Estágio realizado na .. e orientado pelo Eng.º / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Civil (Especialização em Materiais e Processos de Construção). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

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新加坡的中央公積金制度，曾被人稱之爲新加坡經濟起飛的秘密武器，它對於新加坡人民生活的保障、社會的穩定、經濟和社會的發展都起著十分重要的作用。新加坡中央公積金制度乃政府立法强制實行的個人儲蓄計畫，其最初目的是為確保勞工能備有足夠的養老金，有尊嚴地應付退休生活。經過五十多年的實踐，在促進了國家的發展的同時，該制度也成爲一種全面性的社會保險制度，可以滿足人們退休、購房、醫療保健、教育及投資等具有創意的制度，其良性循環正顯示出很强的生命力。不斷改革完善、創新的新加坡中央公積金制度爲許多國家進行社會保障制度改革提供了很好的思路和富有價值的借鑒。 根據本研究結果發現，嚴格規範、富有成效的基金管理是新加坡中央公積金制度成功運行的重要保障。爲此，新加坡政府建立了一整套較成熟的法律規範，對整個制度的運行過程實施嚴格周密的法律監督與管理。此外，在基金的投資運用方面：以個人而言，中央公積金參與者在個人投資意願上並不高，大多數仍偏好將帳戶金額留置，賺取政府給予之帶有最低保障收益率的利息，即使採取自主投資者，仍以尋求低風險的保險商品為主；以政府而言，因適逢全球性的市場低利率水準，因此讓新加坡公積金局負責運用之基金部分的報酬率，僅有最低保障利率之水準。 綜觀之，新加坡中央公積金制度在管理方面井井有條，頗為健全且富有創新，然而，其投資運用方面卻顯得績效不彰，有待改善。新加坡中央公積金制度雖不是完美的制度，但無論如何，其參考及借鑒的價值是一直得到肯定。 / Singapore's Central Provident Fund (CPF) Scheme, which has been regarded as Singapore's secret weapon for its economic takeoff, plays very important role in Singapore's security, social stability, economic and social development. As a compulsory savings scheme, CPF ensured that workers could support themselves with dignity in retirement. Over the years, CPF has also been used to accelerate national growth. To meet the population's needs in housing, healthcare, education, family protection and investment, several innovative schemes were introduced over the last five decades. Its virtuous circle is showing strong vitality. Constantly reforming and perfecting innovation of Singapore’s CPF Scheme also provides a good ideas and valuable lessons for many countries to reform their social security system. In this study, Singapore's CPF Scheme has an effective fund management with strictly relative act, an importantly safeguard to lead it to success. In this, the Singapore Government has established one whole set mature legal act, to ensure an efficient implementation of entire process under close legal supervision and management. In addition, about fund investment: for individual, it seems like Singapore’s CPF Scheme’s members are not high in individual investment wish, majority still by leave fund to their own account to earns lowest minimum returns interest rate paid by the government, even for independent investors, they most sought the low-risk and insured’s investment products; for the government, as it meet the global market low interest rate standard period, therefore Singapore's Central Provident Fund Board be responsible for fund of part the utilization return rate, only has standard of the lowest safeguard interest rate. Finally, in management aspect, Singapore's CPF Scheme has been successful at implementation with strictly legal criteria and it also more innovation, however, in investment aspect, its achievements is not so clear, still need some necessary improvements. On balance, the CPF scheme, although not perfect, is worthy of consideration for other countries.

Notre comportement au quotidien nécessite la prise en compte d'informations et l'élaboration d'actions qui peuvent nous paraître banales. Il est cependant le fruit d'un traitement élaboré et complexe de la part de notre cerveau. Ce traitement cérébral est à la base des fonctions cognitives et motrices chez l'homme. Si nous voulions enregistrer in situ l'évolution temporelle des signaux cérébraux traduisant notre comportement lors de tâches cognitives et/ou sensori-motrices, nos choix se porteraient sur l'utilisation de méthodes non-invasives utilisées en neuroergonomie. Parmi les méthodes actuellement disponibles en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (NIRS) quantifiant indirectement l'activité corticale (i.e., modification de la réponse hémodynamique) apparaît la plus pertinente quant à l'appréciation de l'activité corticale en continu. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés, en exploitant la NIRS, à mettre en évidence les corrélats entre l'activité corticale (lobe frontal) et le niveau de sollicitation engendré par des charges de travail dans des tâches cognitives et/ou motrices à des intensités sous-maximales et de difficultés variables. Trois études ont été menées, dont les résultats montrent que l'activité hémodynamique mesurée par NIRS varie en fonction de la charge de travail. L'activité corticale est estimable à une intensité d'effort sous-maximale pour des tâches cognitives et/ou motrices, à condition que l'analyse des signaux soit suffisamment discriminante pour des sollicitations faibles à modérées. Ce travail a révélé la sensibilité et l'utilité de la NIRS dans l'exploration de la charge de travail.

Based on analyzing the macro and micro factors in Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy, this thesis proposes the frame work of ¡§state corporatism¡¨ to explain Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy. Since 1959 Singapore be independent from Britain, Lee Kuan Yew had led the PAP government in an authoritarian style and promoted a paternal social welfare. The core ideas of Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy, voluntarism and communitarianism, strongly related to the personal ideology of Lee Kuan Yew and the confucian society in Singapore. In the macro background of nation¡¦s level, we can divide the society into the subgroups as ethnic groups, opposition parties, class groups and voluntary welfare organizations (VWOs). These four groups worked through the four phrases in Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy : pre-corporatism period, exclusive corporatism period, inclusive corporatism period and extrinsic corporatism period. The whole presentation of Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy can be observed from their negotiation, interaction and bargaining with the government. This thesis conludes that the strategy of Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy is ¡§using greater quantity and quality of voluntarianism to fill up the retreat of state¡¨. Therefore in the history of Singapore¡¦s social welfare policy, when comparing to the other social groups, the extent of VWOs corporating with the government was much greater than the others and their influential power in social welfare policy during these four periods turned from weak to moderate, and strong eventually.

Submitted by LUCIANA DAVANZO null (luciana.davanzo@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T01:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Davanzo (dissertação).pdf: 658708 bytes, checksum: 3307fd5e580d4e64664944ff214b7215 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-06T17:40:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 davanzo_l_me_mar.pdf: 658708 bytes, checksum: 3307fd5e580d4e64664944ff214b7215 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T17:40:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 davanzo_l_me_mar.pdf: 658708 bytes, checksum: 3307fd5e580d4e64664944ff214b7215 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / A diversidade na produção de informações oriundas de instituições públicas e privadas proporciona desafios diários para a arquivística, os quais se referem a maneira pela qual a área irá possibilitar o acesso, a recuperação e a reutilização das informações. Neste contexto dinâmico, fazer uso de instrumentos que colaborem com o processo de gestão da informação torna-se primordial. Além dos instrumentos tradicionalmente utilizados pela arquivística, tais como a descrição e a classificação arquivística, faz-se necessário a adoção de instrumentos que possam complementá-los, agregando precisão ao conjunto de descritores utilizados nos processos de representação da informação. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa, estabelece discussões que visam a aproximar os instrumentos tradicionais da arquivística dos vocabulários controlados. Entende-se que esses instrumentos atuam como mediadores entre a representação e a recuperação da informação. Objetivou-se, portanto, analisar a norma de descrição arquivística ISAAR (CPF) que trata da descrição de registro de autoridade arquivística para entidades coletivas, pessoas e famílias, em conjunto com a norma ISO 25964-2011 que trata da elaboração de vocabulários controlados. Dessa forma, propôs-se verificar a interface entre os vocabulários controlados e a norma de descrição ISAAR (CPF), considerando-se que suas confluências podem melhorar o processo de representação e recuperação da informação. Para tanto, utilizaram-se os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos, revisão de literatura sobre a temática proposta nas bases de dados brasileiras (BRAPCI, Scielo) e bases de dados internacionais (Scopus, LISTA), bibliotecas de teses e dissertações digitais (BDTD) e anais de congresso (ENANCIB). Foram utilizadas também as normas ANSI/NIZO Z39.19-2005 (R2010) e a ISO 25964-2011 para o desenvolvimento dos componentes normativos dos vocabulários controlados. Em relação aos componentes teóricos da arquivística, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se tendo como parâmetro a norma de descrição ISAAR (CPF). Após a construção do referencial teórico da pesquisa, analisou-se conjuntamente a norma ISO 25964-2011 e a norma de descrição ISAAR (CPF) para que fosse possível fazer uma proposta visando uma proposta para vocabulários controlados específicos para arquivos. Os resultados obtidos com o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa apontam a necessidade de aproximação entre a arquivística e os vocabulários controlados, instrumentos ainda pouco utilizados pela área, mas que por meio de seus elementos podem ajudar em relação a melhoria da representação da informação arquivística. / The diversity in the production of information from public and private institutions provide daily challenges for archiving, which refer to how the area will provide access, recovery and reuse of information. In this dynamic context, make use of instruments to collaborate with the information management process becomes paramount. In addition to the instruments traditionally used for archiving, such as the description and the archival classification, it is necessary to adopt tools that can complement them, adding precision to the set of descriptors used in the representation of information processes. In this sense, this research establishes discussions aimed at bringing the traditional instruments of archival of controlled vocabularies. It is understood that these instruments act as mediators between the representation and retrieval of information. In this sense, this research establishes discussions aimed at bringing the traditional instruments of archival of controlled vocabularies. It is understood that these instruments act as mediators between the representation and retrieval of information. The objective is therefore to this research, collaborate with the studies on the development of specific vocabularies for files because it was observed that there is still a shortfall in relation to the theme proposed under archival. In addition, it also aimed to analyze the standard of archival description ISAAR (CPF) which deals with the archival authority record description for corporate bodies, persons and families, together with the ISO 25964-2011 standard that deals with the development of controlled vocabularies. Therefore, the following methodological procedures are used, literature review on the proposed theme in Brazilian databases (BRAPCI, Scielo) and international databases (Scopus, LIST), theses and digital dissertations libraries (BDTD) and anal congress (ENANCIB). They were also used ANSI / NIZO Z39.19-2005 standards (R2010) and ISO 25964-2011 for the development of the theoretical components of controlled vocabularies. Regarding the theoretical components of archival, research developed having as parameter the standard ISAAR description (CPF). After the construction of the theoretical framework of the research, analyzed jointly ISO 25964-2011 standard and the standard of ISAAR description (CPF) to make it possible to make a proposal for the development of specific controlled vocabularies for files. The results obtained with the development of this research indicate the need for closer ties between the archival and controlled vocabularies, instruments still little used by the area, but through its standard-setting elements can help towards improving the representation of archival information.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

退休金計畫依給付方式的設計，可以分為兩大體系：確定給付退休金計畫與確定提撥退休金計畫。無論是公共退休金計畫或是企業退休金計畫，最初實行時多採用確定給付的方式來實施。但隨著經濟環境的變遷，部份的國家與企業雇主，已開始傾向確定提撥方式的採用。本論文有鑑於退休金的改革潮流，欲探討確定提撥退休金計畫的實施回顧與給付的精算分析。 本論文分為四個主要部分，分別為：(1)確定提撥計畫的理論架構回顧；(2)主要國家制度的分析；(3)精算模型的建立與精算假設的分析；與(4)精算假設的給定與給付水準的模擬分析。在主要國家制度的回顧上，公共退休金計畫方面以新加坡「中央公積金制」與智利「公共退休金私有化」為探討的對象；在企業退休金計畫方面則以美國為討論對象。實證分析部分，則是先建立確定提撥退休金精算模型，再撰寫模擬程式介面，並以我國1998年「勞工退休金條例」草案為模擬對象，給定精算假設進行模擬，最後分析精算假設與模擬給付間的關係。 以台灣「勞工退休金條例」草案為例進行分析，其實證部分分為兩部分，先前給定平準的預定利率假設，而其他薪資成長率、通貨膨脹率、提撥率、開始工作提撥年齡、退休年齡、退休後各年存活率則根據台灣目前的經濟、就業環境給定；模擬結果發現， 6％合併提撥率無法達到模擬所給定50％-60％的退休後給付所得替代率；若將合併提撥率提高至12％以上，25歲開始工作65歲退休者才能累積足以支應適足所得替代率50％-60％的給付。 第二個模擬部份為給定利率時間序列的情境假設，在此給定簡單的七種利率情境假設，其他精算假設則同樣根據台灣的經濟環境給定之。模擬結果發現，若合併提撥率為9％，基金提撥累積期間40年，給付所得替代率對利率的變動敏感性高，只有在累積期間利率穩定成長的情形下，才能累積足夠的退休金，因此，可以表示9％的合併提撥率在其他非樂觀的利率情境假設下，無法達到50％-60的給付所得替代率。 略 / Due to population aging, the countries that operated their Social Security System on pay-as-you-go financial method have begun to encounter the solvency risk due to the growing financial burden. Since the defined contribution (DC) scheme is considered as a fully funded financial system, it could be one of the solutions to avert the upcoming financial crisis. Hence our study is motivated to investigate the current development of the DC scheme and scrutinize its financial adequacy on providing the retirement benefits to its plan participants. First, the features of current public pension programs in the form of the DC plan are surveyed and their progress is reviewed in Chapter 2. Practical applications applying the DC scheme in private sector are also compared and studied in Chapter 3. Secondly, the actuarial models of the proposed DC scheme are built to investigate the adequacy of the retirement benefits in Chapter 4. Computer codes that can be used to simulate the income-replacement ratios by giving the actuarial assumptions are programmed. Based on this approach, the relationship between income-replacement ratios and the actuarial assumptions (i.e., the interest rate, the salary increase and the inflation rate) can be obtained. In Chapter 5, sensitivity analyses of the benefit adequacy through computer simulations incorporating possible scenarios are performed. The recent proposal of reforming Taiwan Employee Retirement Income Security Act (TERISA) is investigated. An explicit actuarial model closely following this proposal is built to study its impact on the retirement benefits. Finally the empirical results based on this study are summarized. Based on the scenarios under the current economic perspectives, we found the contribution rate at 6% can not attain the income-replacement ratio at 50%. Only over certain optimal interest rates, the retiree can receive the projected income-replacement ratio given the contribution rate at 9%. Based on the proposed draft in reforming the benefit scheme, the retirement benefits are not sufficient to achieve the income-replacement ratio at 50% unless the contribution rates increase to 12%.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-07T17:16:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE SOBRAL SILVEIRA - TESE PPGEE 2012..pdf: 4756019 bytes, checksum: 743307d8794218c3a447296994c05332 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T17:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE SOBRAL SILVEIRA - TESE PPGEE 2012..pdf: 4756019 bytes, checksum: 743307d8794218c3a447296994c05332 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Capes / A indústria de semicondutores tem investido fortemente no desenvolvimento de sistemas complexos em um único chip, conhecidos como SoC (System-on-Chip). Com os diversos recursos adicionados ao SoC, ocorreu o aumento da complexidade no fluxo de desenvolvimento, principalmente no processo de verificação e um aumento do seu consumo energético. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, aumentou a preocupação com a energia consumida por dispositivos eletrônicos. Dentre as diversas técnicas utilizadas para reduzir o consumo de energia, Power Gating tem se destacado pela sua eficiência. Ultimamente, o processo de verificação dessa técnica vem sendo executado no nível de abstração RTL (Register TransferLevel), com base nas tecnologias CPF (Common Power Format) e UPF (Unified Power Format). De acordo com a literatura, as tecnologias que oferecem suporte a CPF e UPF, e baseadas em simulações, limitam a verificação até o nível de abstração RTL. Nesse nível, a técnica de Power Gating proporciona um considerável aumento na complexidade do processo de verificação dos atuais SoC. Diante desse cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em uma abordagem metodológica para a verificação funcional no nível ESL (Electronic System-Level) e RTL de circuitos digitais que empregam a técnica de Power Gating, utilizando uma versão modificada do simulador OSCI (Open SystemC Initiative). Foram realizados quatro estudos de caso e os resultados demonstraram a eficácia da solução proposta. / The semiconductor industry has strongly invested in the development of complex systems on a single chip, known as System-on-Chip (SoC), which are extensively used in portable devices. With the many features added to SoC, there has been an increase of complexity in the development flow, especially in the verification process, and an increase in SoC power consumption. However, in recent years, the concern about power consumption of electronic devices, has increased. Among the different techniques to reduce power consumption, Power Gating has been highlighted for its efficiency. Lately, the verification process of this technique has been executed in Register Transfer-Level (RTL) abstraction, based on Common Power Format (CPF) and Unified Power Format (UPF) . The simulators which support CPF and UPF limit the verification to RTL level or below. At this level, Power Gating accounts for a considerable increase in complexity of the SoC verification process. Given this scenario, the objective of this work consists of an approach to perform the functional verification of digital circuits containing the Power Gating technique at the Electronic System Level (ESL) and at the Register Transfer Level (RTL), using a modified Open SystemC Initiative (OSCI) simulator. Four case studies were performed and the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed solution.