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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
471

Effets du farnesol ((E, E)-3, 7, 11-triméthyldodéca-2, 6, 10-triene-1-OL) sur la croissance et la transformation de Candida albicans

Saidi, Saïd 11 April 2018 (has links)
Durant les 20 dernières années, les infections fongiques ont augmenté de façon considérable et causent un défi dans le domaine médical. C. albicans est responsable de 20 % à 75 % de la majorité des candidoses. La candidose buccale se produit à plus de 80% chez les patients infectés par le VIH, et C. albicans a pu être identifié chez 78-100 % des porteurs de prothèses dentaires souffrant de stomatite prothétique. Lors de traitement, les antifongiques ont une efficacité limitée. Dans le but de trouver un nouvel antifongique qui pourrait résoudre les problèmes de résistance de C. albicans aux antifongiques disponibles actuellement, nous avons évalué in vitro l'effet du famesol sur la croissance et la transformation de C. albicans ainsi que son innocuité sur les cellules gingivales humaines. Nous avons d'abord étudié l'effet du famesol à différentes concentrations (0 à 300 uM) sur la croissance et la transformation de C. albicans. Pour tester l'innocuité du famesol, nous avons utilisé des cellules épithéliales et des fibroblastes isolés de biopsies de tissus palatins. L'effet du famesol sur la croissance et la transformation de C. albicans a été analysé par numération cellulaire. L'innocuité a été étudiée par des techniques de microscopie optique et par numération cellulaire. Avec les différentes cultures cellulaires qu'on a réalisées, nous avons montré que le famesol réduit la croissance de C. albicans et inhibe sa transformation de la forme blastospore à la forme hyphe. Les études de l'innocuité du famesol sur les cellules gingivales humaines ont montré que le famesol était nocif pour les fibroblastes (70 uM) mais les cellules épithéliales étaient plus résistantes (150 uM). Nos travaux montrent aussi que le famesol et les cellules gingivales humaines ont des effets synergiques contre la transformation de C. albicans. Ces études suggèrent que le famesol pourrait être utilisé comme un agent antifongique.
472

Epidemiology and resistance patterns of bacterial and fungal colonization of biliary plastic stents

Lübbert, Christoph, Wendt, Karolin, Feisthammel, Jürgen, Moter, Annette, Lippmann, Norman, Busch, Thilo, Mössner, Joachim, Hoffmeister, Albrecht, Rodloff, Arne C. 27 June 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Background: Plastic stents used for the treatment of biliary obstruction will become occluded over time due to microbial colonization and formation of biofilms. Treatment of stent-associated cholangitis is often not effective because of inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents or antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to assess the current bacterial and fungal etiology of stentassociated biofilms, with particular emphasis on antimicrobial resistance. Methods: Patients with biliary strictures requiring endoscopic stent placement were prospectively enrolled. After the retrieval of stents, biofilms were disrupted by sonication, microorganisms were cultured, and isolates were identified by matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and/or biochemical typing. Finally, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for various antimicrobial agents. Selected stents were further analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: Among 120 patients (62.5% males, median age 64 years) with biliary strictures (35% malignant, 65% benign), 113 double pigtail polyurethane and 100 straight polyethylene stents were analyzed after a median indwelling time of 63 days (range, 1–1274 days). The stent occlusion rate was 11.5%and 13%, respectively, being associated with a significantly increased risk of cholangitis (38.5% vs. 9.1%, P<0.001). Ninety-five different bacterial and 13 fungal species were detected; polymicrobial colonization predominated (95.8% vs. 4.2%, P<0.001). Enterococci (79.3%), Enterobacteriaceae (73.7%), and Candida spp. (55.9%) were the leading pathogens. Candida species were more frequent in patients previously receiving prolonged antibiotic therapy (63% vs. 46.7%, P = 0.023). Vancomycinresistant enterococci accounted for 13.7%, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae with co-resistance to ciprofloxacin accounted for 13.9%, and azole-resistant Candida spp. accounted for 32.9% of the respective isolates. Conclusions: Enterococci and Candida species play an important role in the microbial colonization of biliary stents. Therefore, empirical antimicrobial treatment of stent-associated cholangitis should be guided toward enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, streptococci, anaerobes, and Candida. To determine causative pathogens, an accurate microbiological analysis of the extracted stent(s) may be helpful.
473

Genotyping Candida species and molecular analysis of C. albicans gene encoding mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase

Dassanayake, Ranil Samantha. January 2000 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Dentistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy
474

Effects of cationic antimicrobial peptides on Candida and Saccharomyces species

Harris, Mark R. January 2010 (has links)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found throughout the animal kingdom and act as a natural defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. These peptides are toxic to invading organisms without acting on host cells, so are of interest for their potential to act as potent new drugs against pathogenic organisms. AMPs traverse the cell wall and predominantly target the plasma membrane, resulting in destabilisation, leakage of intracellular components and cell death. In this thesis the mode of action of several AMPs was investigated. The role of the cell wall was studied and found to mediate peptide binding, the inhibition of certain cell wall components also increased peptide action, subsequent internalisation events were observed with varying localisation patterns and the effect of several genes that alter cell susceptibility to AMP were examined. Several Candida albicans mutants, each deficient in cell wall protein mannosylation, were tested in relation to their susceptibility to AMPs. It was discovered that cells lacking or deficient in the phosphomannan fraction, with a concomitant reduction in surface negative charge, correlated with reduced susceptibility to AMP action. To ascertain whether peptide binds to negatively charged phosphate, the effect of exogenous glucosamine 6-phosphate (but not glucosamine hydrochloride) was studied demonstrating that peptide efficacy was reduced due to the presence of exogenous phosphate. More specifically, sequestration of the truncated cationic AMP dermaseptin S3 (DsS3(1-16)) was reduced in these phosphomannan deficient mutants. Microscopy analysis of fluorescein tagged DsS3(1-16) also revealed the differential localisation patterns of this AMP: transiently binding to the plasma membrane, localisation to the vacuole or diffuse distribution throughout the cytoplasm. It is proposed that for these cationic AMPs to exert their full antifungal action they must first bind to the negatively charged phosphate. The echinocandins are a relatively new class of antifungal that function by inhibiting 1,3-β glucan synthase resulting in reduced 1,3-β glucan in the cell wall. As AMPs have to traverse the cell wall it was postulated that cells lacking this fraction would display increased AMP binding to the membrane. Clinical isolate strains of Candida and Cryptococcus spp. were acquired to test their susceptibility to AMP and echinocandin combinations. Comparing the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) (supported by viable cell counts and on a solid surface using disc diffusion assays) synergy was observed between caspofungin, anidulafungin and several AMPs in vitro. In vitro toxicity assays revealed no increase in haemolytic or cytotoxic action on combination. These synergistic combinations could provide a novel treatment against fungal pathogens. The final area of study was based upon work that identified genes whose expression altered cell susceptibility to AMPs. Three genes were selected for investigation that upon deletion increased the action of DsS3(1-16) or magainin 2 on S. cerevisiae. Results from growth analysis, peptide sequestration and cell viability counts confirmed that deletion of HAL5, LDB7 or IMP2’ did increase susceptibility. Additionally, deletion of HAL5 increased the probability of cell depolarisation upon peptide exposure. Expression of GFP-tagged Imp2’ also increased when cells were exposed to DsS3(1-16). It was concluded that deletion of HAL5 increases depolarisation due to insufficient potassium efflux, leading to ion leakage and cell death facilitated by AMP action. Double strand break repair and DNA protection are probably compromised upon deletion of LDB7 and IMP2’, increasing the inhibitory action of DsS3(1-16) that has previously been shown to bind to DNA.
475

Estudo da produção de xilitol a partir de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz empregando células de Candida guilliermondii permeabilizadas com Triton X-100 / Study of xylitol production from hemicellulosic rice straw hydrolyzate using Candida guilliermondii cells permeabilized with Triton X-100

Tiburcio, Mariana André Gonçalves 30 November 2018 (has links)
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de xilitol a partir de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz empregando células de Candida guilliermondii permeabilizadas com Triton X-100. Para a obtenção do hidrolisado hemicelulósico foram realizadas etapas de pré-tratamento da palha de arroz sob condições previamente otimizadas pelo grupo de pesquisa, incluindo um tratamento alcalino seguido de tratamento com ácido diluído. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o efeito do meio de permeabilização celular (meio semi-definido ou hidrolisado hemicelulósico) sobre a biotransformação de xilose em xilitol empregando hidrolisado hemicelulósico. Numa segunda etapa, foi avaliado o efeito de tampão fosfato de potássio e MgCl2.6H2O sobre o processo de biotransformação empregando hidrolisado não detoxificado e detoxificado com carvão ativado através de um planejamento experimental 22. As condições de biotransformação foram mantidas a 35 °C, pH 6,8, com uma suspensão celular de 10-12 g/L. Neste estudo ficou demonstrado que a biotransformação do hidrolisado empregando células permeabilizadas em meio semi-definido, mostrou uma produtividade volumétrica em xilitol (QP = 1,86 g/L.h) de 34,8 % superior à obtida com células permeabilizadas no próprio hidrolisado (QP = 1,38 g/L.h), enquanto os fatores de conversão de xilose em xilitol foram semelhantes (~0,57 g/g) independente do meio de permeabilização. Foi observado que a adição de tampão fosfato de potássio e/ou MgCl2.6H2O ao hidrolisado hemicelulósico (não detoxificado e detoxificado) não promoveu qualquer efeito sobre a biotransformação de xilose em xilitol, obtendo-se em média uma produtividade volumétrica de 2,0 g/L.h e um fator de conversão de 0,57 g/g. O impacto da permeabilização celular com Triton X-100 sobre a biotransformação de xilose em xilitol empregando hidrolisado hemicelulósico não detoxificado e sem qualquer adição de sais foi de um aumento de 40 % na produtividade volumétrica e de 32 % no fator de conversão de xilose em xilitol. As células permeabilizadas com Triton X-100 também mostraram elevada estabilidade. Os valores de produtividade volumétrica e fator de conversão de xilose em xilitol foram mantidos em 4 ciclos de 15 horas cada em bateladas repetidas, os quais apresentaram em média 1,93 g/L.h e 0,59 g/g, respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que a permeabilização celular é uma potencial estratégia para a biotransformação de xilose em xilitol a partir de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz, pois além de aumentar os parâmetros da biotransformação, não promoveu queda da viabilidade celular e permitiu o reuso das células. / The present study aimed to evaluate the production of xylitol from hemicellulosic rice straw hydrolyzate using Candida guilliermondii cells permeabilized with Triton X-100. To obtain the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate, pre-treatment steps were performed on rice straw under conditions previously optimized by the research group, including an alkaline treatment followed by diluted acid treatment. Initially, the effect of the cellular permeabilization medium (semi-defined medium or hemicellulosic hydrolyzate) on the biotransformation of xylose in xylitol using a hemicellulosic hydrolyzate was evaluated. In a second step, the effect of potassium phosphate buffer and MgCl2.6H2O on the biotransformation process was evaluated using non-detoxified hydrolyzate and detoxified with activated charcoal through an experimental design 22. The biotransformation conditions were maintained at 35 °C, pH 6,8, with a cell suspension of 10-12 g/L. In this study, it was demonstrated that in the biotransformation of xylitol in xylitol by cells permeabilized in semi-defined medium using hemicellulosic hydrolyzate, the volumetric productivity in xylitol (QP = 1,86 g/L.h) was 34,8% higher than that obtained with cells permeabilized in hydroxylate (QP = 1,38 g/L.h), while xylose conversion factors in xylitol were similar (~ 0,57 g/g) independent of the permeabilization medium. It was observed that the addition of potassium phosphate buffer and / or MgCl2.6H2O to the hemicellulosic (non-detoxified and detoxified) hydrolyzate did not have any effect on the biotransformation of xylitol into xylitol, obtaining, on average, a volumetric productivity of 2,0 g/L.h and a conversion factor of 0,57 g/g. The impact of cell permeabilization with Triton X-100 on xylose biotransformation in xylitol using non-detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolyzate and without any addition of salts was a 40% increase in volumetric productivity and 32% in xylose conversion factor in xylitol. Cells permeabilized with Triton X-100 also showed high stability. The values of volumetric productivity and conversion factor of xylose in xylitol were maintained in 4 cycles of 15 hours each in repeated batch, which presented, on average, 1,93 g/L.h and 0,59 g/g, respectively. These results show that cellular permeabilization is a potential strategy for the biotransformation of xylitol in xylitol from hemicellulosic rice straw hydrolyzate, since in addition to increasing the parameters of biotransformation, it did not promote a decrease in cell viability and allowed reuse of the cells.
476

Influência do tempo de pré-irradiação empregado na terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana / Influence of pre-irradiation time employed in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy

Fumes, Ana Caroline 07 July 2017 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, o efeito de diferentes tempos de pré-irradiação do fotossensibilizador na terapia fotodinâmica em biofilmes formados por Streptococcus mutans e Candida albicans, por meio da avaliação da carga microbiana. Os fatores em estudo foram: tempos de pré-irradiação do fotossensibilizador em 3 níveis (1, 2 ou 5 minutos). Para o controle do biofilme dentário cariogênico com aPDT foi utilizado o azul de metileno (0,01%) associado ao laser de diodo (&lambda;=660 nm). O digluconato de clorexidina (CHX a 0,12%) e a solução salina foram utilizados como controle positivo e negativo, respectivamente. O delineamento do estudo foi realizado em blocos completos e casualizados, sendo a amostra composta por 15 culturas de biofilmes de S. mutans, divididas aleatoriamente em 5 grupos e 15 culturas de C. albicans, também divididas em 5 grupos. O experimento foi realizado em triplicata (n=3) e as variáveis de resposta foram obtidas por meio de análise quantitativa da viabilidade bacteriana, expressa em unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) por mm2 da área do espécime. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o auxílio do teste one-way ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey. Todas as análises foram efetuadas por meio do programa Graph Pad Prism 4.0, com nível de significância de 5%. Para o grupo de S. mutans, apenas a solução salina apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparada aos demais tratamentos (p<0.05), ou seja, o tratamento com aPDT, independentemente do tempo de irradiação aplicado, foi semelhante ao tratamento com CHX e ambos foram mais eficazes na redução do biofilme cariogênico, em comparação à solução salina. Para o grupo de C. albicans não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (p>0.05). Portanto, pode-se concluir que o tratamento com aPDT diminuiu o número de UFCs de S. Mutans de forma semelhante à CHX, independentemente do tempo de pré-irradiação aplicado. Não foi possível constatar nenhum efeito desta terapia e dos diferentes tempos de pré-irradiação sobre o biofilme de C. albicans. Desta forma, o tempo de pré-irradiação de 1 minuto pode ser utilizado com o objetivo de reduzir a carga microbiana de S. Mutans. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of different pre-irradiation times of the photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy in biofilms formed by on by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, through the evaluation of the microbial load. The factors under study were: times of pre-irradiation of the photosensitizer in 3 levels (1, 2 or 5 minutes). For the control of the cariogenic dental biofilm with aPDT, methylene blue (0.01%) was used in association with the diode laser (&lambda;=660 nm). Chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12% CHX) and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The study design was carried out in complete and randomized blocks. The sample consisted of 15 S. mutans biofilms cultures, randomly divided into 5 groups and 15 C. albicans cultures, also divided into 5 groups. The experiment was performed in triplicate (n = 3) and the response variables were obtained through quantitative analysis of bacterial viability, expressed in colony forming units (CFU) per mm2 of the specimen area. The data were analyzed with the aid of the ANOVA one-way test and Tukey\'s post-test. All analyzes were performed using the Graph Pad Prism 4.0 program, with a significance level of 5%. For the S. mutans group, only the saline solution presented a statistically significant difference when compared to the other treatments (p <0.05), that is, the treatment with aPDT, irrespective of the irradiation time applied, was similar to the treatment with CHX and both were more effective in reducing cariogenic biofilm compared to saline. For the group of C. albicans there was no statistical difference between the groups (p> 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment with aPDT reduced the number of CFUs of S. Mutans in a similar way to CHX, independently of the pre-irradiation time applied. No effect of this therapy or of the different pre-irradiation times on the C. albicans biofilm could be observed. In this way, the pre-irradiation time of 1 minute can be used to reduce the microbial load of S. mutans.
477

Produção de biofilme e perfil de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos de isolados de Candida spp. em episódios de candidemia no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP / Biofilm production and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida spp. isolates from candidemia episodes from the Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP

Cardoso, Bárbara 14 June 2017 (has links)
Candida spp. constitui o grupo mais importante de fungos patogênicos oportunistas, que está associado a elevadas taxas de mortalidade. As principais espécies causadoras de infecções sanguíneas são: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Conhecer a distribuição das espécies e padrões de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos é fundamental para o estabelecimento de medidas de controle da candidemia. A patogenicidade dessas leveduras depende de alguns fatores de virulência como a capacidade de escapar dos mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro e a capacidade de formação de biofilme. Biofilmes são comunidades microbianas organizadas aderidas a uma superfície sólida, biótica ou abiótica, e envolvidas por uma matriz polissacarídica extracelular. Eles podem apresentar resistência a antimicrobianos e ser fontes de infecções crônicas e persistentes, e a sua relação fungo-hospedeiro é pouco conhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o impacto da formação de biofilme sobre o perfil de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos, de espécies de Candida isoladas em episódios de candidemia no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram isoladas 70 amostras de Candida spp. através de hemoculturas, e características dos pacientes foram avaliadas, através da análise dos prontuários médicos. A espécie mais prevalente foi C. albicans, seguida por C. parapsilosis (sensu latu), C. glabrata e C. tropicalis a menos frequente. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima dos antifúngicos anfotericina B (AMB), caspofungina (CAS), fluconazol (FLC) e voriconazol (VOR) foi determinada em células planctônicas dos 70 isolados de Candida spp., de acordo com as diretrizes do CLSI. Dentre os isolados, um de C. albicans foi resistente ao FLC e VOR; todos os isolados de C. glabrata e um isolado de C. parapsilosis foram suscetíveis dose dependente ao FLC, dois isolados de C. glabrata foram suscetíveis dose dependente à CAS e um isolado de C. tropicalis foi suscetível dose dependente ao VOR. A capacidade de formação de biofilme pelos isolados foi analisada, e de acordo com a atividade metabólica, todos os isolados de C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. tropicalis foram capazes de formar biofilme em placas de poliestireno, em 24 horas, e 50% dos isolados de C. parapsilosis não foram capazes de formar biofilme. Biofilmes de cada espécie foram visualizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e demonstraram diferenças estruturais de acordo com cada espécie. A Concentração Erradicatória Mínima dos antifúngicos aos biofilmes de todos os isolados foi determinada. AMB e CAS mostraram atividade contra biofilmes de Candida spp., contudo, biofilmes de certos isolados requereram concentrações maiores que as necessárias para inibir o crescimento de células planctônicas; FLC e VOR, no geral, não possuem ação eficaz contra biofilmes de Candida spp.. Quando isolados de C. albicans, com diferentes perfis de formação de biofilme, foram avaliados quanto a sua virulência in vivo no hospedeiro invertebrado Galleria mellonella, foi obervada uma tendência de maior virulência no grupo de isolados previamente classificados com alta formação de biofilme. Os resultados obtidos refletem a influência da formação de biofilme na suscetibilidade dos isolados clínicos aos antifúngicos comumente utilizados na prática médica / Candida spp. is part of the most important group of opportunistic pathogenic fungi, which is associated with high mortality rates. The main species causing bloodstream infections are: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. The knowledge about these species´ distribution and their antifungal susceptibility profiles is essential to establish measures to control candidemia. The pathogenesis of these yeasts depends on some virulence factors, such as their ability to escape host defense and their capacity of forming biofilm. Biofilms are organized microbial communities adhered to a biotic or abiotic solid surface and surrounded by an extracellular matrix; they can be resistant to antimicrobial agents and the source of chronic and persistent infections, and its fungal-host relationship is still little known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofilm formation on antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from candidemia episodes at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. A total of 70 Candida spp. samples were isolated through blood culture, and the patients\' characteristics were evaluated through the analysis of their medical records. The most isolated species was C. albicans, followed by C. parapsilosis (sensu latu), C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis the least frequent. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for the antifungal agents amphotericin B (AMB), caspofungin (CAS), fluconazole (FLC) and voriconazole (VOR) were determined in planktonic cells for the 70 Candida spp. isolates, following CLSI guidelines. Among the isolates, one C. albicans isolate was resistant to FLC and VOR; all the C. glabrata and one C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible dose dependent to FLC; two C. glabrata isolates were susceptible dose dependent to CAS, and one C. tropicalis isolate was susceptible dose dependent to VOR . The isolates´ ability to form biofilm was analyzed and according to the metabolic activity, all the C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis isolates were able to form biofilm in polystyrene plates, in 24 hours, and 50% of the C. parapsilosis isolates were not able to form biofilm. Biofilms of each species were visualized through scanning electron microscopy and structural differences were seen according to each species. The Minimal Eradication Concentrations of the antifungal to the biofilms were determined. AMB and CAS showed activity against Candida spp. biofilms, however, some isolates needed concentrations much higher than the used to inhibit planktonic growth; FLC and VOR in general were not efficient against Candida spp. biofilms. When C. albicans isolates, which showed different biofilm formation profiles, were tested about their in vivo virulence using the invertebrate host Galleria mellonella, it was possible to observe a propensity of the high biofilm formers isolates to be more virulent. The results reflect the effect of biofilms on clinical isolates susceptibility to antifungal drugs commonly used during medical practice.
478

Estudo da função dos neutrófilos nos mecanismos de defesa contra a estomatite por dentadura em indivíduos idosos / Study of neutrophils from elderly in the defense mechanisms against Candida-related denture stomatitis

Gasparoto, Thais Helena 11 December 2009 (has links)
Os neutrófilos são as primeiras células a migrar para sítios de infecção e desempenham importante papel na defesa contra vários patógenos, especialmente Candida albicans. A função dos neutrófilos envolve fagocitose e destruição de leveduras e formas filamentosas do fungo, além de produção de citocinas e quimiocinas, capazes de ativar outras células envolvidas na eliminação de C. albicans. Recentemente, tem sido mostrado que estas células apresentam prejuízos com o avanço da idade e estes fenômenos fazem parte de uma área da Imunologia conhecida como Imunossenescência. A estomatite protética é a lesão oral mais verificada em idosos e a sua persistência é diretamente relacionada com a presença de espécies de Candida, principalmente C. albicans, nas lesões e na superfície interna de próteses, especialmente totais superiores (PTS). Com o objetivo de avaliar possíveis alterações em neutrófilos que poderiam predispor usuários de prótese total superior à estomatite protética, foram analisados neutrófilos de sangue e de saliva de idosos e jovens com estomatite protética associada à Candida (EPC), bem como de indivíduos controles. No primeiro capítulo foi avaliada a positividade de Candida e as diferentes espécies deste patógeno em lesões de estomatite protética e superfície interna de PTS. C. albicans foi a espécie mais detectada em lesões de EP e na PTS. No segundo capítulo, os neutrófilos do sangue dos indivíduos da pesquisa foram caracterizados quanto ao fenótipo ex vivo, função fagocítica e produção de citocinas e quimiocinas após desafio com C. albicans. Neutrófilos do sangue de indivíduos com EPC, bem como de idosos sem EPC, apresentaram características relacionadas com suscetibilidade às doenças causadas por C. albicans. No terceiro capítulo, os neutrófilos salivares dos indivíduos foram caracterizados quanto ao fenótipo ex vivo e função fagocítica após desafio com C. albicans. Além disso, níveis de citocinas e quimiocinas relacionadas com resposta imune de proteção ou suscetibilidade à infecções por C. albicans foram detectadas nas amostras de saliva. Os resultados indicaram diferenças nos neutrófilos salivares e componentes solúveis da saliva de pacientes com EPC. Também, alterações observadas nos neutrófilos resultantes da imunossenescência podem tornar os idosos mais suscetíveis a infecções por Candida e doenças associadas com a presença deste fungo. / Neutrophils are the first line of immune cells to migrate into infection sites, playing an important role against pathogens, especially Candida albicans. These cells phagocytose and destroy yeasts or filamentous forms of this fungus, beyond secrete cytokines and chemokines that activate other immune cells to eliminate C. albicans. Nowadays, it has been shown that the ageing damages neutrophil function and such events are described as part of Imunosenescence. Denture stomatitis is the most oral lesion present in elderly, and its persistence is related to Candida species, especially C. albicans, in the lesions and prosthesis fitting surface, particularly maxillary prosthesis (MP). In order to evaluate possible neutrophil alterations predisposing denture wearers to Candida- related denture stomatitis (DS), blood and salivary neutrophils from elderly and younger individuals with DS, as well control ones, were analyzed. Thus, the first chapter addresses the presence of Candida species on the denture stomatitis lesions and MP fitting surface. C. albicans was the most species detected in DS lesions and MP. On the second chapter, blood neutrophils from the individuals were characterized about ex vivo phenotype, phagocytic function, and cytokines and chemokines production after challenged with C. albicans. Blood neutrophils from DS individuals, as well elderly without DS, presented characteristics of susceptibility to C. albicans diseases. On the third chapter, salivary neutrophils from the individuals were characterized about ex vivo phenotype and phagocytic function against C. albicans. In addition, salivary cytokines and chemokines involved with resistance or susceptibility to C. albicans infection were detected. Results indicated differences in salivary neutrophils and soluble components from patients with DS. In addition, alterations observed in neutrophils by immunosenescence could facilitate Candida infections and diseases related to the presence of this pathogen in elderly.
479

Candida spp. em escovas dentais e eficácia de antimicrobianos na sua desinfecção / Candida spp. on toothbrushes and efficacy of antimicrobial agents for their disinfection.

Rodrigues, Andresa Piacezzi Nascimento 21 May 2009 (has links)
Os objetivos foram avaliar a presença de Candida spp. em escovas dentais; a eficácia do Periogard® e do Neem Sattiva®, em spray, na desinfecção destas escovas; a atividade antimicrobiana, in vitro, do Neem Sattiva®, do Periogard® e da solução de gluconato de clorexidina a 0,5% por meio da Diluição Inibitória Máxima (DIMax); e a capacidade de Candida spp. formar biofilme, in vitro, sobre as cerdas e hastilhas de escovas dentais (empregando a técnica de cultura microbiana e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Participaram do estudo clínico randomizado 61 estudantes de Odontologia da FORP USP. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas. Em cada etapa, os voluntários receberam escovas novas e realizaram a escovação dentária sem dentifrício, por dois minutos. Cada solução foi borrifada sobre as cerdas das escovas por seis vezes. Após quatro horas à temperatura ambiente, as escovas foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico para o isolamento e identificação das espécies de Candida. A DIMax dos antissépticos foi realizada utilizando o método da diluição em ágar. As escovas dentais de 37,3% dos indivíduos estavam contaminadas por Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e Candida sp.). O Periogard® e o Neem Sattiva®, em spray, inibiram o crescimento de Candida spp. em 40,9 e 9,1% das escovas, respectivamente. Portanto, o spray de Periogard® foi mais eficaz que o spray de Neem Sattiva® para esse propósito. As DIMaxs do Neem Sattiva®, do Periogard® e da solução de clorexidina a 0,5% frente a 63 cepas de Candida spp. foram 1/10, 1/20 e 1/40, respectivamente. Candida spp. foram capazes de formar biofilme, in vitro, sobre hastilhas (polietileno de baixa densidade) de escovas dentais. O mesmo não ocorreu nas cerdas de náilon. / The purposes were to evaluate the presence of Candida spp. on toothbrushes; the efficacy of Periogard® and Neem Sattiva®, in spray, in the disinfection of these toothbrushes; the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Neem Sattiva®, Periogard® and solution containing 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate by the Maximum Inhibitory Dilution (MID); and the ability of Candida spp. to form biofilm in vitro on the bristles and small sticks of toothbrushes (using the microbial culture technique and scanning electron microscopy). In the randomized clinical study participated 61 students matriculated at the Dentistry course of the FORP USP. The study was performed into three phases. In each phase, volunteers received new toothbrushes and performed toothbrushing with no dentifrice, during two minutes. Each solution was sprayed six times on the toothbrush bristles. After four hours at room temperature, toothbrushes were submitted to microbiological processing for the isolation and identification of Candida species. MID of antiseptics was performed using the agar dilution method. Toothbrushes used by 37.3% of subjects were contaminated by Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and Candida sp.). Periogard® and Neem Sattiva®, in spray, inhibited growth of Candida spp. in 40.9 and 9.1% of toothbrushes, respectively. Therefore, Periogard® spray was more efficacious than Neem Sattiva® spray for this purpose. MID of Neem Sattiva®, Periogard® and solution containing 0.5% chlorhexidine against 63 Candida spp. strains were 1/10, 1/20 and 1/40, respectively. Candida spp. were able to form biofilm in vitro on the toothbrush small sticks (low-density polyethylene). This did not occur on the nylon bristles.
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Avaliação dos possíveis mecanismos de ação dos probióticos contra Candida spp. isoladas de usuários de próteses totais / Evaluation of possible action mechanisms by probiotics against Candida spp. isolated from complete dentures users

Aldarvis, Juliana Duarte Guerreiro 29 January 2014 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro os mecanismos de ação coagregação, produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácidos orgânicos por probióticos no combate ao crescimento de Candida spp. A Estomatite sob Prótese é uma das infecções que acomete a mucosa oral, nas áreas recobertas por próteses, como resultado de condições locais ou sistêmicas que alteram a microbiota do hospedeiro, podendo estar associada à presença de Candida. O tratamento com antifúngicos tópicos é amplamente difundido para tratar candidose, porém algumas cepas de Candida se tornaram resistentes aos fármacos mais utilizados devido ao seu uso indiscriminado. Alguns trabalhos mostraram inibição do crescimento de Candida por probióticos, mas não se sabe ao certo quais mecanismos de ação agem nesta inibição. Para esta investigação foram utilizadas 77 amostras de leveduras isoladas de usuários de próteses totais, 4 cepas Candida ATCC, e 3 cepas de Lactobacillus. Realizou-se os testes de inibição de Candida por probióticos, produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácidos orgânicos, coagregação, curva de crescimento e inibição por ácido láctico. Os resultados demostraram a produção de H2O2 pelos lactobacilos, porém este mecanismo não pôde ser destacado como o responsável pela inibição. Os índices de coagregação obtiveram coeficiente de correlação r =0,5 com a capacidade de inibição dos micro-organismos. Houve intensa produção de ácidos orgânicos em culturas e co-culturas, de acordo com a cepa de lactobacilo presente. A presença de Candida não alterou as contagens de UFC dos lactobacilos. Já a presença de lactobacilos provocou redução nas contagens de Candida, especialmente C. albicans e C. dubliniensis. As curvas de crescimento e de pH mostraram que o comportamento das co-culturas é semelhante ao das culturas de lactobacilos. A análise de pH mostrou que a acidificação ocorreu em todas as culturas, porém L. rhamnosus promoveram uma maior acidificação. Concluímos que o ácido láctico é o mecanismo de ação mais importante dentre os estudados, sendo capaz de reduzir a contagem de UFC e alterar as curvas de crescimento de C. albicans e C. dubliniensis e que a inibição ocorre através de múltiplos fatores que podem variar de acordo com as espécies de leveduras e lactobacilos presentes. / This work objective was to evaluate in vitro the action mechanisms of coaggregation, hydrogen peroxide production and organic acids in preventing the growth of Candida spp.. The denture stomatitis is one of the infection types that affect the oral mucosa, in the area covered by prosthesis as a result of local or systemic conditions that changes the bacterial microbiota of the hostess, usually associated with the presence of Candida. The treatment using topical antifungal agents is widely spread to treat candidosis. However, some of the Candida strains became resistant to the most used drugs because of its indiscriminate use. Some pieces of work revealed success in preventing the growth of Candida by probiotics, but it is still unknown which mechanisms act on this exhibition. For this investigation there have been used 77 yeast samples isolated from total prosthesis users, being 4 ATCC strains of Candida, and 3 strains of Lactobacillus. There have been run inhibition tests of Candida by probiotics, hydrogen peroxide and organic acids production, coaggregation, growth curve and lactic acid inhibition. The results detect the H2O2 production by lactobacilli; however this mechanism could not be highlighted as the responsible for the inhibition observed. The coaggregation indexes showed correlation coefficients of r = 0.5 with the microorganisms inhibition capacity. There has been intensive organic acid production in cultures and co-cultures, according to the present lactobacilli strain. Candida presence did not alter the lactobacilli UFC count, whereas the lactobacilli presence caused reduction in Candida count, especially C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. The growth curves and pH showed that the behavior of co-cultures is similar to the lactobacilli cultures. The pH analysis showed that acidification occurred for all cultures; nevertheless, L. rhamnosus has promoted a greater acidification. We concluded that lactic acid is the most important mechanism among the studied ones, being capable of reducing UFC count and shifting the growth curves for C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. Furthermore, we concluded that the inhibition occurs through multiple factors that may vary according to the present yeast and lactobacilli species.

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