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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Inibição do sistema quorum sensing AI-1 por Capsicum frutescens e Capsicum annuum em bactérias Gram-negativas / Inhibition of AI-1 quorum-sensing system by Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum in Gram-negative bacteria

Rivera, Milagros Liseth Castillo 22 March 2018 (has links)
A inibição do quorum sensing (QS) altera a comunicação bacteriana, reduzindo a expressão de fatores de virulência e a formação de biofilmes, o que pode conferir menor pressão seletiva em comparação aos antibióticos tradicionais. As frutas e hortaliças constituem uma fonte rica em compostos com propriedades potenciais de inibição do QS. Entretanto, há pouca referência sobre o potencial de pimentas do gênero Capsicum e de seus compostos isolados como inibidores do QS. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de extratos orgânicos obtidos das variedades de pimenta-malagueta e pimentão vermelho sobre o sistema QS dependente do sinalizador AI-1 (acil homoserina lactona - AHL) em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os extratos foram obtidos por extração em fase sólida e separados em uma fração metanólica e outra amônica; sendo os compostos característicos identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi avaliada pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) e pela curva de crescimento de Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Serratia liquefaciens MG1 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. O efeito anti-QS dos extratos foi avaliado pelos testes de difusão em ágar e quantificação da produção de violaceína em meio líquido por C. violaceum e sobre a formação de biofilme, avaliado pelo ensaio de cristal violeta e microscopia confocal, em S. liquefaciens e P. aeruginosa nas temperaturas 30 ºC e 37 ºC. Os resultados obtidos pela CLAE indicaram que o extrato metanólico de pimenta-malagueta (EMPM) continha capsaicinoides como a capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina, luteolina e outros compostos não identificados; já o extrato amônico desta não continha os compostos capsaicinoides. Ambos os extratos de pimentão vermelho continham luteolina e compostos não identificados, mas não apresentaram capsaicinoides. Como o EMPM era representativo dos demais extratos, por conter tanto capsaicinóides quanto luteolina, o foco deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do EMPM sobre fenótipos microbianos nas concentrações 5; 2,5; 1,25 e 0,625 mg/ml, além de utilizar a capsaicina como controle comparativo em concentrações equivalentes às do extrato (25, 50 e 100 µg/ml). Os resultados da atividade antimicrobiana mostraram inibição parcial do crescimento das bactérias nas concentrações sub-MIC (MIC >5 mg/ml) de 5 e 2,5 mg/ml de EMPM. A capsaicina também inibiu parcialmente o crescimento das bactérias a 100 µg/ml, com exceção de S. liquefaciens a 37 ºC, cujo crescimento foi induzido em 50 e 25 µg/ml. A produção de violaceína foi reduzida pelo EMPM a 1,25 e 0,625 mg/ml, sem afetar o crescimento de C. violaceum. Ensaios com C. violaceum CV026, estirpe biosensora capaz de produzir o pigmento na presença de AI-1 exógeno, sugerem que o possível mecanismo de atuação do extrato sobre o sistema QS em C. violaceum 12472 é sobre a síntese do sinalizador, já que não foi observada inibição da produção de violaceína em CV026 pelo extrato. Contrariamente, a capsaicina incrementou a produção do pigmento na estirpe 12472, mas ensaios com a estirpe CV026 indicaram que a capsaicina não atua como sinalizador do QS, uma vez que esta não induziu a produção de violaceína nesta estirpe. Já a formação de biofilme foi incrementada na presença do EMPM, sendo consideravelmente maior em P. aeruginosa a 30 ºC. Igualmente, observou-se indução da formação de biofilme por capsaicina em S. liquefaciens (37 ºC) e P. aeruginosa (30 ºC). Porém, a capsaicina não teve efeito sobre a formação de biofilme de S. liquefaciens quando cultivada a 30 ºC, nem P. aeruginosa a 37 ºC. Os resultados revelam que a produção de violaceína em C. violaceum ATCC 12472 é inibida pelo EMPM, mas não pela capsaicina. Já, o EMPM e a capsaicina, de forma geral, não inibem a formação de biofilme de S. liquefaciens MG1 nem P. aeruginosa PAO1. Outros estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais o EMPM e a capsaicina agem sobre os fenótipos avaliados neste trabalho. / Quorum sensing inhibition alters bacterial communication by reducing virulence factors expression and biofilm formation, exerting less selective pressure compared to antibiotics. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of compounds with potential QS-inhibition properties. However, there are few references about the potential of peppers belonging to the genus Capsicum and its isolated compounds as QS inhibitors. This study aimed to assess the effect of organic extracts obtained from Capsicum varieties, pimenta-malagueta (red chili) and pimentão vermelho (red bell pepper), on the AI-1 dependent QS system. The extracts were obtained by solid phase extraction and split into a methanolic and an ammonic fraction. Characteristic compounds were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the growth curve of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Serratia liquefaciens MG1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The anti-QS effect of the extracts was evaluated by the agar diffusion assay and the quantification of violacein production was assessed in liquid medium by C. violaceum, as well as in the biofilm formation test determined by the crystal violet assay and confocal microscopy with S. liquefaciens and P. aeruginosa at 30 ºC and 37 ºC. HPLC results showed that the methanolic extract of pimenta-malagueta (EMPM) contained capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihidrocapsaicin, luteolin and other unidentified compounds in lower concentrations; while its ammonic extract did not have capsaicinoids. Both pimentão vermelho extracts contained luteolin and other unidentified compounds in low concentrations, but they did not contain capsaicinoids. As EMPM was representative among the extracts because it contained capsaicinoids and luteolin, the focus of this work was to assess the effect of EMPM over microbial phenotypes at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 mg/ml, using capsaicin as a comparative control at equivalent concentrations to those in EMPM (25, 50 and 100 µg/ml). Antimicrobial activity assays showed a partial inhibition growth of bacteria at sub-MIC concentrations (MIC >5 mg/ml) of EMPM at 5 and 2.5 mg/ml. Similarly, capsaicin partially inhibited bacterial growth at 100 µg/ml, except for S. liquefaciens at 37 ºC in which growth was induced at 50 and 25 µg/ml. Violacein production was reduced by EMPM at 1,25 and 0,625 mg/ml without affecting C. violaceum growth. Assays with C. violaceum CV026, a biosensor strain that produces violacein in the presence of exogenous AI-1, suggest that EMPM reduced violacein production in C. violaceum 12472 by interfering with the AI-1 synthesis. In contrast, capsaicin incremented violacein synthesis in strain 12472, but experiments with strain CV026 revealed that capsaicin does not function as an analog of AI-1. Biofilm formation was increased in EMPM presence, being remarkably superior in P. aeruginosa cultivated at 30 ºC, as opposed to cultivation at 37 ºC. Similarly, capsaicin induced biofilm formation in S. liquefaciens (37 ºC) and P. aeruginosa (30 ºC). However, capsaicin did not affect biofilm formation on S. liquefaciens cultured at 30 ºC, neither on P. aeruginosa at 37 ºC. These results show that violacein production in C. violaceum ATCC 12472 is inhibited by EMPM, but not by capsaicin. In general, EMPM and capsaicin did not inhibit biofilm formation in S. liquefaciens MG1 neither in P. aeruginosa PAO1. More studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which EMPM and capsaicin affect the studied phenotypes in this work.
82

Interação do ibuprofeno e capsaicinóides com filmes da Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett contendo fosfolipídios / Interaction of ibuprofen and capsaicinoids with Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films containing phospholipids

Geraldo, Vananélia Pereira Nunes 21 March 2013 (has links)
O ibuprofeno é um antiinflamatório não esteróide, com baixa solubilidade em água, que apresenta diversos efeitos colaterais, incluindo lesão gástrica e intestinal. Esses efeitos podem depender da interação com a membrana celular, o que nos motivou a investigar, na primeira parte deste trabalho, a incorporação do ibuprofeno em monocamadas de Langmuir como modelos de membrana celular. Monocamadas de dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol (DPPG) e dipalmitoil fosfatidil colina (DPPC) co-espalhadas com o ibuprofeno ou depositadas sobre subfases contendo o fármaco foram estudadas por meio das isotermas de pressão e potencial de superfície. Foram observados efeitos significativos para monocamadas de DPPC, particularmente na transição de fase líquido-expandida para líquido-condensada, com modificações relevantes na elasticidade da monocamada. Esses efeitos aumentaram com a concentração do ibuprofeno. Para os dois tipos de fosfolipídios, o ibuprofeno pôde penetrar na região hidrofóbica, o que foi confirmado por espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS), indicando assim a presença de interações hidrofóbicas. A análise por microscopia no ângulo de Brewster (BAM) mostrou que o ibuprofeno impede a formação de grandes domínios de DPPC, enquanto que não foram observadas alterações significativas para o DPPG. A interação entre o ibuprofeno e o DPPG também foi confirmada após a imobilização da monocamada mista em filmes LB com alterações na absorção no UV-Vis da molécula de ibuprofeno. No que diz respeito às implicações biológicas, a ação farmacológica que depende diretamente da interação com a membrana deve ocorrer primeiramente em regiões neutras via penetração do ibuprofeno na região hidrofóbica da membrana celular. A segunda parte deste trabalho foi dedicada à interação de capsaicinóides extraídos da pimenta malagueta com monocamadas de Langmuir constituídas de DPPG e DPPC. A capsaicina é um potente analgésico de uso tópico, que pode causar dessensibilização no local de aplicação dependendo da dose e, portanto há interesse na sua incorporação em sistemas de liberação controlada, como os lipossomos. A técnica de Langmuir foi empregada para verificar essa possibilidade. Os capsaicinóides expandiram as monocamadas de DPPG e aumentaram sua elasticidade. As isotermas de potencial de superfície indicaram que os capsaicinóides provocam aumento de 10% no momento de dipolo numa concentração de 30% em mol. Para os filmes mistos de DPPC e capsaicinóides, a área mínima diminuiu e a elasticidade da monocamada aumentou. De acordo com as isotermas de potencial, os momentos de dipolo diminuíram para as monocamadas de DPPC independentemente da concentração de capsaicinóides. Esses resultados sugerem que as moléculas de DPPC são solubilizadas para a subfase na presença do fármaco. A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que os capsaicinóides podem ser incorporados em estruturas lipídicas, constituídas principalmente de DPPG, o que é relevante para uso em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. / Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with low solubility in water, which exhibits side effects including gastric and intestinal injury, often irreversible. Some of these effects may depend on the interaction with the cell membrane, which motivated us to investigate the incorporation of ibuprofen in Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models, in the first part of this thesis. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) monolayers co-spread with ibuprofen or deposited on ibuprofen-containing aqueous subphases were studied using surface pressure and surface potential isotherms. Significant effects were observed for DPPC monolayers, particularly at the liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed phase transition, with relevant changes in the elasticity of the monolayer. These effects increased with the ibuprofen concentration. For both types of phospholipids, ibuprofen could penetrate into the hydrophobic part of the monolayer, which was confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), thus indicating the presence of hydrophobic interactions. BAM images showed that ibuprofen prevents the formation of large domains of DPPC, while no significant changes were observed for DPPG. The interaction between DPPG-ibuprofen was also confirmed for deposited layers in the form of LB films, with changes in the ibuprofen UV-Vis absorption. As for the biological implications, the pharmacological action depending directly on the membrane interaction should occur primarily with zwitterionic regions of the membrane via penetration of ibuprofen in the hydrophobic part of the monolayer. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the interaction of capsaicinoids, extracted from malagueta pepper, with Langmuir monolayers of DPPC and DPPG. Capsaicin is a powerful analgesic of topical use, which can cause desensitization in the application site depending on the dose, and therefore there is interest in its incorporation in drug delivery systems, such as liposomes. The Langmuir technique was employed to verify this possibility. The capsaicinoids expanded the DPPG monolayer and increased its elasticity. Surface potential isotherms indicated that the capsaicinoids increased the average dipole moment by 10 % for 30 mol % of capsaicinoids. For the mixed films of DPPC and capsaicinoids, the minimum area decreased and the elasticity increased. According to the surface potential isotherms, the dipole moments decreased for DPPC monolayers regardless of the capsaicinoid concentrations. These results suggest that the DPPC molecules are solubilized into the subphase in the presence of the drug. From these results, it is concluded that the capsaicinoids can be incorporated into structures as the liposomes constituted mainly of DPPG, which is relevant for use in drug delivery systems.
83

Co-purification of Nuclear Receptor Ligand(s) and Interacting Proteins from Zebrafish Embryos

Shih, Norrapat 17 March 2014 (has links)
The main focus of this project was to optimize a protocol for small molecule ligand co-purification from an in-vivo tissue source. For this purpose, I employed a transgenic zebrafish line called the pLT-gypsy, which expresses a fusion protein containing a tagged-NR LBD (Tiefenbach et al., 2010). The particular line I used to optimize the ligand identification protocol is the pLT-PPARγ zebrafish line, which expresses the tagged-PPARγ receptor's LBD (also called PPARγ-fusion protein). By using rosiglitazone (a known PPARγ ligand) as a positive control, I managed to optimize a protocol to purify the PPARγ-fusion protein and identify the co-purified ligand by mass spectrometry. This protocol can be used to identify the physiological/endogenous ligand for the PPARγ receptor as well as other orphan NRs. Compared to previous methods of ligand identification, this method allows for the identification of the ligand from the tissues where it is functional.
84

Co-purification of Nuclear Receptor Ligand(s) and Interacting Proteins from Zebrafish Embryos

Shih, Norrapat 17 March 2014 (has links)
The main focus of this project was to optimize a protocol for small molecule ligand co-purification from an in-vivo tissue source. For this purpose, I employed a transgenic zebrafish line called the pLT-gypsy, which expresses a fusion protein containing a tagged-NR LBD (Tiefenbach et al., 2010). The particular line I used to optimize the ligand identification protocol is the pLT-PPARγ zebrafish line, which expresses the tagged-PPARγ receptor's LBD (also called PPARγ-fusion protein). By using rosiglitazone (a known PPARγ ligand) as a positive control, I managed to optimize a protocol to purify the PPARγ-fusion protein and identify the co-purified ligand by mass spectrometry. This protocol can be used to identify the physiological/endogenous ligand for the PPARγ receptor as well as other orphan NRs. Compared to previous methods of ligand identification, this method allows for the identification of the ligand from the tissues where it is functional.
85

Localisation, mécanisme d’induction et rôle physiopathologique du récepteur B1 des kinines dans de modèles expérimentaux de douleur chez le rat

Talbot, Sébastien 06 1900 (has links)
Les kinines sont des peptides neuro- et vaso- actifs impliqués dans les processus hémodynamiques, inflammatoires et douloureux. Leurs effets biologiques sont produits par l’entremise de deux types de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, soit B1 (B1R) et B2 (B2R). Le B1R est inductible, son expression est augmentée à la suite d’un dommage tissulaire ou de l’exposition à des endotoxines bactériennes (lipopolysaccharide bactérien (LPS)), à des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (interleukine-1β (IL-1β), facteur de nécrose tumorale-α (TNF-α)) ou à des espèces réactives oxygénées (ROS). Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse avaient pour objectif d’élucider et/ou de raffiner les connaissances sur 1) la localisation, 2) le mécanisme d’induction et 3) le rôle physiopathologique du B1R dans des modèles expérimentaux de douleur chez le rat. Nos données ont permis de démontrer pour la première fois que le B1R est augmenté de façon significative dans la moelle épinière du rat diabétique de type 1 où il est localisé sur les fibres sensorielles de type C, les astrocytes et les cellules de la microglie (1er article). Également, l’inhibition de l’activation des cellules de la microglie supprime les neuropathies diabétiques, l’expression de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires ainsi que l’activité pro-nociceptive du B1R (2e et 3e articles). Finalement, nous avons démontré que la stimulation systémique du TRPV1 par la capsaïcine induit une surexpression du B1R au niveau microgliale, via un mécanisme impliquant l’augmentation de la production de ROS et possiblement de cytokines (4e article). Ces données nous permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans l’expression et l’activité du B1R. Aussi, elles nous permettent d’imaginer de nouvelles stratégies pour prévenir l’induction du B1R (inhibition du TRPV1) ou son activité délétère (inhibition de l’activation des cellules de la microglie) dans la douleur inflammatoire et neuropathique. / Kinins are vaso- and neuro-active peptides involved in hemodynamic, inflammatory and pain processes. Their biological effects are mediated by two G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), termed B2R (constitutive) and B1R (inducible). B1R is expressed following tissue damage or exposure to bacterial endotoxin (LPS), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The objectives of this doctoral thesis were to define 1) the localisation, 2) the mechanism of induction and 3) the pathophysiological role of B1R in experimental models of pain in rat. Our data showed that B1R is significantly upregulated on sensory C fibers, astrocytes and microglia in spinal cord of type 1 diabetic rat (paper #1). Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of microglia reversed diabetic pain neuropathy, reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and prevented B1R pro-nociceptive activity (papers #2 and 3). Finally, our data showed that systemic stimulation of TRPV1 with capsaicin upregulated B1R expression, mainly on microglia, through the increase of ROS and possibly cytokines (paper #4). Altogether, these data increased our knowledge related to B1R mechanism of induction and B1R activity. Also, these data shed light on new strategies to prevent B1R expression (TRPV1 blockade) and B1R deleterious activity (inhibition of microglia activation) in inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
86

Contribuição farmacológica à gênese da inflamação neurogênica em vias aéreas de ratos frente a dois poluentes: Partículas eliminadas na exaustão do diesel (PED) e 1,2-naftoquinona (1,2-NQ). / Pharmacological contribution to the genese of neurogenic inflammation in the rat airways evoked by two ambient pollutants: diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ).

Aila Mirtes Teles 30 August 2007 (has links)
Neste estudo efetuou-se uma análise comparativa da resposta inflamatória e estresse oxidativo produzido pela administração intratraqueal (i.tr.) das PED e/ou 1,2-NQ em vias aéreas de ratos. O efeito destes poluentes sobre a funcionabilidade dos macrófagos foi também avaliado. A injeção i.tr. das PED, numa dose incapaz de causar edema, promoveu efeito aditivo no edema e influxo de leucócitos induzido pela 1,2-NQ nas vias aéreas. O edema foi inibido por antagonistas de taquicininas ou capsaicina, mas o influxo de leucócitos não. O tratamento com estes poluentes aumentou a expressão gênica dos receptores TRPV1, taquicininas e TNFR1, as quais foram reduzidas, mas a iNOS aumentada, em animais depletados de neuropeptídeos. Concentrações elevadas de citocinas pró-inflamatórias foram encontradas no brônquio de ratos saudáveis e, mais intensamente, naqueles tratados com capsaicina. Níveis basais de 3-NT, IL-10 ou IFN-?? no brônquio não foram alterados pelos poluentes. A fagocitose de partículas de zimosan foi aumentada após a exposição de animais saudáveis e depletados de neuropeptídeos aos poluentes. A inflamação nas vias aéreas de ratos expostos ao MP do diesel é influenciada por concentrações de 1,2-NQ no ambiente, via mecanismo neurogênico. / Pharmacological approaches on the healthy side effects evoked by the interaction between environmental pollutants are poorly studied. Here we tested the hypothesis that the environmental chemical 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) is implicated in the exacerbation of airways diseases induced by exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), and that involves a neurogenic-mediated mechanism. Intra-tracheal (i.tr.) injection of DEP (1 and 5 mg/kg) or 1,2-NQ (35 and 100 nmol/kg) caused oedema in rat airways. DEP (at a dose unable to produce oedema) increased the 1,2-NQ-induced responses in the rat airways in a additive manner. This effect was reduced by L-732,138, an NK1 receptor antagonist, and in a lesser extent by the NK2 receptor SR48968. Capsaicin treatment also markedly reduced pollutants-induced oedema. Exposure to pollutants increased the TRPV1, NK1 and NK2 receptors gene expression in bronchus, an effect nearly abolished by capsaicin treatment. No evidence of increased 3-NT in main bronchus was found. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that DEP-induced airways oedema is highly influenced by increased ambient levels of 1,2-NQ, and takes place by neurogenic-mediated mechanisms involving up-regulation of TRPV1 and tachykinin receptors.
87

Interação do ibuprofeno e capsaicinóides com filmes da Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett contendo fosfolipídios / Interaction of ibuprofen and capsaicinoids with Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films containing phospholipids

Vananélia Pereira Nunes Geraldo 21 March 2013 (has links)
O ibuprofeno é um antiinflamatório não esteróide, com baixa solubilidade em água, que apresenta diversos efeitos colaterais, incluindo lesão gástrica e intestinal. Esses efeitos podem depender da interação com a membrana celular, o que nos motivou a investigar, na primeira parte deste trabalho, a incorporação do ibuprofeno em monocamadas de Langmuir como modelos de membrana celular. Monocamadas de dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol (DPPG) e dipalmitoil fosfatidil colina (DPPC) co-espalhadas com o ibuprofeno ou depositadas sobre subfases contendo o fármaco foram estudadas por meio das isotermas de pressão e potencial de superfície. Foram observados efeitos significativos para monocamadas de DPPC, particularmente na transição de fase líquido-expandida para líquido-condensada, com modificações relevantes na elasticidade da monocamada. Esses efeitos aumentaram com a concentração do ibuprofeno. Para os dois tipos de fosfolipídios, o ibuprofeno pôde penetrar na região hidrofóbica, o que foi confirmado por espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS), indicando assim a presença de interações hidrofóbicas. A análise por microscopia no ângulo de Brewster (BAM) mostrou que o ibuprofeno impede a formação de grandes domínios de DPPC, enquanto que não foram observadas alterações significativas para o DPPG. A interação entre o ibuprofeno e o DPPG também foi confirmada após a imobilização da monocamada mista em filmes LB com alterações na absorção no UV-Vis da molécula de ibuprofeno. No que diz respeito às implicações biológicas, a ação farmacológica que depende diretamente da interação com a membrana deve ocorrer primeiramente em regiões neutras via penetração do ibuprofeno na região hidrofóbica da membrana celular. A segunda parte deste trabalho foi dedicada à interação de capsaicinóides extraídos da pimenta malagueta com monocamadas de Langmuir constituídas de DPPG e DPPC. A capsaicina é um potente analgésico de uso tópico, que pode causar dessensibilização no local de aplicação dependendo da dose e, portanto há interesse na sua incorporação em sistemas de liberação controlada, como os lipossomos. A técnica de Langmuir foi empregada para verificar essa possibilidade. Os capsaicinóides expandiram as monocamadas de DPPG e aumentaram sua elasticidade. As isotermas de potencial de superfície indicaram que os capsaicinóides provocam aumento de 10% no momento de dipolo numa concentração de 30% em mol. Para os filmes mistos de DPPC e capsaicinóides, a área mínima diminuiu e a elasticidade da monocamada aumentou. De acordo com as isotermas de potencial, os momentos de dipolo diminuíram para as monocamadas de DPPC independentemente da concentração de capsaicinóides. Esses resultados sugerem que as moléculas de DPPC são solubilizadas para a subfase na presença do fármaco. A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que os capsaicinóides podem ser incorporados em estruturas lipídicas, constituídas principalmente de DPPG, o que é relevante para uso em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. / Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with low solubility in water, which exhibits side effects including gastric and intestinal injury, often irreversible. Some of these effects may depend on the interaction with the cell membrane, which motivated us to investigate the incorporation of ibuprofen in Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models, in the first part of this thesis. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) monolayers co-spread with ibuprofen or deposited on ibuprofen-containing aqueous subphases were studied using surface pressure and surface potential isotherms. Significant effects were observed for DPPC monolayers, particularly at the liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed phase transition, with relevant changes in the elasticity of the monolayer. These effects increased with the ibuprofen concentration. For both types of phospholipids, ibuprofen could penetrate into the hydrophobic part of the monolayer, which was confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), thus indicating the presence of hydrophobic interactions. BAM images showed that ibuprofen prevents the formation of large domains of DPPC, while no significant changes were observed for DPPG. The interaction between DPPG-ibuprofen was also confirmed for deposited layers in the form of LB films, with changes in the ibuprofen UV-Vis absorption. As for the biological implications, the pharmacological action depending directly on the membrane interaction should occur primarily with zwitterionic regions of the membrane via penetration of ibuprofen in the hydrophobic part of the monolayer. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the interaction of capsaicinoids, extracted from malagueta pepper, with Langmuir monolayers of DPPC and DPPG. Capsaicin is a powerful analgesic of topical use, which can cause desensitization in the application site depending on the dose, and therefore there is interest in its incorporation in drug delivery systems, such as liposomes. The Langmuir technique was employed to verify this possibility. The capsaicinoids expanded the DPPG monolayer and increased its elasticity. Surface potential isotherms indicated that the capsaicinoids increased the average dipole moment by 10 % for 30 mol % of capsaicinoids. For the mixed films of DPPC and capsaicinoids, the minimum area decreased and the elasticity increased. According to the surface potential isotherms, the dipole moments decreased for DPPC monolayers regardless of the capsaicinoid concentrations. These results suggest that the DPPC molecules are solubilized into the subphase in the presence of the drug. From these results, it is concluded that the capsaicinoids can be incorporated into structures as the liposomes constituted mainly of DPPG, which is relevant for use in drug delivery systems.
88

Estudo da atividade antiinflamatÃria e antinociceptiva da lactona do Ãcido hawtriwaico, diterpeno de egletes viscosa less, em camundongos: possÃveis mecanismos / Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive study of 12-acetoxyhawtriwaic acid lactone, a diterpene from Egletes viscosa Less, in mice: Possible mechanisms

Caroline MourÃo Melo 03 August 2006 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O diterpeno, lactona do Ãcido hawtriwaico (LAHT) isolado dos capÃtulos florais de Egletes viscosa Less. (Asteraceae) foi avaliado nos modelos de edema de orelha e nocicepÃÃo induzida por capsaicina em camundongos. A LAHT (12,5; 25 e 50 mg/kg, v.o.) atenuou significativamente a resposta ao edema de orelha induzido pela aplicaÃÃo tÃpica de capsaicina (250 Âg), de maneira dose dependente (45,7; 86,9 e 100 % respectivamente). A resposta ao edema de orelha induzido pela capsaicina foi tambÃm significativamente inibida em 74,8 % pelo vermelho de rutÃnio (VR; 3mg/kg, s.c.), um antagonista nÃo competitivo do receptor da capsaicina (TRPV1). A LAHT (50 mg/kg, v.o.) nÃo modificou a resposta ao edema de pata induzido por composto 48/80 (10 Âg), histamina (10 Âg) ou serotonina (10 Âg), demonstrando que a LAHT nÃo bloqueia a desgranulaÃÃo de cÃlulas mastocitÃrias ou os receptores de histamina e serotonina. No entanto, o edema de pata induzido por substÃncia P (SP) foi significativamente suprimido pela LAHT (25 e 50 mg/kg, v.o.), em 29,4 e 53,3 % respectivamente, bem como o aumento da permeabilidade capilar induzido pela injeÃÃo intraperitoneal de Ãcido acÃtico. No modelo de nocicepÃÃo, a LAHT (12,5; 25 e 50 mg/kg, v.o.) suprimiu de forma significativa o comportamento nociceptivo de lamber a pata induzido pela injeÃÃo intraplantar de 1,6 Âg de capsaicina (27,1; 32,3 e 52 % respectivamente). A resposta à nocicepÃÃo induzida pela capsaicina foi significativamente inibida pelo VR (3 mg/kg, s.c.) em 64,9 %. O efeito antinociceptivo da LAHT (50 mg/kg, v.o.) nÃo foi afetado pelo prÃ-tratamento por naloxona, mas foi significativamente antagonizado pela teofilina e glibenclamida, respectivos bloqueadores de adenosina e canais de KATP dependentes. A LAHT (50 mg/kg, v.o.) nÃo alterou o tempo de sono, nÃo prejudicou a atividade locomotora e nÃo alterou a coordenaÃÃo motora dos camundongos como evidenciado nos testes do tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, do campo aberto e rota-rod respectivamente. Esses dados sugerem que a LAHT inibe a inflamaÃÃo neurogÃnica aguda, possivelmente pela inibiÃÃo da liberaÃÃo de SP ou bloqueio de seus receptores, e a nocicepÃÃo possivelmente pelo envolvimento de adenosina endÃgena e canais de KATP dependentes / The diterpene, 12-acetoxy-hawtriwaic acid lactone (AHAL) isolated from the flower buds of Egletes viscosa Less. (Asteraceae), a popular medicinal plant largely encountered in Cearà State was evaluated in mice for its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential, using capsaicin-induced ear edema and hindpaw nociception as experimental models. AHAL (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly attenuated the ear edema response to topically applied capsaicin (250Âg), in a dose-related manner (45.7, 86.9 and 100 % respectively). This response to capsaicin was also greatly inhibited by ruthenium red (3 mg/kg, s.c.), a non-competitive capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) antagonist by 74.8%. The anti-edema effect of AHAL (50 mg/kg, p.o.) seems unrelated either to inhibition of mast cell degranulation or to antagonism at histamine and serotonin receptor since AHAL did not modify the paw edema response-induced by intraplantar injections of compound 48/80 (10 Âg), histamine (10 Âg) or serotonin (10 Âg). However the substance P (SP) induced hindpaw edema was significantily inhibited by AHAL (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) by 29.4 and 53.3 % respectively, as well as the increase in capillary permeability induced by intra-peritoneal acetic acid. In the hindpaw nociceptive model, AHAL suppressed the nocifensive paw-licking behavior induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin (1.6 Âg). This response to capsaicin was also greatly inhibited by ruthenium red (3 mg/kg, s.c.) by 64.9 %. The antinociceptive effect of AHAL (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was unaffected by naloxone pre-treatment but was significantly antagonized by theophylline and glibenclamide, the respective blockers of adenosine receptor and KATP-sensitive channels. AHAL (50 mg/kg, p.o.) did not impair the ambulation or motor coordination of mice in open-field and rota-rod tests. These data allow us to conclude that AHAL possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. It possibly inhibits acute neurogenic inflammation by the inhibition of SP release or its receptor blockade and the nociception through mechanisms that involve the endogenous adenosine and opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
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AvaliaÃÃo do efeito antiflamatÃrio e antinociceptivo do α- e Ã-amirina, em modelo de doenÃa periodontal e nocicepÃÃo orofacial em ratos / EVALUATION OF THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF α- e Ã-AMIRINA IN A MODEL OF DISEASE PERIODONTAL AND NOCICEPCION OROFACIAL IN RATS.

Sergio AraÃjo Holanda Pinto 24 September 2008 (has links)
nÃo hà / Este estudo avaliou o potencial antiinflamatÃrio do triterpeno &#945;, &#946;-amirina sobre a periodontite nas fases aguda e crÃnica, em ratos. A periodontite foi induzida pela colocaÃÃo de ligadura ao redor do 2 molar superior esquerdo. Ratos (n=8) foram prÃ-tratados com &#945;, &#946;-amirina (5 e 10 mg/kg,v.o). Falso-operados e controles positivos (lumiracoxibe, 20 mg/kg,v.o.e dexametasona, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) foram incluÃdos. Na fase aguda, os nÃveis do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-alfa no plasma foram medidos e o tecido gengival foi analisado para mieloperoxidase (MPO) e substÃncias tiobarbitÃricas Ãcido-reativas (TBARS). Tanto &#945;, &#946;-amirina, como dexametasona, diminuiu os nÃveis de TNF-alfa, MPO e TBARS. Jà na fase crÃnica, apÃs a induÃÃo da doenÃa, os animais foram acompanhados e tratados durante 11 dias, avaliando-se, em seguida, o efeito das drogas na variaÃÃo de massa corpÃrea e no Ãndice de perda Ãssea, alÃm de estudo histopatolÃgico do tecido Ãsseo e da gengiva. Na avaliaÃÃo da variaÃÃo da massa corpÃrea, observou-se que, com &#945;, &#946;-amirina e com lumiracoxibe ocorreu aumento no ganho de peso na massa corpÃrea, ao passo que, com a dexametasona, ocorreu diminuiÃÃo, quando comparados com o grupo normal (p<0,05). Em relaÃÃo ao Ãndice de perda Ãssea, observou-se que &#945;, &#946;-amirina 5 mg/kg nÃo preveniu a perda Ãssea, nÃo causando, no entanto, aumento, o que ocorreu na concentraÃÃo de 10 mg/kg e nos controles positivos, lumiracoxibe e dexametasona, quando comparados ao grupo falso-operado (p<0,01). Estes resultados permitem concluir que &#945;, &#946;-amirina modulou a inflamaÃÃo periodontal na fase aguda e demonstrou atividade antiinflamatÃria na periodontite nas fases aguda e crÃnica, mas nÃo mostrou capacidade para prevenir a perda Ãssea. Paralelamente a este estudo, investigou-se, tambÃm, o efeito da &#945;, &#946;-amirina em modelo de nocicepÃÃo orofacial induzida em ratos por formalina e capsaicina. Os animais foram prÃ-tratados com &#945;, &#946;-amirina (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg, i.p.) ou veÃculo (Tween 80, 3%), recebendo, em seguida, injeÃÃo de formalina (1,5 %,20 &#956;l) ou capsaicina (20 Âl, 1,5 &#956;g) na parte central da vibrissa direita. ApÃs a anÃlise dos dados, concluiu-se que a &#945;, &#946;-amirina exerceu atividade antinociceptiva no modelo de nocicepÃÃo orofacial induzida por capsaicina e formalina. / This study evaluated the triterpene pentaclycle &#945;- Ã-amyrin anti-inflammatory potential on the stages of periodontitis, acute and chronic, in rats. The periodontitis was induced through ligature placement around the second left upper molar. Rats (n=8) were treated with &#945;, &#946;-amyrin (5 and 10 mg/kg, v.o). Sham-operated and positive-controls (lumiracoxibe 20 mg/kg, v.o. and dexametasone, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were included. The TNF-alfa levels in the plasma were evaluated and gingival tissues analyzed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Both &#945;, &#946;-amyrin and dexametasone decreased the levels of TNF-alfa, MPO and TBARS. In chronic stage, the animals were observed and treated for a period of 11 days, in which the rats received the same drugs and were evaluated regarding their body mass variation and bone loss index, besides, were submitted to histopathological study of bone and gingival tissues. In the evaluation of the body mass variation, &#945;, &#946;-Amyrin and lumiracoxibe caused an increase in the weight gain, while a decrease occurred in rats treated with dexametasone when compared with the normal group (p<0.05). In relation to bone loss index, it was observed that &#945;, &#946;-Amyrin 5 mg/kg did not prevent bone loss, whereas a concentration of 10 mg/kg displayed an increase in bone loss; this increase also was perceived in the positive controls, lumiracoxibe and dexametasone, in relation to the sham-operated rats group (p<0.01). In conclusion, &#945;, &#946;-amyrin modulates acute phase periodontal inflammation and presents anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic phases, but do not have the capacity to prevent bone loss. In parallel to this study, we also investigated the &#945;, &#946;-amyrin effect in model of orofacial pain induced in rats by formalin and capsaicin. The animals were pre-treated with &#945;, &#946;-amyrin (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle (Tween 80, 3%), and than received either formalin (20 &#956;l, 1.5%) or capsaicin (20 Âl, 1.5 &#956;g) injection into the vibrissa central right side. After data analysis, it was concluded that &#945;, &#946;-amyrin exerts antinociception effect in experimental model of orofacial pain induced by capsaicin and formalin.
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Inhalational cough challenges in the assessment of cough

Khalid, Saifudin January 2013 (has links)
Introduction: Cough is the commonest reason for which medical advice is sought. In assessment of chronic cough and in developing anti-tussive medications, inhalational cough challenges with capsaicin and citric acid are commonly employed. However the ability of these inhalational cough challenges to distinguish health and disease is not clear and it is not known which end point is best in making such assessments. Methods: Subjects belonging to five different categories (healthy volunteers, subjects with COPD, asthma, healthy current smokers and chronic cough) were compared with each another by using the standard cough challenges employing Capsaicin and Citric acid and also by using newer inhalational cough challenge agents such as prostaglandin E2 and bradykinin. In addition adaptation to repeated inhalations of tussive agents was also assessed. The relationship between the cough reflex sensitivity as gauged by using inhalational cough challenge tests and objective cough recording was explored in all five groups. Finally the change in C5 in Capsaicin evoked cough by using a substance to block TRPV1 channel and its effect on objective cough recording was assessed in subjects with chronic cough. Results: Different tussive agents have different abilities to distinguish between different diagnostic categories and a combination of inhalational cough challenge tests have a better accuracy of predicting diagnostic groups as compared to one on its own. There are significant differences in the rates of adaptation to repeated inhalations of PGE2 and there is a significant reduction in cough response over period of time in all disease groups. Using the TRPV1 antagonist resulted in a modest increase in the Log C5 concentration of capsaicin but this was not matched by a change in objective cough recording or CQLQ scores. Conclusions: The different abilities of tussive agents to distinguish between different diagnostic categories suggest that the information conveyed by the one inhalational cough challenge test is different from that by another test. The choice of the inhalational cough challenge test should therefore depend on which groups are included in the study. There was no significant difference in the rate of adaptation to prolonged challenge with citric acid or capsaicin and no significant correlation of the magnitude of adaptation with objective cough recording suggesting that this is unlikely to be responsible for the increased cough rates seen in diseases such as chronic cough, COPD or asthma. The TRPV1 antagonist did not result in a significant change in objective cough recording or CQLQ scores. The change in C5 with the TRPV1 antagonist was however modest and this may be reason for this study failing to show a relationship between these different measures.

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