Trata-se de pesquisa empírica cujo objeto são os indicadores do Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS). À luz deste índice, se analisa educação e desenvolvimento nos municípios do noroeste paulista, buscando compreender que fatores levam aos bons resultados nos indicadores de escolaridade, obtidos por um grupo de municípios com baixos níveis de riqueza, denominados de grupo 3 do IPRS. O trabalho busca, por meio de um olhar crítico da composição das variáveis do IPRS, analisar a capacidade destas expressarem a realidade do ambiente educacional dos municípios e, ao mesmo tempo, serem úteis na definição de políticas visando fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Com isso objetiva contribuir com o debate sobre a formulação de indicadores educacionais mais adequados à análise do desenvolvimento na atualidade. Parte-se da constatação da relevância da educação nas atuais dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, não mais compreendido como sinônimo de crescimento econômico, ressaltando a inclusão da dimensão educacional nos instrumentos de mensuração do desenvolvimento humano. São discutidos os conceitos de desenvolvimento como liberdade e de capital social como parâmetros para se compreender o surgimento de uma nova geração de indicadores de desenvolvimento dentre os quais o índice paulista. Estes conceitos são abordados com base nas referências teóricas fornecidas por Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu e Coleman, objetivando analisar a capacidade do IPRS em incorporar estes conceitos nas suas dimensões. Paralelamente a isso se apresenta e analisa os indicadores do IPRS no estado de São Paulo e nos municípios da região noroeste, buscando compreender o que leva a emergência de um grupo expressivo de municípios pobres em termos de riqueza mas com indicadores sociais satisfatórios. Para tanto são utilizados os dados secundários do banco de dados do IPRS da Fundação Seade. Com isso se constata dois aspectos: a relevância da dimensão escolaridade nos bons resultados sociais obtidos por estes municípios e a insuficiência dos indicadores educacionais do índice paulista, especialmente no que se refere a incorporar outras variáveis quantitativas relacionadas ao ambiente educacional disponível quanto variáveis referentes à qualidade dos processos educativos desenvolvidos. As seguintes considerações finais são apresentadas: o IPRS é um indicador que avança na sua estruturação e capacidade de retratar a realidade do desenvolvimento dos municípios, fugindo da padronização dos indicadores sintéticos, contudo, ainda apresenta limitações no que tange a capacidade de analisar o ambiente educacional e a qualidade da educação ofertada e, conseqüentemente, contribuir de maneira efetiva como instrumento de monitoramento e avaliação das políticas que visam fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos municípios paulistas. / The following study is an empirical research, having as its object the indicators of the Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility, here referred as IPRS). Having this Index as reference, we analyze education and development of the cities located in the Northwest of São Paulo State, aiming to understand which factors lead to the good results in schooling indicators obtained by a group of low income cities, rated in group 3 in the IPRS. The study?s purpose is to analyze (through a detailed and critical look at the variables that compose the IPRS) its capacity of expressing the reality of the educational environment in the cities as well as being useful in the definition of policies that would aim to strengthen its development actions. Considering this, we intend to contribute to the debate on the creation of educational indicators that would be more adequate to the analysis of development nowadays. We take as a premise the relevance of education in the current development actions, not seen as a synonym to economical growth anymore, stressing the inclusion of the educational dimension in the measuring instruments of human development. We address the concepts of development seen as freedom and social capital as a guideline to understand the advent of a new generation of development indicators among which is the São Paulo index. These concepts are approached based on the references of theories given by Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu and Coleman, purposing to analyze the capacity of IPRS to encompass all these concepts within its boundaries. Concurrently, we present and examine the IPRS indicators in São Paulo State and in the cities of the Northwestern region, attempting to understand what leads to the appearance of an expressive number of low income cities with satisfactory social indicators. In order to do that we use the secondary data of the IPRS database from Fundação Seade. Considering this, two aspects are evidenced: the relevance of the schooling dimension in the good social results obtained by these cities and the inadequacy of the educational indicators in the São Paulo index, especially in taking into consideration other quantitative variables related to the educational environment available and to the quality of the educational processes developed. The following final points are then presented: the IPRS is an indicator that moves towards to its organization and capacity of depicting the reality of the cities development, distancing itself from the standardization of synthetic indicators, though still presenting some limitation regarding the ability to analyze the educational environment and the education quality offered, and thus effectively collaborate as an instrument of monitoring and assessment of the policies that aim the strengthening of the development actions for São Paulo cities.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-08-17T16:35:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PoliticaOnlineCampanha.pdf: 3884938 bytes, checksum: a11e1df5b6ec51f1670c73893e042a6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-08-28T17:58:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PoliticaOnlineCampanha.pdf: 3884938 bytes, checksum: a11e1df5b6ec51f1670c73893e042a6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T17:58:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PoliticaOnlineCampanha.pdf: 3884938 bytes, checksum: a11e1df5b6ec51f1670c73893e042a6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As redes sociais, no Brasil, têm ampliando o grau de importância para as campanhas eleitorais ao incentivar o engajamento político por meio da publicação de opiniões realizadas pelas interações horizontais de milhões de usuários. Utilizamos a netnografia como metodologia de qualidade de aferição da hipótese de que a participação política é ampliada com o surgimento das redes sociais online. A pesquisa de dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar a campanha eleitoral de 2012, descrevendo a construção de ―capital social‖ na rede social online Facebook, analisando a importância desse meio como catalisador de capital social na estruturação de novos campos de planejamento de campanhas políticas e como estes se transformam em capital político, ou seja, em votos. / The present research aims to analyze Brazil's 2012 Election Campaign, describing the construction of "social capital" in the online social network 'Facebook'. The main goal is to analyze the importance of this vehicle as a catalyst of social capital and how these are transformed into political capital, that is, votes. In Brazil, social networks have expanded on their degree of importance for electoral campaigns, as these networks may encourage political engagement. The visibility on the web has been turned into results in the ballot boxes and/or into political capital. For this work, Netnography was used as a qualitative methodology for assessment of the hypothesis that political participation is extended with the emergence of online social networks.

Ces trois dernières décennies, de multiples recherches ont été menées sur le capital social afin de comprendre son fonctionnement, son importance sur l’être humain, son impact sur le bien-être de l’individu et son implication dans le bon fonctionnement de la société. De son côté, la théorie des capacités développée par Amartya Sen met en exergue des concepts essentiels pour l’économie du développement. Cette approche est centrée sur l’individu et laisse de côté le versant collectif de la problématique du développement. L’importance et l’impact des réseaux sociaux sont ignorés dans l’approche des capacités. Les réseaux sociaux, en manifestant l’implication des individus dans des groupements et des actions collectives, offrent un lien évident avec les capacités des individus aussi bien qu’avec leur capital social. Cet aspect a été développé par Giraud et al. (2013). Un autre déterminant ne doit pas être négligé dans le processus de développement : le bonheur ou bien-être subjectif. L’un des intérêts majeurs du capital social n’est-il pas de contribuer au bien-être subjectif des individus ? Ce dernier n’est-il pas une mesure, parmi d’autres, du «développement» ? A quoi bon accumuler du capital social ou déployer des capacités, fussent-elles relationnelles, si cela n’ajoute rien au bonheur ? Ces différents concepts et les liens qui les unissent, ne sont pas suffisamment approfondis dans la littérature. Cette thèse propose de tester différentes réponses possibles à la question : quels sont les liens entre capital social, capacités relationnelles, bonheur et développement économique ? / Welfare economics in a behavioral world is gaining increasing traction for research in economics and social sciences at large. Especially the last three decades, ever more research efforts have been directed to understand welfare better. Social capital has been one of the prime candidates and now a domain of research. Research is undertaken to understand its importance, how it operates, and what impact it has on the well-being of an individual and the health of a society. The capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen highlights the fundamental role of economic development that focuses on the improving individual capabilities and expanding choice sets of each individual. However, this capability approach is individual-centric and inadvertently leaves out the shared or the collective nature of an individual’s existence. The social networks/interconnectedness is not addressed in the capability approach of Sen. At the same time, the social networks embody the mobilization of individuals in groups, association, and civic action. This aspect is developed by Giraud et al. (2013), called the relational capability approach. Another major research domain that cannot be neglected in the economic or human development evaluation is happiness (or subjective well-being). The concept of subject well-being is closely related to the social capital domain. In the literature, these concepts of social capital, relational capabilities, subjective well-being and development, and especially the linkages between them are not well explored or explicitly studied. This is the primary motivation for this dissertation.

A ideia de conservar áreas de renomada beleza natural contribuiu para a criação de várias áreas protegidas no Mundo. No Brasil, essas áreas são denominadas as Unidades de Conservação (UC). Muitas delas estão ameaçadas quanto a seu papel básico de proteção/conservação da biodiversidade. Isso acontece graças a diversos fatores: falta de recursos financeiros e humanos, regularização fundiária incompleta, presença de atividades humanas conflitantes dentro e no entorno dos territórios das UC, problemas de gestão, entre outros. No estado de São Paulo, grande parte das UC integrais possuem moradores e comunidades tradicionais em seus territórios. No entanto, ainda é pequena a participação dessas populações nos processos decisórios de gestão de UC. O caso do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) se destaca pela diferença quanto às opções de gestão. Além do fato de que seu plano de manejo foi elaborado conjuntamente com as comunidades residentes no Parque, essas participaram ativamente das reuniões do Conselho Consultivo (CC), arena social de discussão e negociação sobre as regras de gestão do Parque. Nesse processo a comunidade do Marujá se destaca, dentre todas as comunidades do PEIC, por apresentar uma Associação de Moradores que é participante do CC. Durante dez anos (1998-2008) o PEIC e a comunidade do Marujá construíram um modelo de resolução de conflitos, principalmente ligado a problemas com o turismo no Parque. No entanto, ainda não estão claras quais foram as opções de gestão escolhidas para a obtenção destes resultados. Portanto, esta dissertação analisou como se pode traduzir o resultado exitoso de uma UC com comunidades, como o PEIC, em um modelo de gestão? Constatou-se que o PEIC seguiu como modelo a cogestão adaptativa, caracterizado pela possibilidade de complementaridade entre Estado e sociedade civil. No caso do PEIC, a cogestão adaptativa gerou um padrão de governança, corroborado pelo reconhecimento da importância histórica das comunidades tradicionais do Parque, na proteção e gestão, dos recursos naturais de uso comum da UC. Além disso, esse modelo auxiliou a gestão da UC a lidar com a polissemia de seu sistema socioecológico. Além de demonstrar a importância de se promover o estreitamento do capital social, para a resolução de conflitos relativos ao sistema socioecológico da UC. / Many protect areas (PA) around the World were created based on the idea of protecting areas with outstanding scenic beauty. In Brazil, many of them were threatened in basic conservation issues. It occurs due to many factors, e.g.: lack of financial and human resources, problems with PA limits, conflicts among human activities within and near the PA area, problems with PA management, among others. In São Paulo State, many of the PA (73%) has traditional communities living inside their limits. Besides this, the management process with the participation of these communities remains low. The Cardoso Island State Park (CISP) management case is outstanding among the others PA with six communities (São Paulo State). CISP had a management plan that was made with the communities participation. Those communities attended the Park Advisory Council (PAC). This PAC was a social arena, where the management rules were discussed and negotiated, among different social actors and the Park director. Among all communities, Marujá is one which stands out. This community has Residents Association that is active in the PAC. During ten years (1998-2008) the CISP and Marujá community had built up a conflicts resolution model, mainly related to tourism problems. However, it remains unclear which management alternatives were chosen for achieve these goals. Though this dissertation seeks to analyze how a successful management results can be translated in a management model? The CISP has developed an adaptive co-management model. This model is characterized as a synergy between State and civil society. In CISP, this management model had built up a governance system, which had recognized the historical importance of those traditional communities for the protection and management of common pool natural resources. In addition, it had helped this PA to lead with it socio-ecological system. The CISP management model had showed how the social capital strengthen is important to conflict resolution of PAs socio-ecological systems.

Esta tese mapeia o espaço social do jornalismo de educação brasileiro. Trata-se de trabalho exploratório que se propõe a descrever um universo não estudado no país e pouco abordado no mundo. Lança luz sobre um de seus principais atores o jornalista de educação por meio de uma análise sociológica multifocal que compreende três escalas de observação (macro, meso e micro). Apoia-se no referencial teórico das teorias de socialização para responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: como se caracterizam as lutas e jogos que se desenrolam no espaço do jornalismo de educação, quem é o jornalista de educação brasileiro e como este constrói sua identidade profissional. Parte-se da hipótese de que, para analisar a dinâmica do jornalismo de educação, é preciso compreender sua relação com outros espaços do universo jornalístico e do universo do poder, a estrutura das relações profissionais de seu espaço social, os sentidos em jogo ao longo da história e as trajetórias de socialização dos agentes. O trabalho de terreno resultou em informações quantitativas e qualitativas a partir de três instrumentos de coleta de dados: um survey, que contou com a participação de 92 dos 96 profissionais que compunham a população pesquisada, uma série de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 respondentes e uma socioanálise de uma redação jornalística. A análise aponta para um espaço social pouco autônomo, de instituições fracas e altamente sujeito a pressões externas. Como consequência, a organização do espaço não se dá em função do grau de especialização em educação. Identificam-se diferentes vetores de hierarquização, que apontam para uma multiplicidade de perfis identitários e para a marginalização dos profissionais mais especializados. Argumenta-se que essa configuração se deve a uma especificidade do contexto social brasileiro: um modelo societal que denominamos de modernidade intermitente, que fragiliza instituições e amplifica a necessidade de autofabricação dos sujeitos. Estes têm o desafio de enfrentar, com recursos próprios e individuais, as provas impostas ao longo de suas trajetórias. / This thesis maps the social space of the Brazilian education journalism. It is an exploratory work, which intends to describe a universe not yet studied in Brazil and poorly explored in the world. It sheds light upon one of its main actors the education journalist , using a multifocal sociological analysis, which comprises three scales of observation (macro, meso and micro). It relies on the theoretical framework of the theories of socialization to answer the following questions of research: how the disputes and the social games that take place in the space of education journalism are characterized, who is the Brazilian education journalist and how he/she builds his/her professional identity. The hypothesis proposed hereby is that, in order to analyze the dynamics of education journalism, one has to understand its relation with other spaces of the journalistic universe and the power universe, the structure of the professional relations within its social space, the senses at stake throughout its history and the agents trajectories of socialization. Fieldwork resulted both in quantitative and qualitative information extracted from three different instruments of data collection: a survey that comprised answers from 92 out of the 96 professionals of the researched population, a series of semi-structured interviews with 12 subjects and a socio-analysis of an education newsroom. The analysis points at a social space poorly autonomous, with weak institutions and heavily subjected to external pressures. Therefore, the organization of that space is not linked to the degree of specialization in education. One identifies different hierarchy vectors, which point to a multitude of identity profiles and to the marginalization of the most specialized professionals. One argues that this configuration is due to a specificity in the Brazilian context: a process that we call intermittent modernity, that weakens institutions and amplifies the subjects need of auto-fabrication. As a result, they must face the proofs throughout their trajectories relying mostly on their own individual resources.

Cette thèse contribue à analyser dans quelles mesures les coopératives financières concourent à laréduction de la pauvreté.De ce point de vue, nos analyses ont porté aussi bien sur l’adéquation du cadre conceptuel de cesinstitutions que sur leurs impacts sur les sociétaires. Par rapport au fonctionnement, nos analysesmontrent dans le cas du Bénin, que les principes coopératifs sont globalement appliqués. Toutefois, ellessont confrontées à des problèmes de viabilité financière et de gouvernance liés à la croissance dusociétariat.En ce qui concerne leurs impacts sur les sociétaires, nos résultats suggèrent dans le court terme, que lecaractère intégré de ces institutions s’est avéré globalement pertinent. Par rapport à la dimensionfinancière, il ressort des résultats obtenus que le crédit communautaire contribue favorablement àl’accroissement du revenu des ménages, à la promotion de l’investissement en capital humain des enfants àtravers à l’accroissement des dépenses d’éducation et de santé, mais avec une portée relativement faible.Par contre, le crédit communautaire n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’accroissement de l’épargne. Par rapport à ladimension non financière, nos résultats suggèrent que les services non financiers offerts exercent à traversle statut de sociétariat, une influence favorable sur la constitution du revenu des ménages bénéficiaires ducrédit coopératif.Dans le même ordre d’idées, du point de vue de la mobilité économique, les résultats suggèrent à courtterme, une mobilité des ménages bénéficiaires relativement faible et liée à l’état initial de bien-Être. Defaçon comparative, les résultats suggèrent dans une certaine mesure qu’il y a eu une mobilité ascendanteélevée au niveau des ménages bénéficiaires comparés aux non bénéficiaires. Sur un horizon de long terme,nos résultats suggèrent une convergence très lente des sociétaires vers l’état de bien-Être supérieur si lescoopératives ne subissent pas de mutation en termes de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté.Par ailleurs, de l’analyse de l’influence du degré de la contrainte de crédit révélée par les sociétairesbénéficiaires du crédit communautaire, il ressort que l’existence de la contrainte de crédit du côté del’offre ne semble pas avoir influencé le niveau de vie des bénéficiaires ayant jugé la valeur du montant ducrédit obtenu « insuffisante ou très insuffisante », dans le court terme. Par contre, par rapport auxbénéficiaires qui ont jugé la valeur du montant du crédit obtenu « suffisante », nos résultats suggèrent dansun premier temps, l’existence d’un biais de sélection et dans un second temps, que la chance de sortir de lapauvreté est plus faible pour cette catégorie de bénéficiaires comparée au reste de la population quipossède les mêmes caractéristiques mais qui s’estiment très contraints « crédit obtenu très insuffisant » oupartiellement contraints «crédit obtenu insuffisant ».En somme, nos résultats soulignent que le caractère intégré des coopératives peut contribuer à lacroissance économique et l’amélioration du bien-Être sociétaires pauvres et vulnérables, mais à conditionque ces structures définissent clairement une stratégie dans ce sens et qu’elle soit étalée sur un horizon detemps bien défini. En outre, pour y parvenir, ces institutions nécessitent d’être appuyées par des dotationsexternes ou d’autres programmes complémentaires au regard de leur mode endogène de mobilisation deressources qui pourraient donner lieu à des contraintes apparentes de crédit. / This thesis contributes to analyze the extent to which financial cooperatives contribute to povertyreduction. From this point of view, our analysis focused on both the adequacy of the conceptualframework of these institutions and their impact on members. As for their operation, our analysis showsin the case of Benin that cooperative principles generally applied. However, they face problems offinancial sustainability and governance related to the growth of membership.With regard to their impact on shareholders, our results suggest that in the short term, the integratednature of these institutions has proven globally relevant. As for the financial dimension, it appears fromthe results that the community loan contributes positively to the growth of household income, theincrease of investment in human capital for children through higher education and health spending, butwith a relatively small range. However, the community loan had no effect on the growth of savings. As forthe non-Financial dimension, our results suggest that non-Financial services offered exercise through thestakeholder-Status, a positive influence on the formation of the income of households that arebeneficiaries of the cooperative loan.In the same vein, in terms of economic mobility, our results suggest, in short-Term a relatively lowmobility of recipient households which is also related to the initial state of well-Being. In other words, thefrequency of mobility is upward for all states of welfare for all recipients, except for the poorestshareholder households. Compared to non-Beneficiaries, our results suggest in some ways, a high upwardmobility for beneficiary households. Over a longer term, our results suggest a very slow convergence ofmembers to a state of higher well-Being when the cooperatives are not subject to change in their povertyreduction strategies.In addition, the analysis of the influence of the degree of credit constraints revealed by the shareholderswho were beneficiaries of the community loan, shows that the existence of credit constraints in the supplyside does not seem to have influenced the living standards of beneficiaries who rated the value of the loanreceived as "insufficient" or "very insufficient" in the short term. But, compared to recipients who foundthe value of the loan received "sufficient", our results suggest at first, the existence of a selection bias andin a second step, the chance to escape poverty is lower for this category of beneficiaries compared to therest of the population with the same characteristics but who feel very constrained ("loan received is veryinsufficient") or partially constrained ("loan received is insufficient".)In total, our results highlight that the integrated nature of cooperatives can contribute to economic growthand improve the welfare of poor and vulnerable members, provided that these cooperatives clearly definea strategy in that direction and spread it over a defined period of time. In addition, to achieve this, theseinstitutions need to be supported by external grants or other complementary programs, when oneconsiders their endogenous mode of resource mobilization.

A partir d'outils et d'approches issus de différentes disciplines, nous proposons une étude économique du capital social individuel permettant de révéler les enjeux économiques et comportementaux de l'introduction de ce concept dans les modèles économiques. Nous le définissons ainsi comme un potentiel d'interaction coopérative, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de ressources permettant aux agents d'accéder aux ressources de leurs partenaires. A partir d'une investigation de description du lien, nous montrons qu'il constitue une forme de capital puisqu'il fait l'objet d'une accumulation, d'une production et d'une dépréciation. Il permet ou facilite les transferts interpersonnels de ressources en diminuant notamment les coûts de transactions qu'ils impliquent. Nous montrons également qu'il peut faire l'objet d'un transfert en médiatisant une ressource relationnelle et particulièrement dans le cas des relations intergénérationnelles familiales. Les transferts descendants de capital social parental à l'enfant et le stock de capital social initial dont il dispose à sa naissance, lui permettent d'accumuler davantage de capital social non apparenté et de disposer d'avantages socioéconomiques certains. En transférant leur capital social, les parents s'assurent du bien être de leurs enfants et accumulent des créances relationnelles qu'ils pourront mobiliser à la fin de leur vie, pour bénéficier de transferts intergénérationnels temporels ascendants. Notre investigation doit être comprise comme un outil permettant de comprendre ce qui se passe dans une relation et dans les échanges interpersonnels qu'elle permet. Appliquées aux relations intergénérationnelles, nous posons la conceptualisation des liens et du capital social, comme un outil incontournable pour la compréhension des relations, de transferts et du patrimoine de l'agent.

Comparativement aux premières décennies du développement, les années 90 sont marquées par le courant de l'"autre développement". Inspiré par l'Ecole Scandinave, celui-ci insiste sur la redéfinition des besoins fondamentaux et l'implication des acteurs locaux dans la création et le maintien du lien social, au Nord et au Sud. S'appuyant sur le contexte du Burundi, petit pays au sens de l'économie internationale et de surcroît, en proie à la déchirure du tissu social du fait de la guerre, la thèse vise l'élargissement des dispositifs de production et de communication de l'information sociale. En effet, dans pareils contextes, les demandes de scolarité, de soins de santé, de prise en charge psychosociale, etc., trouvent des réponses moins dans les systèmes de protection sociale formels, qu'à travers des canaux de redistribution en vigueur aux niveaux micro et méso, sous forme de groupements associatifs. Depuis les années 90, la création de ces acteurs non étatiques et non marchands se fait de manière fulgurante. Mais, malgré l'institutionnalisation de l'appareil statistique (rapports nationaux de développement humain), leurs structures et leurs dynamiques restent opaques. Aux fins d'en améliorer la visibilité, une révision de perspective méthodologique s'impose. Agissant en réseaux, leurs caractéristiques sont plutôt structurales qu'individuelles ou catégorielles. Ce "capital social" ne peut donc être mesuré par l'importance numérique des acteurs, ni à l'aune des résultats économiques. Le patrimoine compte aussi. L'étude empirique des éléments structurants (dimension, similarités, régularités, alignement des choix, etc.) au sein de la société civile, débouche sur la mise en évidence des paquets d'informations susceptibles d'éclairer, entre autres, la formation des Collectifs (d'ASBL). Etant donné que la mobilisation des ressources économiques et non économiques révèle bien des préoccupations des gens d'être et d'agir ensemble, la thèse interroge particulièrement l'évidence qui entoure la forte médiatisation des indicateurs de participation féminine et de cohésion sociale par les macro-acteurs (Gouvernement, Banque Mondiale, PNUD, ONG…).

Denna uppsats handlar om den andra generationens ursprungsfolks urbana migranter i El Alto området Bolivia. ALBOR är en kulturförening som arbetar med ledarskapsutbildning och tala offentligt genom skapandet och framträdandet av poesi och scenkonst. Uppsatsen bygger på idéen att socialt kapital är främst något positivt som främjar sammanhållning inom samhällen och dess medlemmar. De frågor som tas upp i studien är hur kan ALBOR genom sitt arbete öka socialt och humant kapital bland ungdomar från marginaliserade ursprungsfolkgrupper i El Alto och därmed förbättra deras välbefinnande genom aktivt deltagande i föreningens verksamhet. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ där data som rör frågorna för studien samlades in genom intervjuer och materialet analyserades sedan i enlighet med teorierna om socialt kapital och andra kapital. Studien visar att ALBOR spelar en viktig roll för dessa unga människor när det gäller att skapa och upprätthålla socialt kapital. Den visar också att det är ett incitament för ungdomarna att delta politiskt så väl som ett verktyg för att få inflytande och erkännande i samhället. Det aktiva deltagandet i föreningens verksamhet har inte bara gett dem möjligheten att skapa och upprätthålla sitt sociala kapital internt inom föreningen, men även externt genom deltagande i kultur festivaler för ungdomar och därmed möjliggjort skapandet av breda sociala nätverk i hela Bolivia genom konst.

L'approfondimento teorico ed empirico del concetto di integrazione è stato condotto con particolare attenzione alle nuove generazioni. La declinazione teorica del concetto (cap. 1) è stata realizzata attraverso un esame delle prospettive epistemologiche che ne stanno alla base (universalismo, differenzialismo e interculturalismo) e le prospettive del capitale sociale (cap. 2) e della distanza sociale (cap. 3). Della letteratura nazionale e internazionale della letteratura (cap. 4) che riguarda il processo di integrazione delle seconde generazioni, in particolare la teoria dell'assimilazione segmentata di Portes e i molti contributi che vi si riferiscono, emerge che i percorsi di integrazione possono essere molto diversificati, dipendendo sia da fattori individuali e, soprattutto, da fattori di contesto. Il questionario impiegato per l'indagine empirica (seconda parte), svolta nell'a.s. 2005/06 su un campione di 17.225 preadolescenti (11-14 anni) che frequentano le scuole lombarde secondarie di primo grado con il più alto numero di alunni con cittadinanza non italiana, è stato preso e riadattato da quello di impiegato da Portes nella prima indagine CILS. La lettura dei dati, volta a un confronto costante tra italiani, stranieri e figli di coppia mista, è stata condotta attraverso l'analisi delle distribuzioni di frequenza e la costruzione di alcuni indici, tra cui un indice di propensione all'integrazione e di capitale sociale. Dai risultati emerge un forte divario nella riuscita scolastica tra italiani e stranieri e i figli di coppia mista i quali si avvicinano maggiormente agli stranieri in Italia da più tempo. Le differenze di genere esercitano un peso a volte superiore di quello delle differenze di appartenenza. La variabile tempo esercita un'influenza non lineare rispetto a molte dimensioni. I latinoamericani sono il gruppo che presenta le maggiori difficoltà linguistiche e scolastiche, gli asiatici sono i più isolati dal punto di vista sociale. La scuola si conferma come luogo di produzione di capitale sociale e l'integrazione avviene ma in maniera frammentata. / Integration has been studied in theory and empirically paying attention to new generations. It has been first interpreted through epistemological perspectives of universalism, differentialism and interculturalism and through social capital and social distance. From international literature on second generation, in particular from Portes segmented assimilation theory and the many contributions that refer to it, it's clear that integration paths are widely differentiated. This differentiation is due to individual and, most of all, to context factors. The questionnaire used in the empiric research made in 2005/06 on a sample of 17.225 preadolescent (11-14 years old) attending first grade of secondary school in Lombardy with the most high percentage of non-Italian students, it has been adopted and readapted by Portes's first CILS survey. Data interpretation it has been led on a constant confrontation between Italian, non-Italian and mixed couples sons and daughters trough frequencies distributions and indexes. Results show a big device between Italian and non-Italian school performances. Mixed couples sons and daughters are more similar to non-Italian long resident than Italian to which they formally belong. In some cases, gender affects results more significantly than national partnership. Time plays an important role but with a non linear influence on school and linguistic performances. South Americans group is the one with the most high difficulties on Italian language and at school. Asiatic group is the most isolated from peers. School is confirmed as a social capital producing agency and integration is positively related to socioeconomic high levels and it appears discontinue.