• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 85
  • 29
  • 22
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 176
  • 39
  • 36
  • 36
  • 36
  • 31
  • 24
  • 24
  • 24
  • 21
  • 21
  • 21
  • 20
  • 18
  • 17
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Mesure de la production inclusive de jets chargés dans les collisions Pb-Pb à 5.02TeV avec l'expérience ALICE auprès du LHC / Measurement of jet spectra reconstructed with charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC

Yokoyama, Hiroki 29 March 2018 (has links)
La physique nucléaire de haute énergie a pour objet l'étude des propriétés du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG), un nouvel état de la matière composée de quarks et de gluons asymptotiquement libres. Selon les calculs de la ChromoDynamique Quantique (CDQ) sur réseau, une transition de la matière nucléaire vers un PQG doit se produire pour des densités d'énergie au-delà de ~ 1 GeV/fm3 (correspondant à une température ~ 150 - 200 MeV). De telles conditions extrêmes de température et de densité d'énergie sont réalisées en laboratoire en utilisant des collisions ions lourds aux énergies ultra-relativistes. Le PQG ainsi créé est cependant si fugace qu'il ne peut être étudié que par des sondes internes produites au sein même de la collision mais à des échelles de temps bien inférieures à celle du PQG. Ces sondes dites dures vont alors être modifiée suite à leur interaction avec le PQG, de cette modification s'ensuit l'inférence des propriétés de transport du PQG.Cette thèse porte sur la mesure des jets comme sondes dures du PQG, elle s'articule selon deux axes complémentaires : le développement d'un nouvel algorithme de déclenchement calorimétrique de l'expérience ALICE pour le Run 2 du LHC afin d'efficacement sélectionner les événements contenant une gerbe électromagnétique, ainsi que la mesure de la production inclusive de jets chargés dans les collisions Pb-Pb à l'énergie la plus élevée à ce jour de 5.02 TeV auprès du LHC. Un des défis majeurs de la mesure des jets dans les collisions d'ions lourds consiste à séparer les jets de l'événement sous-jacent. L'approche retenue dans ce travail repose sur une évaluation événement par événement de l'amplitude de cet événement sous-jacent qui est alors soustraite des jets reconstruits. Les fluctuations résiduelles de ce bruit de fond sont par la suite corrigées par une méthode de déconvolution adaptée. Enfin, afin de réduire au maximum la contamination du bruit de fond combinatoire, une coupure de 5 GeV/c sur l'impulsion transverse du constituant prééminent est appliquée.La mesure des facteurs de modification nucléaire des jets montrent une très forte suppression que l'on attribue à la perte d'énergie des partons dans le PQG. Dans ce travail de thèse, une étude phénoménologique de cette manifestation qualifiée "d'étouffement des jets" à partir d'une observable originale, est présentée. Cette étude met en évidence plusieurs résultats fondamentaux : une perte d'énergie constante dans le domaine d'impulsion transverse de jet mesuré (jusqu'à 100 GeV/c), plus prononcée qu'à plus basse énergie et montrant une dépendance quadratique avec la longueur de parcours dans le milieu suggérant la prépondérance d'une perte d'énergie des partons par radiation de gluons. / High-energy nuclear physics aims at revealing the properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP),a new state of matter consisting of asymptotically free strong-interacting quarks and gluons. According to lattice QCD calculation, a transition from normal nuclear matter to a QGP is expected for energy densities exceeding the critical threshold of Ec ~ 1 GeV/fm3 (Tc ~ 150 - 200 MeV). Such extreme conditions of temperature and energy density are met in laboratory by smashing heavy nuclei at ultrarelativistic energies. The QGP thus created is however so short lived that it can only be resolved by self-generated hard probes, namely produced together with the medium but on a much shorter time scale. By subsequently interacting with the expanding QGP, these well calibrated probes carry valuable information about its transport properties.The purpose of this thesis is the measurement of jets as hard probes of the QGP along two complementary directions: by developping a new ALICE jet calorimeter trigger algorithm for LHC Run 2 to efficiently select events containing high energy electromagnetic showers and measuring charged jet production cross sections in Pb-Pb collisions at highest-ever centre of mass energy of 5.02TeV provided by the LHC. One of the basic challenges facing jet measurement in heavy-ion collisions consists in separating jets from the soft underlying event. The magnitude of the underlying event is quantified on an event-by-event basis and subtracted from the reconstructed jets. The remaining background fluctuations and detector effects are corrected at the event-ensemble level by an unfolding method. Furthermore, in order to minimise the fake jet contamination, a leading track jet transverse momentum cut-off of 5 GeV/c is applied.A strong suppression of jet production in the most central heavy-ion collisions is observed and quantified by the measurement of the nuclear modification factor, RAA. Such a suppression is interpreted as the result of parton energy loss in the QGP, the so-called jet quenching phenomenon. In this thesis, a phenomenological study with an original experimental observable of jet quenching (the energy shift) is presented. The key findings from this study are that the energy loss is constant in the measured jet transverse momentum range (up to ~ 100 GeV/c), of larger amplitude than at lower collision energy, and with a quadradic path-length dependence supporting the assumption that gluon radiation is the dominant mechanism at work.
112

Avaliação da eficiência térmica e de fusão na soldagem MAG em diferentes geometrias de juntas

Hackenhaar, William January 2016 (has links)
O presente trabalho objetiva estudar a eficiência térmica do arco elétrico e de fusão para o processo de soldagem MAG, do inglês Metal Active Gas, em diferentes geometrias de juntas soldadas. As soldas foram feitas inicialmente em um calorímetro de fluxo contínuo de água, seguidas de deposição de cordão sobre chapa e soldagem de juntas em ângulo “T”, sempre em aço carbono. A metodologia de projeto de experimentos Box-Behnken foi empregada para a avaliação da influência da variação dos parâmetros de soldagem (tensão, velocidade de alimentação do eletrodo e velocidade de soldagem) nas eficiências, dentro do modo de transferência metálica por curto circuito. Diferentes equações propostas na literatura para o cálculo da eficiência de fusão são comparadas. Para a adequada aquisição da eficiência térmica pelo calorímetro, preliminarmente é avaliada a influência da vazão de água e da geometria na entrada de um calorímetro de fluxo contínuo sobre a eficiência térmica do arco. O procedimento experimental consiste em testar diferentes vazões de água e três configurações geométricas na região de entrada de água no calorímetro: com rolha reta, com difusor cônico e com obstáculo. Os experimentos foram planejados e os resultados avaliados com base na análise de variância estatística de um único fator, no caso, a vazão de água na entrada do calorímetro. A maior eficiência térmica média de 80,5% foi obtida para a vazão de 4 l/min, com baixo erro estatístico, utilizando rolha de entrada com geometria de difusor cônico. O modelo em que o fluxo entra diretamente no tubo apresentou todos os valores de eficiência térmica do arco com pequeno decréscimo numérico se comparados com o difusor cônico, enquanto a rolha com obstáculo apresentou elevado erro estatístico. Com base nos resultados descritos, a eficiência térmica do arco elétrico foi avaliada com a vazão de 4 l/min para o projeto de experimentos Box-Behnken, os valores obtidos estão na faixa de 72 a 82% conforme a combinação dos parâmetros de soldagem. A velocidade de soldagem e a tensão do arco se mostraram como os parâmetros de maior influência na eficiência térmica do arco. Os resultados relativos à eficiência de fusão indicam maiores valores nas soldas realizadas no calorímetro e por simples deposição sobre chapa. A junta T apresentou os menores valores de eficiência de fusão e de diluição para todos os casos. O parâmetro de maior influência na eficiência de fusão foi a corrente de soldagem. / The main aim of the present work is to study arc thermal efficiency and fusion efficiency to Gas Metal Arc Welding – GMAW, using different joint geometries. At first, the welds were performed in a continuous water flow calorimeter, followed by bead on plate and T – joint deposits. The Box-Behken design of experiments methodology was used to analyze the effect of welding parameters (arc voltage, wire feed speed and welding speed) on the efficiencies, when using short circuit metal transfer. The results of the fusion efficiency calculation were compared using different equations found in the literature. To correctly evaluate the thermal efficiency, it was necessary to analyze the influence of water flow rate and calorimeter inlet geometry. The experimental procedure consists of varying water flow rate and testing three different calorimeter inlet seal geometries: straight seal, conical diffuser seal and seal with water flux obstacle. The experiments were designed and the results evaluated based in a one-factor statistical analysis of variance, in this case the inlet calorimeter water flow. The highest average thermal efficiency is 80.5% to water flow of 4 l/min, with a low statistical error, using the conical diffuser seal inlet geometry. The inlet with straight seal model shown all the arc thermal efficiency values with slightly lower numerical values compared with conical diffuser, while the seal with flux obstacle exhibited high statistical error. Based on these results, the arc thermal efficiency was evaluated using 4 l/min water flow to the Box-Behnken Design, resulting values in the 72 to 82% range, depending on the welding parameters. The welding speed and arc voltage were the parameters that significantly affect arc thermal efficiency. The fusion efficiency results of the welds performed on the calorimeter and bead on plate were. The welds performed in T joints exhibit lowest fusion efficiency and dilution to each welding parameters combination tested. The fusion efficiency is strongly affected by the welding current.
113

Measurement of the cosmic lepton and electron fluxes with the AMS detector on board of the International Space Station. Monitoring of the energy measurement in the calorimeter / Mesure des flux de leptons et d'électrons cosmiques avec le détecteur AMS installé sur la Station Spatiale Internationale. Contrôle in situ de la mesure en énergie du calorimètre.

Tao, Li 06 July 2015 (has links)
Le Spectromètre Magnétique Alpha (AMS) est un détecteur de particules installé à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale ; il enregistre des données depuis mai 2011. L'expérience a pour objectif d'identifier la nature des rayons cosmiques chargés et des photons et de mesurer leur flux dans la gamme d'énergie du GeV au TeV. Ces mesures permettent d'affiner les modèles de propagation de rayons cosmiques, d'effectuer une recherche indirecte de matière noire, et de chercher l'antimatière primordiale (anti-hélium). Dans ce mémoire, les données des premières années ont été utilisées pour mesurer les flux d'électrons et de leptons (électrons + positons) dans la gamme d'énergie de 0.5 GeV à 700 GeV. L'identification d'électrons nécessite une séparation électrons/protons de l'ordre de 104, obtenue par l'utilisation conjointe des estimateurs de différents sous-détecteurs d'AMS, en particulier du calorimètre électromagnétique (ECAL), du trajectomètre et du détecteur à radiation de transition (TRD). Dans cette analyse, les nombres d'électrons et de leptons sont estimés par un ajustement des distributions de l'estimateur du calorimètre et vérifiés en utilisant l'estimateur du TRD : 11 millions leptons ont été sélectionnés et analysés. Les incertitudes systématiques sont déterminées en variant les coupures de sélection et la procédure d'ajustement. L'acceptance géométrique du détecteur et les efficacités de sélection sont estimées grâce aux données de simulation. Les différences observées sur les échantillons de contrôle issus des données permettent de corriger la simulation. Les incertitudes systématiques associées à ces corrections sont établies en variant les échantillons de contrôle. Au total, à 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), l'incertitude statistique du flux de leptons est 2% (30%) et l'incertitude systématique est 3% (40%). Comme les flux se comportent globalement en loi de puissance en fonction de l'énergie, il est important de maitriser la calibration en énergie. Nous avons contrôlé in situ la mesure en énergie du calorimètre en comparant les électrons des données de vol et les données de tests en faisceaux, en utilisant en particulier la variable E/p ou p est la quantité de mouvement mesurée par le trajectomètre. Une deuxième méthode de calibration absolue à basse énergie, indépendante du trajectomètre, basée sur l'effet de la coupure géomagnétique a été développée. Deux modèles de prédiction de la coupure géomagnétique, l'approximation Störmer et le modèle IGRF, ont été testés et comparés. Ces deux méthodes ont permis de contrôler la calibration en énergie à 2% et de vérifier la stabilité des performances du calorimètre dans le temps. / The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a particle detector installed on the International Space Station; it starts to record data since May 2011. The experiment aims to identify the nature of charged cosmic rays and photons and measure their fluxes in the energy range of GeV to TeV. These measurements enable us to refine the cosmic ray propagation models, to perform indirect research of dark matter and to search for primordial antimatter (anti-helium). In this context, the data of the first years have been utilized to measure the electron flux and lepton flux (electron + positron) in the energy range of 0.5 GeV to 700 GeV. Identification of electrons requires an electrons / protons separation power of the order of 104, which is acquired by combining the information from different sub-detectors of AMS, in particular the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), the tracker and the transition radiation detector (TRD). In this analysis, the numbers of electrons and leptons are estimated by fitting the distribution of the ECAL estimator and are verified using the TRD estimator: 11 million leptons are selected and analyzed. The systematic uncertainties are determined by changing the selection cuts and the fit procedure. The geometric acceptance of the detector and the selection efficiency are estimated thanks to simulated data. The differences observed on the control samples from data allow to correct the simulation. The systematic uncertainty associated to this correction is estimated by varying the control samples. In total, at 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), the statistic uncertainty of the lepton flux is 2% (30%) and the systematic uncertainty is 3% (40%). As the flux generally follows a power law as a function of energy, it is important to control the energy calibration. We have controlled in-situ the measurement of energy in the ECAL by comparing the electrons from flight data and from test beams, using in particular the E/p variable where p is momentum measured by the tracker. A second method of absolute calibration at low energy, independent from the tracker, is developed based on the geomagnetic cutoff effect. Two models of geomagnetic cutoff prediction, the Störmer approximation and the IGRF model, have been tested and compared. These two methods allow to control the energy calibration to a precision of 2% and to verify the stability of the ECAL performance with time.
114

Reaction to fire performance of wood and other building products

Tsantaridis, Lazaros January 2003 (has links)
The theme of this thesis is the reaction to fire performanceof wood and other building products, andparticularly thematerial fire properties time to ignition, rate of heat releaseand smoke production. These properties have been measured by asmall-scale fire test method, the Cone Calorimeter, andpresented for different types of building products. Uncertainty analysis, included instrument and assumptionuncertainty, has been performed for the case that both O2 andCO2 are measured for calculation of the rate of heat release inthe Cone Calorimeter. The partial derivatives for theuncertainty analysis are given. The relative uncertainty forthe rate of heat release measurements in the Cone Calorimeteris between ±5% to ±10% for rate of heat releasevalues larger than about 50 kW/m2. The time to ignition in the Cone Calorimeter is compatiblewith the time to ignition in the ISO Ignitability test, whichis the main test method for measuring time to ignition. Thetime to ignition is an increasing linear function of density.The rate of heat release in the Cone Calorimeter is dependentof material thickness and of use of retainer frame. Thematerial thickness gives the heat release curve duration andshape. Thin materials have short burning time and two maximumvalues. Thick materials have long burning time and when thematerial is thicker than about 35 mm no second maximum appears.When the retainer frame is used the actual exposed surface isreduced from 0.01 m2 to 0.0088 m2, the rate of heat release isreduced and the burning time is increased. A comparison ofresults with and without use of the retainer frame gives thenequal results when the exposed area is set to 0.0088 m2 in thecase of using the retainer frame. The time to flashover in the full-scale room corner test waspredicted on the basis of Cone Calorimeter data at 50 kW/m2 bya power law of ignition time, the total heat release calculatedover 300 s after ignition and the density of the product. Therelation gives a simple relation to evaluate if a productreaches flashover in the room corner test. The smoke production has also been measured in the ConeCalorimeter. The white light and the laser smoke measurementsystems have shown similar results. There is a correlationbetween Cone Calorimeter and room corner test smoke productionwhen the products are divided into groups: those that reachflashover in the room corner test in less than 10 min and thosethat have more than 10 min to flashover. Temperature profilesin wood have been measured in the Cone Calorimeter by a simpletechnique. The effect of fire protective gypsum plasterboardson the charring of wood frame members has been determined andcompared with fullscale furnace wall tests. The protectiveeffects of twenty different boards have been presented. ConeCalorimeter and furnace tests show similar charring of wooduntil the boards fall down in furnace tests. After that, thecharring of wood is higher in the furnace, because the wood isexposed directly to the fire. Keywords:building products, charring of wood, ConeCalorimeter, fire retardant treated wood, fire tests,ignitability, mass loss, rate of heat release, reaction tofire, smoke production, wood products / <p>NR 20140805</p>
115

Isothermal Micro(bio-)calorimetry - Method Optimization and Instrument Development for a Rapid and Reliable Detection of Bacteria

Fricke, Christian 30 November 2021 (has links)
Early detection of pathogenic bacteria in food, drinking water and medicine products is one of the essential tasks of routine microbiological analysis. Through analytics, outbreaks can be discovered and consequently, countermeasures can be initiated to minimize health and economic damage. Cultivation of pathogens from contaminated specimens is routinely performed in microbiological laboratories worldwide. The procedure is easy to perform, requires little equipment and provides simple quantitative data in colony-forming units (CFUs) per sample volume. Only the time between preparation and confirmation of a positive (contaminated) sample usually extends over several days. The desired goal should be a technique that can retain the simplicity of cultivation while providing real-time information about the sample under investigation for early detection of potential contamination. Therefore, in the framework of this thesis, systematic heat flow measurements were performed on two model strains, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 20205 and Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KT2440. The influence of cultivation techniques (in liquid, on solid and membrane filter placed onto solid medium) in static ampoule systems on calorimetric detection was investigated. In particular, the effect of contamination level (initial bacterial cell number), substrate amount (nutrients and oxygen), and detection limits were systematically evaluated. In addition, microcalorimetric measurements of Legionella pneumophila ATCC 33152, a waterborne pathogen, were conducted for the first time. Heat flow profiles demonstrated that high contamination levels (> 1000 CFU) were detected within 24 h. Compared to detection times of up to 10 days by ISO 11731:2017, calorimetric detection can serve as an early warning system. With this knowledge, a uniquely manufactured micro(bio-)calorimetric test system was designed to meet the requirements for detecting bacterial contaminations. In particular, the sample vessel geometry and the operating temperature perfectly matched the microbiological analysis. Within this development work, numerical models were established to investigate the temperature distribution of selected compounds as well as the complete calorimetric system. Based on these models, modifications to the test system were numerically simulated in advance to improve the instrument's performance stepwise. This thesis presents the methodological principles and a calorimetric test system designed as an early warning and detection tool for microbiological samples.
116

Mesure des propriétés des jets dans les collisions pp et Pb-Pb a 5.02 TeV avec l'expérience ALICE auprès du LHC / Measurement of jet properties in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

Hosokawa, Ritsuya 29 March 2019 (has links)
Les jets sont les signatures expérimentales des quarks et des gluons émergeant des diffusions dures produites lors des interactions hadroniques. La section efficace de production de jets se calcule dans la cadre de la ChromoDynamique Quantique perturbative (pCDQ), faisant des mesures de jets un test sévère des prédictions de la pCDQ. En collisions d'ions lourds ultrarelativistes, les jets constituent des sondes bien étalonnées du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG). Dans des conditions extrêmes de température et de pression, les partons se déconfinent pour former une matière QCD en interaction forte. Les partons émis dans les collisions dures perdent de l'énergie à la traversée de ce milieu par perte d'énergie radiative et collisionnelle. Les propriétés des jets sont alors modifiées par rapport au vide, phénomène appelé étouffement des jets. Les propriétés de transport du PGQ peuvent être étudiées par la mesure de l'étouffement des jets.Les sections efficaces de production de jets chargés en collisions proton-proton (pp) aux énergies de 2.76 TeV et 7 TeV ont été mesurées par l'expérience ALICE puis comparées aux prédiction de la pCDQ à l'ordre dominant. En collisions Pb-Pb, l'intensité de la suppression des jets, inclusive et en fonction de la longueur de parcours dans le milieu, a été évaluée par la mesure des facteurs de modification nucléaire ($R_{mathrm{AA}}$) aux énergies de 2.76 TeV et 5.02 TeV. Le flot elliptique $v_{2}$, défini comme la distribution azitmutale par rapport au plan de réaction du deuxième ordre, qui est une grandeur sensible à la longueur de parcours des partons dans le milieu selon ou hors du plan de réaction, a été mesuré à l'énergie de 2.76 TeV. Cette mesure pour les collisions semi-centrales est en accord avec les prédictions théoriques. La réponse du milieu a été étudiée par l'intermédiaire des correlations jet-trace en fonction de la centralité de la collisionà l'énergie de 2.76 TeV. Les résultats obtenus suggérant une redistribution de l'énergie à grand angle par rapport à l'axe du jet. Ces résultats sont correctement décrits par des calculs phénoménologiques incluant l'évolution hydrodynamique du milieu.Dans cette thèse, deux aspects complémentaires de la mesure des jets à l'aide du détecteur ALICE ont été étudiés. D'une part, l'amélioration du système de déclenchement calorimétrique de l'expérience ALICE est présentée. Le Calorimètre Di-jet (DCal) a été installé pendant le premier arrêt long du LHC (LS1) afin d'étendre la couverture azimutale de l'existant Calorimètre ElectroMagnétique (EMCal) et Spectromètre à PHOtons (PHOS). Cette mise à jour a consisté à tenir compte de cette nouvelle configuration des détecteurs. Un nouveau micrologiciel de la carte électronique Summary Trigger Unit (STU) du sytème de déclenchement calorimétrique implementant un algorithme original combinant les informations des trois calorimètres a été développé. D'autre part, la mesure de la section efficace de production de jets chargés reconstruits avec différentes résolutions $R=0.2$, $0.3$, $0.4$ et $0.6$ en collisions pp à l'energie de 5.02 TeV est présentée. La comparaison de la section efficace mesurée avec les prédictions de la pCDQ à l'ordre sous-dominant (NLO) montre une bonne adéquation dans la région $10 < p_{mathrm{T},text{jet}}^{text{ch}} < 100 mathrm{GeV}/c$. La mesure du $v_{2}$ des jets chargés dans les collisions Pb-Pb semi-centrales (30-50%) à l'energie de 5.02 TeV est également exposée dans cette thèse. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à une simulation rapide basée sur le modèle de Glauber tenant compte de la dépendance de la suppression des jets selon leur longueur de parcours dans le milieu. Enfin, la mesure des corrélations entres jets chargés et hadrons dans les collisions Pb-Pb semi-centrales (30-50%) à l'energie de 5.02 TeV est présentée dans le but d'étudier la dépendance de la modification des jets en fonction de la géométrie de la collisions Pb-Pb. / Jets, defined as collimated sprays of high-momentum particles, are experimental signatures of hard-scattered quarks and gluons produced in hadronic interactions. The jet production cross section is calculable within perturbative Quantum ChromoDynamics (pQCD), and therefore jet measurements provide stringent tests of pQCD predictions. In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, jets are well calibrated probes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Under extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure, partons are deconfined and form a strongly interacting QCD medium. The initial hard scattered partons lose energy while traversing this medium due to radiative and collisional energy loss. Consequently, jet properties get modified in comparison with the vacuum case, phenomenon named jet quenching. QGP transport properties can be studied by measuring jet quenching.The charged jet production cross sections in pp collisions at $sqrt{s} = 2.76 mathrm{TeV}$ and $sqrt{s} = 7 mathrm{TeV}$ were measured by the ALICE experiment and compared to Leading-Order (LO) pQCD predictions. In Pb-Pb collisions, the strength of jet suppression was quantitatively assessed at $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 mathrm{TeV}$ and $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 mathrm{TeV}$ via the measurement of the nuclear modification factors ($R_{mathrm{AA}}$). The strength of charged jet suppression was quantified as a function of in-medium parton path-length based on the measured $R_{mathrm{AA}}$. The jet elliptic flow $v_{2}$, defined as the jet azimuthal distribution relative to the $2^{nd}$ order event plane, which is sensitive to the difference of the in-medium parton path-length in-plane and out-of-plane, was measured at $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 mathrm{TeV}$. The measured jet $v_{2}$ in mid-central Pb-Pb collisions was consistent with model predictions. The medium response has been studied through jet-track correlations at $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 mathrm{TeV}$ as a function of centrality. The result suggested that the in-medium suppressed energy was re-distributed to large angles with respect to the jet axis. The phenomenon was described by a phenomenological calculation taking into account hydrodynamical evolution of the medium.In this thesis, two complementary aspects of jet measurements with the ALICE detector at the LHC were studied. First, the upgrade of the ALICE electromagnetic calorimeter trigger system is presented. The Di-jet Calorimeter (DCal) has been installed during LHC Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) to extend the azimuthal coverage of the existing ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal) and PHOton Spectrometer (PHOS). The trigger system has been upgraded to account for this new detector configuration. The firmware for the Summary Trigger Unit (STU), which is the electronics of the trigger system, was upgraded to implement a brand new algorithm combining information from the calorimeters. Second, the measurement of the production cross section of charged jets reconstructed with cone resolution parameter $R=0.2$, $0.3$, $0.4$, and $0.6$ in pp collisions at $sqrt{s} = 5.02 mathrm{TeV}$ is outlined. A comparison of the production cross section to LO and Next-Leading-Order (NLO) pQCD predictions is shown. Good agreement of the production cross section with NLO pQCD calculations is found for $10 < p_{mathrm{T},text{jet}}^{text{ch}} < 100 mathrm{GeV}/c$. The measurement of charged jet $v_{2}$ in mid-central (30-50%) Pb-Pb collisions at $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 mathrm{TeV}$ is also presented. The results are compared with a toy-model Glauber simulation based on the measured path-length dependence of jet suppression. Finally, the measurement of charged jet-hadron correlations in mid-central (30-50%) Pb-Pb collisions at $sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 mathrm{TeV}$ with respect to the $2^{nd}$ order event plane is also presented in order to study initial collision geometry dependence of jet modification in Pb-Pb collisions.
117

La reconstruction et l'identification des photons dans l'expérience CMS au LHC : applications à la recherche de bosons de Higgs dans le canal H $\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ / The photon reconstruction and identification in the CMS detector : Higgs boson search in the two photons decay channel with the CMS experiment at LHC

Brun, Hugues 29 February 2012 (has links)
Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules explique avec succès les données expérimentales. L'origine de la masse des bosons W et Z est expliquée à l'aide du mécanisme de Higgs qui permet de briser la symétrie de jauge de l'interaction électro-faible. Cependant ce mécanisme prédit l'existence d'une particule, appelée le boson de Higgs, qui n'a pas été observée pour l'instant. Cette particule est recherchée au LHC en particulier dans les expériences ATLAS et CMS. Les premiers résultats utilisant les données du LHC permettent d'exclure, avec un niveau de confiance de 95%, un boson de Higgs qui aurait la section efficace du Modèle Standard entre 128 et 600 GeV/c$^2$ et les résultats plus anciens du LEP ont exclu un boson de Higgs plus léger que 114.4 GeV/c$^2$. Dans l'intervalle de masse restant, le canal de désintégration du Higgs en deux photons est le canal idéal pour la recherche du boson de Higgs car, malgré son faible rapport d'embranchement (environ quelques pour mille) et grâce à son état final clair, il permet d'obtenir une résonance de faible largeur dans le spectre de masse invariante des événements di-photons. La manière dont un photon est reconstruit dans CMS sera d'abord décrite et la compréhension de cette reconstruction avec les premières données du LHC présentée. Du fait de la faible largeur de la résonance du boson de Higgs à basse masse, un grand intérêt doit être porté à la résolution sur l'énergie des photons. C'est pourquoi, nous étudierons les corrections apportées à cette énergie. Ensuite, comme les pions neutres qui se désintègrent en deux photons sont le principal bruit de fond aux photons dans les données, nous verrons comment utiliser la forme du dépôt d'énergie dans le calorimètre électromagnétique de CMS à l'aide d'un réseau de neurones artificiels pour discriminer ces pions neutres des vrais photons. La chromodynamique quantique est la source d'un large nombre d'événements di-photons qui forment la majorité du bruit de fond à la désintégration du boson de Higgs. La mesure de la section efficace de ces processus et de leur cinématique aide aussi à la compréhension du Modèle Standard. La possibilité d'utiliser le pouvoir discriminant du réseau de neurones pour mesurer le nombre d'événements diphotons dans les données, a été étudiée. Les mésons neutres sont aussi un bruit de fond pour les photons issus de la désintégration du boson de Higgs. L'amélioration de l'identification à l'aide d'une coupure sur la variable de sortie du réseau de neurones a donc été évaluée : la conséquence de cette amélioration en termes de limite sera présentée sur le premier 1.6fb$^1$ des données de 2011 enregistrées par l'expérience CM / The Standard Model of particle physics successfully explains the majority of experimental high energy physics data. The masses of the W and Z, the vector bosons of the electroweak theory, are explained with a spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry. This symmetry breaking is performed, using the Higgs mechanism, by introducing a new scalar field, whose quantum, the Higgs boson, is intensively searched at LHC. Theoretical considerations suggest that the mass of the Higgs boson should be lower than 1 TeV/c$^2$ and the fit of precision electroweak measurements constrains the Higgs boson mass to be less than 158 GeV/c$^2$. Direct searches at LEP have excluded the Higgs boson with masses lower than 114.4 GeV/c$^2$, and direct searches at the Tevatron have led to an exclusion of masses between 147 and 180 GeV/c$^2$. The fit of precision electroweak measurements constrains the Higgs boson mass to be less than 158 GeV/c$^2$ (all these limits are at the 95% confidence level). The photon reconstruction in CMS is detailed in this thesisand its understanding with the first LHC data will be shown. Because of the narrow Higgs resonance, a particular attention as to be put on the photon energy resolution. Neutral pions decaying in two photons are the main background to the prompt photons: the possibility of using a neural network based on shower shape in ECAL is studied. These neutral mesons are also one important background to the photons from Higgs boson decay. The improvement of the photon identification, thanks to a cut on the neural network output, is evaluated: the result in term of limits for the first 1.6fb$^1$ of 2011 data is presented
118

Développement d’un circuit de lecture pour un calorimètre électromagnétique ultra-granulaire / Design of a read-out chip for a high granularity electromagnetic calorimeter

Cizel, Jean-Baptiste 09 December 2016 (has links)
Le travail réalisé lors de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le projet de création d’un calorimètre électromagnétique pour le futur International Linear Collider (ILC) au sein de la collaboration CALICE. Le calorimètre est dit ultra-granulaire du fait du grand nombre de pixels de détection : environ 82 millions dans le calorimètre final complet. C’est ce nombre élevé de détecteurs à lire qui a conduit au développement de circuits intégrés dédiés à cette tâche, l’usage d’électronique classique n’étant pas possible dans ce cas du fait de contraintes dimensionnelles. Les travaux démarrent par l’étude de la puce SKIROC2, développée par le laboratoire Omega, qui est l’état de l’art de l’ASIC de lecture pour ce projet. Les performances sur carte de test et dans l’environnement du détecteur ont été mesurées, ce qui a permis de tirer certaines conclusions sur les forces et les faiblesses de SKIROC2. Après cette étude, le travail a été le développement d’un nouvel ASIC de lecture se basant sur SKIROC2. L’objectif étant de préserver les forces de SKIROC2 tout en tentant d’en corriger les faiblesses. Le nouvel ASIC a été conçu dans une technologie tout juste disponible au moment de la conception. Il a donc tout fallu redessiner en repartant de zéro. Il s’agit en cela de building blocks plus que d’un véritable ASIC de lecture. Trois structures de préamplificateurs de charge ont été testées, l’architecture générale et le fonctionnement d’un canal de lecture étant largement inspirés de SKIROC2. / This work takes place in the design project of the electromagnetic calorimeter for the future International Linear Collider (ILC) within the CALICE collaboration. The final calorimeter will be made of 82 million of PIN diodes; this is where the term “high granularity” comes from. The need for a read-out ASIC is a consequence of this high number of detectors, knowing that the dimensions of the electromagnetic calorimeter are a big constraint: the standard electronics is not an option. This work starts from an existing ASIC called SKIROC2. This state-of-the-art read-out chip has been designed by the Omega laboratory, a member of the CALICE collaboration. The performances on testboard and in the detector environment have been measured. It allowed to conclude on the advantages and drawbacks of using SKIROC2 in the calorimeter. After that the focus has been made on the design of a new read-out chip based on SKIROC2. The main goal was to preserve the good performances of SKIROC2 while trying to correct the encountered issues. This new ASIC has been developped in a newly released technology available during the design phase. Therefore the design has been started from scratch. The final chip is composed of building blocks rather than a ready-to-use read-out chip. Three charge preamplifier designs have been tested, the general architecture of a read-out channel being largely inspired by SKIROC2.
119

Testing large samples of PCM in water calorimeter and PCM used in room applications by night-air cooling

Bellander, Rickard January 2005 (has links)
The latent-heat-storage capacity in Phase-Change Materials can be used for storing or releasing energy within a small temperature interval. Upon the phase transition taking place in a narrow temperature span, the material takes up or releases more energy compared to sensible heat storage. For an ideal phase-change material, the transition temperature is a single value, but for the most common phase-change materials on the market, used in building applications, the transition temperature is distributed within a temperature range of several degrees. Integration of phase-change materials in building applications can be effected in several ways, for example by impregnating phase-change materials into porous building materials like concrete, wallboards, bricks or complements of the building structure. Integrating storages filled with phase-change materials makes other implementations, for instance accumulating tanks or envelopes as presented in this thesis, in an air heat exchanger. An appropriate phasetransition temperature of the supposed application is critical to the functionality of the material. For example, in cooling applications, the transition temperature of the material should be a few degrees lower than the requested comfort temperature in the building, and the opposite for heating applications. In order to assess the thermal properties and the durability of the material, a watercalorimetric equipment was developed and employed in an accelerated testing programme. The heat capacity of the material and in particular possible change in the heat capacity over time, after thermal cycling of the material, were measured. In the thermal cycling of the material from solid to liquid phase, the temperature rise and required energy supply were recorded. The testing programme was undertaken according to control procedures and documents. In order to be able to utilize the heat-storage capacity in the best way, it is necessary to gain knowledge about thermal properties of the material, especially the long-term behaviour of the material and the deterioration rates of the thermal properties. A semi-full-scale air heat exchanger based on phase-change material was developed and tested under real temperature conditions during the summer of 2004. The test results were used to compare and verify computer simulations made on a similar plant. The air heat exchanger utilises the ambient diurnal temperature swing to charge and discharge the phasechange material. The material tested in the calorimeter and in the air heat exchanger has an estimated phase-change temperature of about 24 °C. / QC 20101123
120

Modeling The Temperature of a Calorimeter at Clab : Considering a Thermodynamic Model of The Temperature Evolution of The Calorimeter System 251

Ekman, Johannes January 2021 (has links)
It is important to know the heat generated due to nuclear decay in the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. In Sweden, the heating powers generated in spent nuclear fuels are currently measured in the calorimeter System 251 at the Clab facility, Oskarshamn. In order to better measure, and increase understanding, of the temperature measurements in the calorimeter, a simple thermodynamic model of its temperature evolution was developed. The model was described as a system of ordinary differential equations, which were solved, and the solution was applied to calibration measurements of the calorimeter. How precise the model is, how its parameters affect the model, et cetera, are addressed. How the temperature evolution of the system changes as the values of parameters in the model are changed is addressed. The mass correction of the calorimeter could be estimated from this model, which validated the established mass correction of the calorimeter. How the measurement results from the calorimeter would be affected if the volume of the calorimeter was changed was also considered. Additionally, gamma radiation escape from the calorimeter without being detected as heat in the calorimeter. The gamma escape energy fraction was estimated by SERPENT simulations of the calorimeter, as a function of the initial photon energy. The gamma escape was also estimated for different values of the radius of System 251.

Page generated in 0.0926 seconds