Det blir allt vanligare att ägare till webbplatser anpassar sin webbplats till lågupplösta enheter som t. ex mobiltelefoner. För att genomföra en anpassning finns flera tekniska alternativ. I denna uppsats har det undersökts vilka tekniska aspekter som kan utgöra eventuella hinder när utvecklare möter webbyråkunders krav på upplösningsoberoende design med en av teknikerna, nämligen responsiv webbdesign. Arbetet innefattar en intervju med en webbyråkund som resulterade i en kravspecifikation som sedan stod till grund för en prototyp, där tekniken responsiv webbdesign testades och utvärderades. På grund av varierande stöd för CSS i skilda webbläsare samt flera webbplatsers komplicerade struktur visar resultatet på flera utmanande tekniska aspekter, som till exempel hanteringen av bilder och iframes. / It is becoming increasingly common for web site owners to customize their site to low-resolution devices such as mobile phones. To implement such an adjustment there are several technical options. This paper examines the technical aspects that can constitute an obstacles for web developers when they meet their customers' demands for resolution-independent design, with responsive web design. The work includes a interview with a client that resulted in a product specification, which then was used as the basis for a prototype. In which responsive web design was tested and evaluated as a technical option. The study revealed several technical aspects that can be challenging,e.g. pictures and iframes,so due to varying support for CSS in different browsers and many web sites complex structure.

The aim of the thesis is to create a comprehensive material that covers the basic knowledge of theory and practices necessary to understand the whole complexity of the Responsive Web Design (RWD). This thesis first focuses on the RWD origin and its two approaches. Furthermore, the work deals with technical solutions of the RWD and technologies that enabled its creation or were found useful for it. This part also mentions tools which simplify the work with given technologies. The next part is devoted to Responsive CSS Frameworks as being the base for creating responsive websites and shows layout examples where two different approaches and frameworks were used. At last an issue of testing responsive websites is discussed.

Idag utförs arbete ofta på resande fot och då används smarta telefoner och surfplat- tor istället för datorer. Dessa skärmar är oftast mindre än vad en datorskärm är. Där- för efterfrågas en mer dynamisk design av webbsidor som anpassar sig till storleken på skärmen. Webbsidans statiska design var 1000 pixlar bred och innehöll många tabeller vilket skulle få plats i den dynamiska designen med en minsta bredd på 320 pixlar. En del viktig information behövde även lyftas fram och göras tydligare. Det implementerades en ny CSS-mall samt flera nya JavaScript. En del HTML justerades för att passa den nya CSS-mallen. Eftersom en del viktig information behövdes pre- senteras tydligare skapades en helt ny flik. Innehållet blev driftinformation relaterat till den inloggade kunden. Efter simuleringarna i Chrome verifierades responsivite- ten av sidorna på alla skärmstorlekar. Implementeringen av AJAX gjorde att de lång- samma sidorna svarade direkt, men förbättrade inte den totala laddtiden. För att förbättra den skulle en back-end optimering behöva utföras. Projektets webbsida fu- gerade enligt önskemål. / In today ́s society people are working more and more while travelling, which makes them use smartphones and tablets instead of laptops. These screens are usually smaller than a laptop screen. That is why a more dynamic web design has been re- quested in order to fit the screen on the device being used. The static webpage’s width was 1000 pixels and the goal was to fit all the tables and information in the respon- sive version with a width of 320 pixels. Important information also had to be moved to a different page in order to make it more visible. A new CSS-template was imple- mented and several new Java Scripts followed by finer adjustments to the HTML code. Since some information had to be more visible to the user, a new tab was cre- ated in order to fulfill this demand. The new tab contained information about “Net- work Status” only related to the signed in user. After simulating the webpage in Chrome the responsiveness of the page was confirmed on all screen sizes. Sending the webpage asynchronously made the slow pages respond instantly but the total loading time was still slow. To fix this, back-end programming would have been re- quired. The project’s webpage fulfilled all the requirements.

This study assesses how maintainability can be improved by manual and automatic refactoring strategies. Firstly, the structure of the CSS is important and CSS rules should conform to a certain order depending on their purpose. Secondly, dead code makes files unnecessarily large and more difficult to read. Removing dead code is an important step for improving maintenance. These refactoring strategies were taken from the book CSS Refactoring by Lindstrom. The refactoring strategies were tested on a large CSS code base from an ASP.NET application called AktiveraMera. The structure was manually applied by following a step by step process where each CSS rule was classified and sorted into files and folders. For example, rules styling a specific button were put in a file which is then placed in the \emph{component-styles} folder. All these separate files are then concatenated into one file which is then minimized in order to keep it small when it is later served to the user. The divided structure makes it easier for developers to add new component-, structure-, or browser-specific CSS in the correct place. It also makes it easier to keep refactoring limited and the developer knows all rules that are relevant to a certain element are kept in the same place. The new structure introduced some visual regression. It is difficult to assess how much extra time it adds if all visual regression must be remedied, but some of the changes could probably be ignored while fixing the more egregious changes. Either way, some extra work needs to be done but according to interviewed developers it would probably be worth it. The assessment is that the new structure does improve maintainability. The tool CSS-analyser was then used to find and remove duplicated CSS, a form of dead CSS code, in order to reduce the size of the CSS files. Smaller file size (fewer lines of code) is correlated to readability and by extent maintainability since it is less code to read through and understand. However, while the results did show a reduction in file size it did introduce a lot of very obvious visual regression which means a lot more work. In an industry setting there are often time constraints and if something adds more work it might not be a good strategy. The visual regression was akin to a broken website where the entire layout is changed, so it could not be ignored if it was used on the live application in question. Maintainability can be improved by introducing some structure to the CSS code in the form of a folder structure with sorted and classified CSS rules. Removing dead CSS code is difficult to do automatically without introducing website breaking visual regression. It is much more important to make sure the structure of the CSS is good than to directly try to remove dead code, especially since the structure can make other refactoring strategies more effective.

This thesis concerns itself with the problems of manipulation with Cascading Style Sheets. The first aim is to create a library for manipulation with Cascading Style Sheets - an object interface of Cascading Style Sheet is proposed, a parser is generated by means of an appliance of JavaCC, the implementation of interface is completed and as a whole connected to a functional unit. The library enables reading Cascading Style Sheet and its transfer into an object representation, editing and subsequently exporting back to the text file. The second part of the thesis deals with the implementation of library for assign property values - every (X)HTML document is formed by the tree of elements to which the rules are consequently searched for in CSS and their declarations are asigned in the correct order. In conclusion of the thesis the DEMO application, which illustrates the possibilities of both libraries and facilitates performing of experiments or testing, is described. Hereafter the technique of profiling, which enables to find out the efficiently demanding passages, which can be optimised further, in the source code, is shown.

Цель исследования – разработать туристический сайт для г. Екатеринбург. В результате исследования разработан web-сайт, который можно использовать как сервис для поиска и выбора проведения досуга в городе Екатеринбург. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в туристическом развитии города. / The goal of work is development of tourist web-site for city Ekaterinburg. In the course of the study, a working web-site which may use for travels and excursions in Ekaterinburg city was developed. Practical goal of research consists of touristic extension of Ekaterinburg city.

This report describes my work with a website for a company that helps other companies book conferences. Creating this website, I have worked from a Mobile First perspective to create an interface. The interface was then tested on potential users. I then used guidelines from Googles own documentation on search engine optimization. The purpose of this work is to create and deliver a website where users can turn to MH Konferens and let them handle booking and planning of their conferences. / Denna rapport beskriver arbetet med en webbplats för ett företag som jobbar med att boka konferenser åt andra företag. Jag har i framtagandet av webbplatsen utgått från Mobile First och skapat ett gränssnitt. Gränssnittet har sedan testats på användare och slutligen har jag utgått från Googles egen dokumentation för att optimera webbplatsen för sökmotorer. Syftet med arbetet är att skapa en webbplats som leder till att användare kan vända sig till MH konferens och låta dem ta hand om bokning och planering av deras konferenser.

Dans ce travail, une approche d’optimisation dynamique hybride est développée et utilisée pour simuler et optimiser les procédés d’adsorption modulée en pression (PSA). Elle est principalement basée sur la formulation hybride du modèle du procédé et sur l’utilisation de la méthode du système adjoint.Le problème de simulation qui consiste à déterminer le régime stationnaire cyclique (CSS) est formulé comme un problème d’optimisation où le critère de performance est défini par la condition de CSS, les variables de décision sont données par les valeurs initiales des variables d’état, et les contraintes par le modèle hybride du procédé avec les conditions aux limites associées. En optimisation, le vecteur des variables de décision contient, en plus des valeurs initiales de l’état, les paramètres de dimensionnement et de fonctionnement. La condition de CSS devient, dans ce cas, une contrainte à satisfaire par chaque solution optimale. Plusieurs modèles de procédés, allant du plus simple au plus compliqué, sont ´étudiés.Il s’agit notamment de procédés isothermes et non isothermes avec et sans états gelés. Les critères de performance considérés sont la pureté, la récupération et l´énergie. Les résultats obtenus aussi bien au niveau des performances des procédés considérés que de la robustesse de l’algorithme d’optimisation mis en œuvre, sont tout `a fait intéressants et montrent le grand potentiel de l’approche développée pour le dimensionnement et le fonctionnement optimaux des procédés PSA / The objective of the work was to develop a hybrid dynamic optimisation approach for simulation and optimisation of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes. It is mainly based on the hybrid formulation of the process model and on the use of adjoint system method. The simulation problem which consists in determining the cyclic steady state (CSS) is formulated as an optimisation problem where the CSS condition is considered as the performance index, initial values of state variables as decision variables and process model along with associated conditions as constraints. In optimisation, the decision vector consists of design and operation parameters in addition to the initials values of state variables whereas the CSS condition is considered in this case as a constraint to be satisfied for each optimal solution. Several process models with a varied degree of complexity have been studied. These models are isothermal and non isothermal with and without frozen states. The performance index considered are purity, recovery and energy. The results obtained are interesting vis-a-vis the performance of the processes considered as well as the robustness of the optimisation algorithm and show the great potential of the approach developed for the optimal design and operation of PSA processes

En mobilisant l’analyse de controverses, notre enquête sociologique articule deux études de cas portant sur l’usage de la concertation dans le cadre du suivi environnemental des anciennes mines d’uranium : La Commanderie (Vendée/Deux-Sèvres) et Pen Ar Ran (Loire-Atlantique). Ces deux anciens sites miniers présentent deux configurations locales qui font émerger deux approches différentes de la concertation. Dans une première piste de recherche, on s’intéresse à la configuration des acteurs dans une instance de concertation : le comité de Mallièvre. Le « réseau de contraintes » fait apparaître des dysfonctionnements structurels empêchant au collège des associations de développer un « capital cognitif ». La deuxième piste de recherche interroge l’utilité de la notion de « construction collective » pour mieux saisir les fondements de la concertation. La troisième piste de recherche nous conduit à une forme non-instituée de « construction collective » : à Piriac-sur-Mer, une « communauté de savoirs » émerge suite à la création du collectif Stop Radioactivité. En revanche, la concertation prend place dans l’argumentaire, en tant que revendication d’une « légitimation des savoirs ». / Through the analysis of controversies, our sociological research articulates two case studies on the subject of the use of the “concertation” on the basis of the uranium mine monitoring: La Commanderie (Vendée/Deux-Sèvres) and Pen Ar ran (Loire-Atlantique). These two former uranium mines present two different configurations. In a first line of research, we are interested in the configuration of actors in an instance of “concertation”: comité de Mallièvre (La Commanderie). We present the “constraint network” which prevent the environmental associations from fully participating. The second line of research questions the usefulness of the concept of "collective construction" to better understand the foundations of the consultation. The third line of research leads us to observe a form non-established "collective construction": in Piriac-sur-Mer, a "community of knowledge" emerges as a result of the creation of the group of associations “Stop radioactivity”. In contrast, consultation takes place in the arguments, as a demand for "legitimation of knowledge".

This report describes the implementation of expense reporting in a mobile web application. Two different types of expenses could be reported: remuneration and time deviations. In addition to the creation of new expenses, existing expenses should be able to be edited or deleted. The implementation would be designed in such a way that it prevents the user from making data entry errors in an intuitive way.    The bachelor’s thesis was performed for Flex Datasystem AB in their mobile web application, Flex WebApp. Due to delimitations made during the project only functionality for the expense-type remuneration was implemented. / Denna rapport redogör för implementationen av utläggsrapportering i en mobil webbapplikation. Två olika typer av utlägg skulle kunna rapporteras: ersättningar och tidavvikelser. Utöver skapandet av nya utlägg skulle även befintliga utlägg kunna redigeras och tas bort. Implementationen skulle vara utformad på ett sådant vis att den förhindrar användaren från att göra inmatningsfel på ett intuitivt sätt.    Examensarbetet utfördes åt Flex Datasystem AB i deras mobila webbapplikation, Flex WebApp. P g a gjorda avgränsningar under projektets gång implementerades endast funktionalitet för utläggstypen ersättningar.