällsnytta skapas. Det framkom även av båda fall att skal och breddfördelar kunde uppnås genom samverkan. / It´s becoming more and more important for companies to work together. By cooperating, activities become more flexible. Activities need to use their resources more effectively to generate value for companies that cooperate. More innovative ideas are needed in today's recession. In Maleras Glassworks and Pukeberg property have new creative strategies been created. They introduce different types of cooperation when they involve the actors at the same location. The problem is that it is not entirely clear what revenues, costs and values that are generated in the cooperation. Despite this, are the players the one who initializing to cooperate. At an economically point of view is this not justifiable. That is why this area is interesting to highlight. The aim of our thesis is to analyze, describe and study how different stakeholders look at the different values, income and expenses in the creative industries by comparative case studies of two glassworks environments. We chose to make two case studies of two creative environments. We attacked the problem with a hermeneutic approach and an abductive reasoning. We used a qualitative research method and have gain a deeper understanding of operators' perception on revenues, costs and value created in cooperation. Data was mainly collected through interviews, literature and scientific articles. It turned out to be vague about the revenue, expenses, and which values cooperation creates and to whom. Cooperation in one case is a relatively new concept in which the future will tell the consequences. Revenues could be created in the long term, and costs were mainly because of resources and commission costs. The other case revealed that profitability had been achieved by several combined, creating value for all of the cooperation. The results showed that the economic benefits do not always attract the cooperation it can be other internal values. In the long term could social benefits been created. In both cases could economies of scale and economies of scope been achieved with collaboration.

Languages within one language family may be so closely related that their speakers often communicate, each using their own language. This phenomenon was investigated in African, Germanic and Romance languages and coined as semicommunication by Haugen (1966), and later became receptive multilingualism by Braunm&uuml / ller (2002). This research attempts to find out if receptive multilingual communication is possible in Slavonic languages (Polish, Russian and Ukrainian). Besides, it was a great importance to define whether the success of communication is symmetric among the speakers of the mentioned languages. Finally, various cases of problematic understanding were analyzed with the main emphasis on the speakers&rsquo / strategies when they try to overcome reception problems. Methodically, 4 Russian-Ukrainian, 4 Polish-Ukrainian and 4 Polish-Russian conversations were recorded with the use of digital camera. Cases of problematic understanding were defined and transcribed with Exmaralda program, Partitur editor. Number of problematic utterances in relation to total number of utterances in discourse was the measure of communication success in each language constellation. In order to see the overall picture of how receptive multilingualism works in the three languages and in each constellation separately, the statistic research was done with SPSS program. The findings of the research revealed that receptive multilingual communication among Polish, Russian and Ukrainian speakers is generally successful, however, not symmetric with respect to understanding degree in different constellations.

Οι επικοινωνίες με χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών αποτελούν μια πολλά υποσχόμενη τεχνολογία προκειμένου να αντιμετωπιστεί αποδοτικά το φαινόμενο της τυχαίας εξασθένησης που παρουσιάζει ο ασύρματος τηλεπικοινωνιακός δίαυλος (κανάλι). Τα συστήματα επικοινωνίας στα οποία τόσο ο δέκτης όσο και ο πομπός είναι εξοπλισμένοι με περισσότερες της μιας κεραίας ορίζουν ένα σύστημα πολλαπλών εισόδων πολλαπλών εξόδων (Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO) στο οποίο η πιθανότητα όλα τα κανάλια που ορίζονται να βρίσκονται σε εξασθένηση είναι σαφώς μικρότερη σε σχέση με τα συστήματα που χρησιμοποιούν μόνο μια κεραία (χωρική διαφορετικότητα, spatial diversity). Συνήθως, σε ένα σύστημα MIMO, ο πομπός εκτελεί μια επεξεργασία γνωστή με το όνομα “χώρο-χρονική κωδικοποίηση” (space-time coding) προκειμένου να βελτιώσει την απόδοση του συστήματος σε σχέση με την πιθανότητα λανθασμένης μετάδοσης. Πρόσφατα, (1) προτάθηκε μια νέα τεχνική βελτίωσης της πιθανότητας εσφαλμένης μετάδοσης σε ένα σύστημα το οποίο χρησιμοποιεί την τεχνική της επαναμετάδοσης (retransmission). Η τεχνική αυτή έγκειται στην τροποποίηση του κανόνα με βάση τον οποίο τα δυαδικά προς μετάδοση δεδομένα απεικονίζονται σε σύμβολα, σε κάθε επαναμετάδοση. Αντικείμενο της εργασίας αποτελεί η εφαρμογή της προαναφερθείσας τεχνικής σε ένα σύστημα MIMO όπου ο πομπός του συστήματος θα χρησιμοποιεί έναν διαφορετικό κανόνα απεικόνισης των δυαδικών δεδομένων σε σύμβολα σε κάθε έναν από τους κλάδους των κεραιών εκπομπής. Επιμέρους στόχοι της εργασίας είναι: 1. Η σύγκριση της τεχνικής με διάφορες γνωστές τεχνικές χωρο-χρονικής κωδικοποίησης. 2. Ο συνδυασμός της τεχνικής με τεχνικές χωρο-χρονικής κωδικοποίησης. 3. Η διερεύνηση της επιπλέον πολυπλοκότητας που απαιτείται στο δέκτη λόγω της χρήσης της τεχνικής αυτής, ειδικά στην περίπτωση όπου το εμπλεκόμενο MIMO κανάλι είναι συχνοτικά επιλεκτικό και απαιτείται η χρήση κάποιου ισοσταθμιστή. / In this project, we present a simple, but effective method of enhancing and exploiting diversity from multiple packet transmissions in systems that employ nonbinary linear modulations such as phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). This diversity improvement results from redesigning the symbol mapping for each packet transmission. By developing a general framework for evaluating the upper bound of the bit error rate (BER) with multiple transmissions, a criterion to obtain optimal symbol mappings is attained. The optimal adaptation scheme reduces to solutions of the well known quadratic assignment problem (QAP). Symbol mapping adaptation only requires a small increase in receiver complexity but provides very substantial BER gains when applied to additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and flat-fading channels. My own idea in this research was the combination of this Constellation Remapping technique with the Alamouti code. The results that extracted from this combination shows that this method leads to lower BER compared with the corresponding BER of the Alamouti code (only) and the corresponding BER of the conventional Constellation Remapping technique.