Les asphaltènes et autres constituants lourds du pétrole, comme les résines et les alcanes de haut poids moléculaire, posent des défis importants dans tous les segments de la chaîne de production pétrolière. Parmi les nombreux problèmes, la déstabilisation et le dépôt des asphaltènes dans les opérations en amont ont fait perdre beaucoup de temps à la recherche et ne sont pas encore complètement compris. Une partie de la difficulté à saisir la véritable physique derrière de tels phénomènes est l'utilisation répandue des systèmes modèles et des molécules extraites, modifiant considérablement l'organisation fluide complexe des pétroles bruts, et donc en contournant les processus réels. À ce jour, deux extrêmes de la structure organisationnelle asphaltenes peuvent être dessinés, en tant que partie d'un agrégat, avec des attractions pi-pi simples et des chaînes d'alcane répulsion, contrôlant l'agrégation; et dans le cadre d'une structure macromoléculaire, avec une participation significative d'autres composants bruts. La dernière structure étant beaucoup plus difficile à modéliser, elle capture sa physique et est difficilement reproductible à l'aide de systèmes modèles. Un autre aspect important de la recherche des dépôts d'asphaltènes est la manière dont se produit la déstabilisation des asphaltènes. Lorsque l'on utilise des asphaltènes extraits dans des systèmes modèles, l'affirmation précédente n'a pratiquement aucune moyenne, car les nombreuses fractions d'asphaltènes ont été préalablement mélangées. Cependant, lorsqu'il s'agit de tout le pétrole brut, la voie de la déstabilisation est importante et est encore largement dépassée au sein de la communauté scientifique. Pour résumer les sujets exposés, il y a plutôt la non-spécificité de la majorité des techniques expérimentales utilisées sur la recherche de la déstabilisation et du dépôt des asphaltènes en relation avec les dépôts d'échelle des particules.Les techniques de spectroscopie, capables de balayer les paramètres physiques interfaciaux, sont de bons candidats pour améliorer les points exposés délétères. Dans la présente thèse, le résonateur à quartz connecté à un analyseur de réseau vectoriel présente le potentiel de révéler de nombreux aspects sur la déstabilisation et le dépôt des asphaltènes directement à partir de pétrole brut (huiles vivantes, recombinées ou mortes) et de systèmes modèles. L'équilibre du pétrole brut est perturbé par les changements de solubilité dans un processus continu ou en gradin imitant les processus de production. L'interprétation des paramètres de résonance des cristaux de quartz, de la fréquence et de la dissipation d'énergie, est effectuée de manière qualitative et, dans une certaine mesure, quantitative. L'étude innove dans le sens d'étendre l'utilisation du cristal de quartz pour interpréter le processus, non seulement en détectant les changements de phase, comme c'est le cas de la majorité des études précédentes. L'évaluation des produits chimiques de production est effectuée une fois que la méthodologie a fait l'objet d'une discussion approfondie. Le potentiel de l'analyse proposée est crédité par la microscopie à force atomique qui ouvre l'horizon pour plus de recherche et d'applications potentielles de la méthodologie. Parmi les applications possibles figure le développement de capteurs d'assurance de débit capables de détecter les changements de phase et d'évaluer les dépôts in situ. / Asphaltenes and other heavy petroleum constituents, like resins and high molecular weight alkanes, pose significant challenges in all segments from the petroleum production chain. Among the many problems, asphaltenes destabilization and deposition within upstream operations has rendered tons of research time and is still not completely understood. Part of the difficulty in capturing the real physics behind such phenomena is the widespread use of model systems and extracted molecules, greatly altering the complex fluid organization of crude oils, and thus bypassing real processes. To date two extremes of asphaltenes organizational structure can be drawn, as a part of an aggregate, with simple pi-pi attractions and alkane chains repulsion, controlling aggregation; and as a part of a macromolecular structure, with significant participation of other crude components. The last structure being way more difficult to model, and captures its physics and being poorly reproducible with the use of model systems. Another important aspect when researching asphaltene deposition is the way asphaltenes destabilization occurs. When using extracted asphaltenes in model systems, the former affirmation has virtually no mean, as the many asphaltenes fractions were beforehand mixed. However, when dealing with the whole crude oil, the path of destabilization matters and is still greatly bypassed within the scientific community. Summing up to the exposed topics, there is the rather non-specificity from the majority of experimental techniques used on the research of asphaltenes destabilization and deposition in relation to the depositing particles size scales.Spectroscopy techniques, capable of sweeping interfacial physical parameters are good candidates for improving the deleterious exposed points. In the present thesis quartz crystal resonator, connected to a vector network analyzer is used is shown to present the potential of revealing many aspects on asphaltene destabilization and deposition directly from crude oils (live, recombined or dead oils) as well as model systems. Crude oil equilibrium is disturbed by solubility changes in a continuous or step gradient mimicking production processes. The interpretation of the quartz crystal resonance parameters, frequency and energy dissipation, is performed in a qualitative and to some extend quantitative way. The study innovates in the sense of extending the use of the quartz crystal to interpret process, not only detecting phase changes, as it is the case of the majority of the former studies. The evaluation of production chemicals is undergone once the methodology is thoroughly discussed. The potential of the proposed analysis is credited by atomic force microscopy which opens the horizon for more research and potential applications of the methodology. Among the possible application is the development of flow assurance sensors capable of detecting phase changes and evaluate deposition in situ.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T18:07:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) keila_abadia_barbosa.pdf: 569445 bytes, checksum: 96bda3ea764c4ae7e6e76c0c9ed5b9cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T14:54:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) keila_abadia_barbosa.pdf: 569445 bytes, checksum: 96bda3ea764c4ae7e6e76c0c9ed5b9cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T14:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) keila_abadia_barbosa.pdf: 569445 bytes, checksum: 96bda3ea764c4ae7e6e76c0c9ed5b9cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar a energia metaboliz?vel aparente (EMA), a energia metaboliz?vel aparente corrigida (EMAn) e o coeficiente de metaboliza??o aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB) do farelo de crambe e sua inclus?o em ra??es para codornas de corte sobre o desempenho, caracter?sticas de carca?a e an?lise de rentabilidade econ?mica. O primeiro experimento foi realizado para a determina??o da EMA, da EMAn e o CMAEB pelo m?todo de coleta total de excretas. Para isso utilizou-se 315 codornas de corte machos, com 42 dias de idade, durante 10 dias, distribu?das em tr?s tratamentos, sendo T1: ra??o refer?ncia (RR); T2: 80% RR + 20% de farelo de crambe e T3: 70% RR + 30% de farelo de crambe, com sete repeti??es de 15 aves por unidade experimental. Para o segundo experimento foram utilizadas 390 codornas, Coturnix coturnix, da linhagem LF1, machos e f?meas, distribu?das em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repeti??es de 13 aves por unidade experimental. As fases experimentais foram divididas em inicial (8 a 21 dias) e de crescimento (22 a 35 dias de idade). Os n?veis de substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe foram: 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%. Para o primeiro experimento os valores obtidos de EMA, EMAn e CMAEB foram de 2445,58 kcal; 2197,29 kcal e 51,97%, respectivamente, para a ra??o teste T2. Para ra??o teste T3, obteve-se para EMA, EMAn e CMAEB os valores de 1772,18 kcal; 1592,25 kcal e 37,66%, respectivamente. Para o segundo experimento observou-se que n?o houve diferen?as significativas pela substitui??o de parte da prote?na bruta da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe sobre o desempenho das codornas nas fases inicial e de crescimento. Recomenda-se a substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe at? o n?vel de 12%, por n?o influenciar negativamente no desempenho das codornas de corte. Pela an?lise de rentabilidade o n?vel de 6% de substitui??o de parte da prote?na da ra??o pela prote?na do farelo de crambe apresentou o melhor resultado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / This study aimed to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and apparent metabolization coefficient of gross energy (AMCGE) of crambe meal and their inclusion in diets for meat quails on performance, carcass features, and economic profitability analysis. The first experiment was conducted to determine the AME, the AMEn and AMCGE by the total excreta collection method. Three hundred and fifteen male meat quails with 42 age days, during 10 days, distributed in three treatments, T1: basal diet (BD); T2: 80% BD + 20% crambe meal and T3: 70% BD + 30% crambe meal, with seven replicates and fifteen birds each. For the second experiment, three hundred and ninety quails, Coturnix coturnix, the LF1 strain, male and female, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and six repetitions with thirteen birds each. Experimental phases were divided into initial phase (8 to 21 days) and growing phase (22 to 35 days of age). The replacement levels of feed protein by crambe meal protein were 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%. For the first experiment AME, AMEn and AMCGE values were 2445.58 kcal, 2197.29 kcal and 51.97%, respectively, to feed test T2. To feed test T3, was obtained for AME, AMEn and AMCGE values of 1772.18 kcal, 1592.25 kcal and 37.66%, respectively. For the second experiment there were no significant differences by dietary crude protein replacing part by crambe meal protein on the quails performance in the initial and growing phases. It is recommended to replace part of the feed protein at level 12% of crambe meal, not influencing negatively the meat quails performance. For the profitability analysis the replacement level of 6% crambe meal have better results.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T19:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T18:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A glicerina bruta, obtida de forma direta no processo de produ??o de biodiesel, ? um insumo abundante e, devido a impurezas, ainda ? pouco atrativa para ser trabalhada como precursor em escala industrial. Apesar da sua aplica??o agr?cola, na fertiliza??o do solo ainda ter recebido pouca aten??o, a glicerina bruta tem potencial de utiliza??o na agricultura, sendo que a associa??o com outros tipos de materiais pode ampliar sua utiliza??o no mercado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar novos produtos a partir de glicerina e ?cido h?mico, para uso na agricultura. Os produtos sintetizados a partir de rea??o de esterifica??o entre glicerina purificada ou bruta, proveniente do processo de produ??o de biodiesel met?lico de ?leo de am?ndoa de maca?ba, utilizando hidr?xido de pot?ssio como catalisador, e ?cido h?mico foram obtidos na forma de p?, de colora??o preta. Os produtos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), an?lise elementar, an?lise de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, titula??o potenciom?trica e an?lise t?rmica. A modifica??o estrutural do ?cido h?mico por glicerina purificada (AH_GP) e glicerina bruta (AH_GB) originou produtos com caracter?sticas espec?ficas, devido ao tempo de rea??o e os diferentes tipos de glicerina utilizados como mat?ria-prima. Os produtos mostraram modifica??es de grupos carbox?licos em grupos ?ster devido ? s?ntese de esterifica??o, que proporcionou uma forma de modular a quantidade de grupos funcionais presentes na estrutura. A utiliza??o de glicerina bruta no processo promoveu a forma??o de diferentes tipos de ?steres, dependendo do tempo de rea??o. Com um tempo de rea??o curto, ocorreu a forma??o de ?steres de glicerol e ?steres met?licos, devido ? presen?a de metanol residual do processo de produ??o de biodiesel. Quando o tempo de rea??o foi aumentado, os ?steres met?licos foram convertidos em ?steres de glicerol, por transesterifica??o, o que foi confirmado por FTIR e an?lise elementar. Os produtos sintetizados apresentaram ganho de estabilidade t?rmica, o que indicou maior capacidade para reter ?gua comparado ao ?cido h?mico comercial. Dos resultados obtidos pela an?lise de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, notou-se que os novos produtos cont?m enxofre e pot?ssio. Avaliou-se a capacidade de adsor??o de nitrog?nio amoniacal por amostras dos produtos. Os resultados referentes ? adsor??o de NH4+ foram submetidos ao teste t de Student com n?vel de confian?a de 90%. Os produtos sintetizados t?m capacidade de adsorver nitrog?nio em altas propor??es mesmo com a mudan?a na estrutura qu?mica dos produtos que, ap?s modifica??o tiveram diminui??o na quantidade absoluta de s?tios ativos fortemente ?cidos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The crude glycerin obtained directly in the biodiesel production process, is an abundant raw material, and due to impurities, it is still unattractive to be worked as a precursor on an industrial scale. Despite its agricultural application, soil fertilization still has received little attention, crude glycerin has a potential for use in agriculture and the association with other types of materials can expand its use in the market. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize new products from glycerin and humic acid for use in agriculture. The products synthesized via esterification reaction between purified or crude glycerin, obtained from the production of methyl biodiesel from macauba almond oil, using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, and humic acid were obtained as a powder of black color. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), elemental analysis, fluorescence X-ray analysis, thermal analysis and potentiometric titration. The structural modification of humic acid by purified glycerin (AH_GP) and crude glycerin (AH_GB) originated products with specific characteristics that varied with the reaction time and the types of glycerin used as a raw material. Transformation carboxylic groups into ester groups was observed, which provided a way to modulate the number of functional groups present in the structure. The use of crude glycerin in the process promoted the formation of different types of esters depending on the reaction time. With a short reaction time, occurred the formation of glycerol esters and methyl esters that resulted from the presence of residual methanol from the biodiesel production process. When the reaction time was increased, the methyl esters were converted to glycerol esters by transesterification, which was confirmed by elemental analysis and FTIR. The products synthesized had greater thermal stability than humic acid, which indicated a higher water-holding capacity than that to commercial humic acid. Results obtained by fluorescence X-ray analysis, it has noticed that the new products contain sulfur and potassium. It was evaluated the ability of ammonium ion by adsorption product samples. The results of the adsorption of NH4+ were submitted to the Student t test with a confidence level of 90. The synthetized products have a capacity adsorb nitrogen at high rates even with the change in their chemical structures that resulted in a reduction in the absolute quantity of strongly acid active sites after modification.

Submitted by Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (mebiotec.ufba@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T13:41:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-07-06T13:03:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T13:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final - Sueli.pdf: 2426193 bytes, checksum: 5cd08338c3132f14d2db37b31d5b43f8 (MD5) / FAPESB / Recentemente tem aumentado muito o interesse em exopolissacarideos (EPS) de origem microbiana. Esse composto é um constituinte comum de muitos produtos comerciais em diferentes setores industriais como alimento, petróleo e farmacêutico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de quantificar e otimizar a produção de EPS a partir de duas bactérias previamente identificadas como sendo Enterobacter sp., pertencente a coleção de culturas do Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Ecologia de Micro-organismos LABEM. Os isolados foram primeiramente identificados com a nomenclatura CCMICS 544 e CCMICS 549 para ambas as cepas. Testes de cultivo em glicerol identificaram a Enterobacter CCMICS 549 como sendo a mais produtiva entre as cepas testadas alcançando a produção de EPS de aproximadamente 4 g.L-1 em 36 horas. Essa cepa foi submetida a testes genéticos (16S rRNA) e bioquímicos que a identificaram como sendo Enterobacter amnigenus grupo 2. Para otimizar a produção de EPS foi realizado planejamento experimental utilizando a Metodologia “Superficie de Resposta”. Os resultados mostraram que as condições ótimas de cultivo acontecem a 35°C, pH 7.0, agitação de 240 rpm e com 3% glicerol. Nessas condições a produção de EPS foi de 0.05 g.L-1h-1 alcançando um total de (5,012) g.L-1 em 60 horas, e com produção em meio a base de água produzida com produção de 7,27g.L-1. A viscosidade do EPS em solução foi de aproximadamente 160 cP mesmo nas condições de alta salinidade (5% NaCl), temperatura (80 oC) e baixa concentração (1%). O modelo de Ostwald-de-Waele (parâmetros k e n) indicaram um comportamento pseudoplástico em todas as concentrações testadas (0.1-2.0%, w/v), temperaturas (15-80 °C) e, principalmente, salinidade (1 a 5%). A consistência de index indica que o polímero possui propriedades reológicas promissoras para aplicação como fluido de perfuração. O tratamento térmico mostrou que o EPS perde grande parte de sua massa em temperaturas acima de 300°C, mas ainda retém 50% do seu peso total a 1000°C indicando a presença de constituintes minerais em concentrações significantes. A caracterização do EPS no infravermelho identificou semelhanças químicas significativas com a goma Xantana. / The interest in microbial produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) has increased considerably in recent years. This compound is a common constituent of many commercial products in different industrial sectors; such as food, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to quantify and optimize EPS production from two bacterial previously identified as Enterobacter sp., Belonging to a culture collection of the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Ecology of Microorganisms LABEM. The isolates were primarily identified with CCMICS 544 and 549 CCMICS nomenclature for both strains. Culturing tests on glycerol identified Enterobacter CCMICS 549 as more productive among the strains reaching an EPS production value of about 4 g.L-1 within 36 hours. This strain was then submitted to biochemical and genetic characterization (16S rRNA), which identified such strain as Enterobacter amnigenus group 2. To optimize the production of EPS was performed using experimental design methodology "Response Surface". The results showed that the optimum condition was achieved at 35°C, pH 7.0, agitation of 240 rpm and 3% crude glycerol. In such conditions, EPS production was of 0.05 gL-1h-1 reaching a total of 5,012 g.L-1 within 60 hours, with production of water-based medium produced using production 7,27g.L-1. EPS viscosity was of about 160 cP even at high salinity (5% NaCl), temperature (80 oC) and low concentration (1%). The Ostwald-de-Waele model parameters (K and n) indicated a pseudoplastic behavior at all concentrations (0.1 to 2.0%, w/v) temperatures (15-80 °C) and especially saline (1 to 5%). The consistency index indicates that the polymer has rheological properties promising for use as a drilling fluid. Thermal treatment showed that most of mass loss occurs at 300°C, but the polymer retains about 50% of its total weight at 1000°C indicating the significant presence of mineral constituents. The characterization of EPS synthesized by Enterobacter amnigenus infrared identified significant chemical similarities with the xanthan gum.

Submitted by Caroline das Neves Pacheco Preterote (carol_agr@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-09-27T19:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline_versaofinal.pdf: 876490 bytes, checksum: bfa34d17871965a171302f0826cd2d28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-10-05T19:46:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline_versaofinal.pdf: 876490 bytes, checksum: bfa34d17871965a171302f0826cd2d28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-10-13T12:11:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline_versaofinal.pdf: 876490 bytes, checksum: bfa34d17871965a171302f0826cd2d28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-13T12:12:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Caroline_versaofinal.pdf: 876490 bytes, checksum: bfa34d17871965a171302f0826cd2d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Bali, Cakici e Chabi-Yo (2011) introduziram uma nova medida de risco, englobando as medidas de risco de Aumann e Serrano (2008) e Foster e Hart (2009). Trata-se de um modelo de medida de risco implícito de opções baseado na distribuição neutra ao risco dos retornos de ativos financeiros. Este trabalho se propõe a calcular a medida de risco de Bali, Cakici e Chabi-Yo (2011) com base nas opções de petróleo, a commodity mais importante da economia mundial. Como os preços das opções incorporam a expectativa do mercado, a medida de risco calculada é considerada forward-looking. Desta forma, esse trabalho também analisa a significância dessa medida em prever a atividade econômica futura. Os resultados indicaram poder preditivo em relação ao índice VIX, o qual representa a incerteza do mercado financeiro, e ao índice CFNAI, indicador da atividade econômica norte-americana. / Bali, Cakici e Chabi-Yo (2011) introduced a generalized measure of riskiness that nests the original measures proposed by Aumann and Serrano (2008) and Foster and Hart (2009). It is a model-free options’ implied measures of riskiness based on the risk-neutral distribution of financial securities. This study aims to calculate the risk measure of Bali, Cakici and Chabi-Yo (2011) based on crude oil options, the most important commodity in the global economy. As option prices incorporate the market’s expectation, the calculated risk measure is considered forward-looking. Thus, this paper also analyzes the significance of this measure to predict future economic activity. The results indicate predictive power for the VIX index, which represents the financial market uncertainty and the CFNAI index, indicator of US economic activity.

Leveduras oleaginosas possuem a capacidade de sintetizar grande quantidade de lipídeos em suas células, gerando produtos de alto valor agregado através de um processo sustentável. Um perfil de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados é de grande interesse por parte das industrias alimentícia e farmacêutica e têm sido alvo de diversos estudos em relação à sua produção e efeitos benéficos à saúde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir ácidos graxos poli-insaturados pela levedura Meyerozyma guilliermondii BI281 utilizando glicose, glicerol residual e permeado de soro de queijo como fontes de carbono. Avaliou-se o metabolismo da levedura em meios de cultivo com diferentes composições (“meio A” e “base YM”) e comparou-se o seu desempenho em razões C/N 100: 1 e 50:1. A levedura foi capaz de metabolizar todos os substratos testados e o meio de cultivo “A” com glicerol residual e razão C/N 50:1 mostrou-se o mais adequado, obtendo valores de 5,67 g.L-1 de biomassa e 1,04 g.L-1 de lipídeos, representando aproximadamente 18 % do peso da massa seca de biomassa. Esta condição foi escalonada para biorreator de 2 L, onde condições de aeração e controle de pH puderam ser avaliadas, apresentando quantidade semelhante de lipídeos (1,08 g.L-1) e uma maior produção de biomassa (7,05 g.L-1). Os ácidos graxos sintetizados apresentaram em sua composição ácido láurico (C12:0), ácido mistírico (C14:0), ácido palmítico (C16:0), ácido pamitoleico (C16:1), ácido esteárico (C18:0), ácido oleico (C18:1 n-9), ácido linoleico (C18:2 n-6) e ácido linolênico (C18:3 n-3). / Oleaginous yeasts are able to synthesize high amounts of lipids in their cells, producing high added-value products through a sustainable process. Food and pharmaceutical companies have great interest in polyunsaturated fatty acids depending on their profiles and many studies related to their production and health benefits have been carried out. The aim of this study was to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids by the yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii BI281A using glucose, crude glycerol, and cheese whey permeate as carbon sources. Yeast metabolism was evaluated in different compositions of culture media (“A” and “YM”) and at different C/N ratios (100:1 and 50:1). The yeast was able to assimilate all substrates tested, and medium “A” with crude glycerol as carbon source at a C/N ratio of 50:1 had the most efficient result with biomass production of 5.67 g.L-1 and lipid production of 1.08 g.L-1, which represented 18 % of dry cell weight. This composition was scaled-up to a 2 L bioreactor, where it was possible to measure pH and aeration conditions, and showed similar lipid production (1.08 g.L-1) and higher biomass production (7.05 g.L-1). Fatty acids profile obtained was composed by lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), and linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3).

Physiology of nutrition and feeding of farm animals is an essential factor influencing production efficiency and its quality. For these factors is important to provide optimal supply of nutrients by suitable feeds. Felicitous feed ration raise the economic realization of genetic potential of animals. Therefore we have to know the nutritional requirements of animals, including microorganisms, whose function in the diet of cattle is irreplaceable. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of forage and lupine feeds (n = 8) by laboratory methods. Samples were analyzed for individual feed nutrients (crude protein (CP), fat, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL)), gross energy and nitrogen fractions, and the results were statistically processed. Determination of individual nitrogen fractions was according to methods of Licitra et al. (1996). For this purpose were used following laboratory methods: (1) determination of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (2), determination of soluble nitrogen and protein, (3) determination of nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent (ADIP), (4) determination of nitrogen insoluble in neutral detergent (NDIP). From these were obtained the results of NPN, IP (insoluble protein), SOLP (soluble protein), ADIP (nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent) and NDIP (insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergent). Averaged values (g.kg-1 of dry matter) of were 144.3 for NPN, 97.5 for IP, 78.7 for SOLP, 30.4 for ADIP and 80.3 for NDIP. Nitrogen fractions, i.e. fraction A (nonprotein nitrogen), fraction B1 (rapidly degraded protein), fraction B2 (intermediately degraded protein), fraction B3 (slowly degraded protein) and fraction C (bound protein) were calculated by equations of Ghoorchi and Arbabi (2010). The range of values was from 2.5 to 51.2 % of CP for fraction A, from 13.4 to 20.7 % of CP for fraction B1, from 0 to 19.9 % of CP for fraction B2, from 5.5 to 51.9 % of CP for fraction B3 and from 10.1 to 32.4 % of CP for fraction C.

The aim of the thesis "International trade with strategically important commodities focused on crude oil" was archieved by analysis of current situation of trade with strategically important commodities focused on crude oil. Based on this analysis was integrated the Czech Republic in the internation trade with crude oil, how the state is affected by this trade and the prospect of further development of international trade with crude oil. At first was studied the theoretical solutions, which help to compose literary research. Terms as international trade, commodities, strategic commodities and crude oil were defined in this part of thesis. The attantion in another part of thesis was focused on the analysis the crude oil market. There were detected the most important world crude oil producers, states with the largest crude oil reserves, the largest consumers of oil, the major exportersv and importers of this strategic commodity and compared the world oil pruduction with crude oil consumption. The possible development of consumption and production in 2035 was also in this part outlined. Current situation on the crude oil market in the Czech Republic in 2012 showed that there are not significant crude oil reserves which would cover the consumption of the population in the country. It follows that the Czech Republic is dependent on crude oil import from Russian Federation, which may arise a varior international risks such as disruption of crude oil supplies, the use of crude oil as a political weapon or conflicts between states.

As correntes pesadas do refino de petróleo podem ser utilizadas para a produção de óleos combustíveis para uso industrial ou marítimo, sendo esse último conhecido como óleo bunker. Para tal, é necessária a diluição dessas correntes pesadas com frações de refino mais leves para ajuste da viscosidade. Enquanto o uso industrial do óleo combustível vem sendo significativamente reduzido em função de restrições ambientais, o mercado de óleo bunker apresenta crescimento importante face a expansão do comércio marítimo mundial. No Brasil, há um aumento da produção de petróleos pesados, extrapesados e asfálticos, que exigem complexos esquemas de refino para a sua conversão em frações mais leves. Dessa forma, ocorre uma redução da quantidade de correntes disponíveis para a produção de bunker, além da variação da qualidade das correntes usadas na sua formulação. Esta dissertação avalia a utilização de petróleos pesados e asfálticos na produção de bunker, sem a necessidade do processamento tradicional em refinarias de petróleo. A comparação da qualidade de ignição e de combustão da nova formulação deste produto com o combustível marítimo preparado a partir de correntes residuais é realizada por duas metodologias diferentes. Após a realização de um pré-tratamento, a mistura formulada a partir dos cortes dos petróleos apresenta melhor desempenho que os combustíveis formulados com as correntes residuais. Além disso, este trabalho compara o efeito de diferentes diluentes e a contribuição da corrente pesada utilizada na qualidade de ignição e de combustão do produto / Heavy streams from crude oil refining can be used to prepare fuel oils for industrial or maritime purposes, the latter known as bunker fuel. In order to prepare them, it is necessary to set viscosity to its appropriate value by dilution with lighter fractions from petroleum refining. While industrial usage of fuel oils is decreasing significantly due to environmental restrictions, the bunker fuel market shows an important increasing face to the growing in world maritime trading. Production of heavy, extra heavy and asphaltic crude oils in Brazil is rising and more complex refining process are required to convert them into lighter petroleum products. Because of that, the amount and the quality of available streams to prepare bunker fuel are decreasing. The present dissertation evaluates the feasibility of using heavy and asphaltic crude oils to prepare bunker fuel without traditional processing into petroleum refineries. The comparison of ignition and combustion quality considering the bunker fuel prepared from residual streams are made considering two different methodologies. After pre-treating the crude oils to prepare bunker fuels, that mixture shows a better ignition and combustion performance than those prepared with residual streams. Finally, this study compares the effect of different diluent streams and the heavy fraction contribution to products ignition and combustion quality

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No. of bitstreams: 1 romanzini_ep_me_jabo.pdf: 974703 bytes, checksum: 4befa35fc8c2f6b60e5c8c624d1c4965 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, o balanço aparente de nitrogênio, a produção de gases in vitro com a determinação dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, o desempenho, os parâmetros quantitativos in vivo e da carcaça, assim como a avaliação econômica de dietas com coprodutos do biodiesel na alimentação de cordeiros. Para o ensaio in vivo utilizaram-se 40 cordeiros Ile de France, recém-desmamados, pesando 17,15 ± 1,56 kg e para o in vitro 4 cordeiros Santa Inês, com 31,2 ± 0,75 kg de peso corporal, como doadores de fluido ruminal. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dietas com 40% de silagem de milho e 60% dos concentrados: Cont: concentrado padrão; FAm: concentrado com 20% de farelo de amendoim na matéria seca; Gli: concentrado com 25% de glicerina bruta na matéria seca e FGl: concentrado com 10% de farelo de amendoim e 12,5% de glicerina bruta na matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em ambos os ensaios, com uso do procedimento GLM do programa SAS (2003), sendo as comparações das médias dos tratamentos feitas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. O consumo de nutrientes, o balanço aparente de nitrogênio e as quantificações de metano e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta foram semelhantes. A inclusão de glicerina bruta resultou em maior (P<0,05) digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (79,87%) e de nutrientes, exceto extrato etéreo (80,82%), se comparada às demais dietas. O desempenho dos cordeiros, as características quantitativas da carcaça e medidas no músculo Longissimus thoracis não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as dietas, enquanto que a largura da garupa in vivo, a compacidade corporal, o perímetro do tórax na carcaça e o peso dos cortes (paleta e lombo) diferiram (P<0,05). Na análise da alteração do rendimento líquido o farelo de amendoim resultou em maior valor econômico (R$ 16,23.cab-1). A inclusão de glicerina bruta foi uma alternativa nutricional viável devido às melhoras na digestibilidade aparente. Os coprodutos utilizados reduziram o custo total da dieta, sendo que a inclusão de 20% de farelo de amendoim na matéria seca foi o tratamento com maior ganho econômico. / The objective this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, the nitrogen balance, the total in vitro gas production with shortchain fat acids determination, the performance, the quantitative parameters in vivo and in carcass, as the economic evaluation of diets with biodiesel coproducts in feeding lambs. For in vivo trial were used 40 Ile de France lambs, weaning, weighing 17.15 ± 1.56 kg and for in vitro trial four Santa Inês lambs, with 31.2 ± 0.75 kg of body weight, as suppliers of ruminal fluid. The treatments were composed for diets with 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrates: Cont: standard concentrate; PMe: concentrate with 20% of peanut meal on dry matter; CGl: concentrate with 25% of crude glycerin on dry matter and PGl: concentrate with 10% of peanut meal and 12.5% of crude glycerin on dry matter. The experimental design was completely randomized in both trials, with use of GLM procedure of SAS (2003) software and comparisons between the treatments means were made by Tukey test at 5 % significance. The nutrients intake, the nitrogen balance and concentration of methane and short-chain fat acids were similar. The crude glycerin inclusion resulted higher (P<0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter (79.87%) and nutrients, except ether extract (80.82%), compared to other diets. The lambs performance, the carcass characteristics quantitatives and measurement in Longissimus thoracis muscle were not different (P>0.05) between the diets, while the rump width in vivo, the body compactness, the chest girth in carcass and the cuts weigh (shoulder and back) were changed (P<0.05). In evaluate of change in net income the peanut meal resulted in higher economic value (R$ 16.23.head-1 ). The inclusion of crude glycerin was the viable nutritional alternative due the improvements on apparent digestibility. The coproducts used decreased the total costs of diet, being the inclusion of 20% of peanut meal on dry matter was treatment with higher economic gain. / FAPESP: 2013/23495-5 / CNPq:131978/2014-4