Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.

Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.

Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.

Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ja_me_sjrp.pdf: 532607 bytes, checksum: fa6463333af7dc34ef59d3dc24603f96 (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características do javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) por meio dos parâmetros zootécnicos e tecnológicos. Os dados zootécnicos foram medidos pela avaliação do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar desse animal. Quanto aos aspectos nutricionais, foram realizadas análises da composição centesimal básica (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidratos) e análises quanto à presença/ausência de Salmonella sp.. Para tais estudos, os animais foram divididos em quatro lotes, cada um contendo três indivíduos, machos e castrados, abatidos na idade de 4 (Lote A), 6 (Lote B), 8 (Lote C) e 10 (Lote D) meses. Em relação ao ensaio de crescimento, os javaporcos apresentaram peso vivo no abate variando entre 14, 50 kg a 57,66 kg em 300 dias de avaliação. Os lotes B e C, foram os que apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar correspondendo a 3,49 e 3,72, respectivamente. Os rendimentos das carcaças variaram entre 54,75 a 75,15%, com uma média de produção de carne em relação ao peso da carcaça de 33,13% para todos os animais. Quanto à composição química básica o percentual de umidade para os lotes A, B e C variou de 73,90 a 74,23%, já o lote D apresentou valor inferior a este, 70, 96%. Os valores de proteínas variaram de 17,35 a 18,33% em todos os lotes. O percentual lipídico apresentou valores médios de 3,31 a 4,34% e os mineiras oscilaram entre 1,17 a 1,84%. No estudo da estabilidade microbiológica, em relação à presença/ausência de Salmonellas sp. somente o lote A encontrou em não conformidade com a legislação, tendo 2 amostras contaminadas. Diante destas observações, a adoção de estudos quanto ao manejo mais adequado e uma alimentação balanceada e especifica para esses animais tornam-se necessárias para que os interessados tenham sucesso na criação deste animal... / The present research was focused in the evaluation of the characteristics of the javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) by means of zootechnical and technological parameters. The zootechnical data had been provided by the evaluation of the consumption of ration, the gain of body weight and the feed conversion of this animal. Regarding the nutritional aspects, analyses of basic proximate composition was carried out (humidity, proteins, lipids, leached ashes and carbohydrate) and analysis for the presence/absence of Salmonella sp was performed as an indicative of microbial contamination. For such studies, the animals were divided into four lots, each of them containing three male animals which were slaughter at the age of 4 months (Lot A), 6 months (Lot B), 8 months (Lot C) and 10 months (Lot D). Regarding the growth trial, the javaporcos presented a live weight, before slaughtering, between 14,50 kg to 57,66 kg in 300 days of evaluation. Lots B and C, were the ones that presented better values of feed conversion, 3,49 and 3,72, respectively. The carcasses yield varied between 54,75% to 75.15%, with an average productivity of meat in relation to the carcass weight of 33,13% for all animals evaluated. Regarding to the basic chemical composition of the meat, the percentage of humidity for lots A, B and C varied from 73.90% to 74.23% although Lot D presented a lower value of 70, 96%, however the protein values varied from 17.35% to 18.33% in all lots. The percentage lipid values were on average 3.31% to 4.34% and the minerals varied from 1.17% to 1.84%. In the study of microbiological stability in relation to the presence/absence of Salmonella sp. the lot A was the only that met in disagreement with the legislation, having two contaminated samples. Having said that an appropriate studies and a balanced and vii 20 specific diet for these animals become necessary for parties interested in order... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características do javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) por meio dos parâmetros zootécnicos e tecnológicos. Os dados zootécnicos foram medidos pela avaliação do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar desse animal. Quanto aos aspectos nutricionais, foram realizadas análises da composição centesimal básica (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidratos) e análises quanto à presença/ausência de Salmonella sp.. Para tais estudos, os animais foram divididos em quatro lotes, cada um contendo três indivíduos, machos e castrados, abatidos na idade de 4 (Lote A), 6 (Lote B), 8 (Lote C) e 10 (Lote D) meses. Em relação ao ensaio de crescimento, os javaporcos apresentaram peso vivo no abate variando entre 14, 50 kg a 57,66 kg em 300 dias de avaliação. Os lotes B e C, foram os que apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar correspondendo a 3,49 e 3,72, respectivamente. Os rendimentos das carcaças variaram entre 54,75 a 75,15%, com uma média de produção de carne em relação ao peso da carcaça de 33,13% para todos os animais. Quanto à composição química básica o percentual de umidade para os lotes A, B e C variou de 73,90 a 74,23%, já o lote D apresentou valor inferior a este, 70, 96%. Os valores de proteínas variaram de 17,35 a 18,33% em todos os lotes. O percentual lipídico apresentou valores médios de 3,31 a 4,34% e os mineiras oscilaram entre 1,17 a 1,84%. No estudo da estabilidade microbiológica, em relação à presença/ausência de Salmonellas sp. somente o lote A encontrou em não conformidade com a legislação, tendo 2 amostras contaminadas. Diante destas observações, a adoção de estudos quanto ao manejo mais adequado e uma alimentação balanceada e especifica para esses animais tornam-se necessárias para que os interessados tenham sucesso na criação deste animal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present research was focused in the evaluation of the characteristics of the javaporco (Sus scrofa javaporco) by means of zootechnical and technological parameters. The zootechnical data had been provided by the evaluation of the consumption of ration, the gain of body weight and the feed conversion of this animal. Regarding the nutritional aspects, analyses of basic proximate composition was carried out (humidity, proteins, lipids, leached ashes and carbohydrate) and analysis for the presence/absence of Salmonella sp was performed as an indicative of microbial contamination. For such studies, the animals were divided into four lots, each of them containing three male animals which were slaughter at the age of 4 months (Lot A), 6 months (Lot B), 8 months (Lot C) and 10 months (Lot D). Regarding the growth trial, the javaporcos presented a live weight, before slaughtering, between 14,50 kg to 57,66 kg in 300 days of evaluation. Lots B and C, were the ones that presented better values of feed conversion, 3,49 and 3,72, respectively. The carcasses yield varied between 54,75% to 75.15%, with an average productivity of meat in relation to the carcass weight of 33,13% for all animals evaluated. Regarding to the basic chemical composition of the meat, the percentage of humidity for lots A, B and C varied from 73.90% to 74.23% although Lot D presented a lower value of 70, 96%, however the protein values varied from 17.35% to 18.33% in all lots. The percentage lipid values were on average 3.31% to 4.34% and the minerals varied from 1.17% to 1.84%. In the study of microbiological stability in relation to the presence/absence of Salmonella sp. the lot A was the only that met in disagreement with the legislation, having two contaminated samples. Having said that an appropriate studies and a balanced and vii 20 specific diet for these animals become necessary for parties interested in order... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Pedro Fernando Romanelli / Coorientador: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Banca: Maria Luiza Poiatti / Banca: Luis Fernando Fertonani / Mestre

Submitted by PAULO VINICIUS DA COSTA MENDES null (paulo.vinicius@agricultura.gov.br) on 2016-01-12T15:07:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Paulo_Vinícius_da_Costa_Mendes Final.pdf: 1356940 bytes, checksum: c8fc9784d2919dca33f00dfd2e245cf6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-12T15:43:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_pvc_dr_jabo_int.pdf: 1356940 bytes, checksum: c8fc9784d2919dca33f00dfd2e245cf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-12T15:43:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_pvc_dr_jabo_int.pdf: 1356940 bytes, checksum: c8fc9784d2919dca33f00dfd2e245cf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / O Brasil é o maior exportador e terceiro maior produtor de frangos de corte, posição de destaque decorrente do atendimento das demandas de mercados consumidores que possuem exigências incisivas, com investimentos em sustentabilidade ambiental e bem-estar animal. Os países de religião islâmica têm considerável importância para as exportações brasileiras. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o cortisol sanguíneo e a qualidade da carcaça de frangos abatidos pelo método Halal – próprio ao atendimento desse mercado, sem insensibilização, conforme requerido pela religião islâmica e compará-los aos insensibilizados por eletronarcose, de acordo com normais humanitárias de abate. Foram realizadas dosagens séricas de cortisol sanguíneo utilizando kit comercial, em frangos abatidos em frigorífico com SIF na região sudoeste do estado de Goiás, para avaliar o estresse imediato, ou seja, no momento do abate, e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Avaliou-se também a qualidade de carcaça dos animais abatidos por ambos os métodos, procurando identificar alterações da pele, anexos, musculatura, ossos e articulações que evidenciem o não atendimento das normas de bem-estar animal, depreciando, portanto a qualidade da carcaça. Verificou-se que houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes métodos de abate, evidenciando menor nível de estresse dos animais, pelo método Halal e superior qualidade de carcaças com a utilização de prévia insensibilização por eletronarcose, seguido de sangria automática. Conclui-se que do ponto de vista de bem-estar animal, ambos os métodos de abate ainda oferecem desafios a serem compreendidos e superados. O método tradicional de abate parece atender mais adequadamente os preceitos de bem-estar animal devido o emprego da insensibilização dos animais, embora uma série de tecnopatias possa depreciar a qualidade de carcaças. / Brazil is the largest exporter and third largest producer of broiler chickens, prominent position due to the meet the demands of consumers markets with incisive requirements, with investments in environmental sustainability and animal welfare. The countries of Islam have considerable importance for Brazilian exports. This study aimed to assess blood cortisol and chicken carcass quality slaughtered by the Halal method - own service this market without stunning, as required by Islam and compare them to numb by electro, according to humanitarian normal slaughter. Serum levels of blood cortisol using a commercial kit was performed in chickens slaughtered in fridge with SIF in the southwest region of the state of Goiás, to assess the immediate stress, ie at the time of slaughter, and the experimental design was completely randomized. Also evaluated the quality of animal housing slaughtered by both methods, trying to identify skin changes, attachments, muscles, bones and joints that show non-compliance with the animal welfare standards, depreciating therefore the carcass quality. It was found that there was a statistical difference between the different methods of slaughter, presenting a lower stress level of the animals, the method Halal and higher quality castings with the use of prior stunning for electro, followed by automatic sangria. We conclude that the animal welfare point of view, both slaughter methods still offer challenges to be understood and overcome. The traditional method of killing seems to take better account of animal welfare provisions due to the use of stunning animals, although a number of tecnopatias can depreciate the quality of carcasses.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido no período de outubro de 2007 a março de 2008 na Estação de Avaliação de Suínos em Tanquinho, Piracicaba SP, no Frigorífico BRESSIANI®, localizado na cidade de Capivari SP, e as avaliações bioquímicas, químicas, quantidade e qualidade de carne foram realizadas no mês de março a abril de 2008, no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Carnes do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, localizado na cidade de Campinas SP. Neste experimento foram testados métodos de castração de suínos objetivando avaliar a incidência do odor de macho inteiro, causado pela androstenona e escatol, presentes no tecido adiposo dos suínos machos, composição corporal e da carcaça. Entre os métodos de castração de suínos machos existentes, foram avaliados o cirúrgico e imunológico. O primeiro consistiu na remoção cirúrgica das gônadas do leitão entre 3 a 5 dias de vida e o segundo na aplicação de duas doses da forma modificada do Fator de Liberação das Gonadotropinas (GnRF) em um sistema coadjuvante de baixa reatividade, sendo a primeira dose aplicada nos animais com 15 semanas e a segunda dose com 19 semanas de idade. Após duas semanas da segunda dose foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliação de testosterona através de radioimunoensaio. No momento do abate foi realizada a coleta de parte do tecido adiposo para análise de androstenona e escatol. Nas meias carcaças esquerdas foram avaliadas a qualidade de carne (pH, temperatura, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e cor) e a quantidade (medidas lineares das carcaças e rendimentos dos cortes anatômicos). A vacinação dos animais contra o GnRF demonstrou sua eficiência em controlar os compostos responsáveis pelo odor sexual (androstenona e escatol) e em manter os níveis de testosterona comparáveis aos animais castrados cirurgicamente. A imunocastração melhorou o desempenho zootécnico e contribuiu para aumentar a quantidade de carne por animal (4,84 kg), diminuir a de gordura (1, 54 kg) e acrescentar mais carne nos cortes de maior valor comercial, como pernil (1060 g, p < 0,05), carre(400 g, p > 0,05), a barriga (840 g, p < 0,05) e paleta (1460 g, p < 0,05), que representa uma vantagem econômica para a indústria da carne, pois atende os mercados de carne fresca e de produtos industrializados (cozidos e embutidos). Em relação à avaliação sensorial foram constatadas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) para todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados em favor dos suínos imunocastrados quando comparados com os castrados cirurgicamente. Quanto à preferência, os bifes cozidos de lombo dos suínos imunocastrados obtiveram melhor preferência (66%) em comparação com os castrados cirurgicamente (34%). A intenção de compra também foi em favor dos suínos imunocastrados e refletiu os resultados dos testes de preferência e de aceitação. A maioria dos consumidores (74,8%) provavelmente (20,2%) ou certamente (54,6%) compraria a carne dos suínos imunocastrados e somente 58,4% dos consumidores provavelmente (25,2%) ou certamente (33,2%) compraria a carne dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente. A gordura total encontrada no lombo nesse experimento foi 14.67 e 12.67 g/100g para o grupo dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente e imunocastrados, respectivamente. O rendimento de cocção e os valores da força máxima de cisalhamento (Warner - Bratzler) dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente e imunocastrados não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p > 0,05) enquanto que a cor instrumental (L*, a* e b*) apresentou diferença estatística (p < 0,05) na sua composição para os tratamentos estudados. Os resultados desse trabalho permitem dizer que a imunocastração demonstrou ser eficiente em prevenir o odor sexual bem como em melhorar o desempenho zootécnico e qualidade de carcaça quando comparada com a castração cirúrgica. Quanto à qualidade de carne dos suínos imunocastrados ficou evidenciado que essa tecnologia pode melhorar os atributos sensoriais e outras características de qualidade realizadas nessa pesquisa. / The present study was carried out from October 2007 to March 2008 at the Pig Evaluation Station in Tanquinho, located in Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, in the BRESSIANI® abattoir, located in Capivai, city, São Paulo state, and the biochemical, chemical, meat quantity and meat quality assessments were carried in March 2008, at the Meat Center for Research and Development in the Institute of Food Technology, located in Campinas city, São Paulo state. In this experiment were tested castration methods applied in pigs to evaluate the incidence of the boar taint, caused by androstenone and skatole located in the fat of boars, carcass composition and meat quality. The castration methods tested were physical and immunological. In the first one pig gonads were removed physically at the age 3 to 5 days and the last one the pigs were immunocastrated (two doses, 15 and 19 weeks of age) against the modified factor gonadotropin-releasing (GnRF). After two weeks of the second dose blood samples were taken to evaluate testosterone using radioimmunoassay. At the slaughter level a portion of backfat was collected to assess androstenone and skatole. Meat quality (pH, temperature, water holding capacity, loss of weeping and color) and quantity (linear measurements of carcasses and anatomical cuts yield) were performed at left carcass side. Vaccination of animals against GnRF demonstrated its effectiveness in controlling the boar taint compounds (androstenone and skatole) and to maintain the levels of testosterone comparable to physically castrated animals. The immunocastration improved growth performance and contributed to increase the total meat quantity per animal (4.84 kg), reducing the fat (1, 54 kg) as well as added more meat in cuts of higher commercial value, such as ham (1060 g, p < 0.05), loin (400 g, p > 0.05), belly (840 g, p < 0.05) and shoulder (1460 g, p < 0.05), which represents an economic advantage for the meat industry since reaches booths markets fresh and processed meats products (sausage and cooked). Regarding the sensory evaluation were found significant differences (p < 0.05) for all sensory attributes evaluated in favor ofimmunocastrated pigs when compared with physically castrated. The preference test applied to cooked sirloin steak from immunocastrated pigs indicated better preference (66%) compared with physically castrated (34%). The panelists intent to purchase was also in favor of the immunocastrated treatment and confirmed the results from the preference and acceptance tests. The majority (74.8%) of the consumers probably (20.2%) or certainly (54.6%) would buy meat from the immunocastrated pigs compared to 58.4% of the consumers who would probably (25.2%) or certainly (33.2%) would buy meat from physically castrated pigs. Loin total fat content found in the experiment was 14.67 and 12.67 g/100g for the physical and immunocastrated groups respectively. The immunocastrated group contained 11.2% less fat than the surgical castrates. Cooking yields and peak Warner-Bratzler shear force values from physically castrated and immunocastrated pigs were not statistically different (P > 0.05) while statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the brightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) parameters were observed between the two treatments. From the above considerations it can be said that immunocastration shows very good potential for pre-venting boar taint. Pain and stress associated with physical castration can thus be avoided. It was also demonstrated that immunocastrated pigs improved some meat quality aspects evaluated. Sensory, total fat content and color were the main factors affected by immunocastration while cooking loss and instrumental tenderness had no remarkable changes. The consumers classified meat from immunocastrated pigs significantly better than physically castrated pigs as far as acceptability, preference and purchase intention are concerned. Thus, immunocastration results in production of animals with high meat quality in the carcass and still capitalizes on the growth, feed efficiency and carcass leanness of boars up to the point of immunocastration.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In swine, the studies and innovations on homeopathic, phytotherapeutic, symbiotic and other additives have been highlighted in order to replace or diminish the use of antimicrobials promoters at all productive phases. Therefore, objected evaluate effects of the inclusion of homeopathic products in pig feed in the growth and finishing phases on performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics, meat quality and feed digestibility. Sixty entire male pigs were used, immunocastred at 90 and 120 days old, with a mean initial weight of 30.91 ± 0.95 kg. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, within two treatments, 10 replicates and 3 animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet and control diet plus the inclusion of 6.0 kg/ton of two commercial homeopathic products (figotonus® and sanoplus®), being 3.0 kg of each. The performance of the animals was evaluated in two productive phases (growth and termination) and in the total period. Statistical analyzes were analyzed using the SAS program (2015) and the data were submitted to analysis of variance at probability of 5.0%. There was no difference between treatments for the performance parameters (P≥0.05) in any of the phases, as well as for blood parameters (plasma urea nitrogen - NUP and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes - AST and alanine aminotransferase - ALT). There was an increase (P≤0.05) in the percentage content of acid-insoluble ash in the diet (CIA-ration) and reduction in apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and of crude energy in both phases, as well as in the digestibility coefficient of the organic matter and in the digestible energy of the growth phase; except (P≥0.05) for the apparent digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract, percentage of CIA-feces and crude energy in the two phases analyzed, in addition to the coefficient of apparent digestibility of organic matter and digestible energy in the finishing phase. Regarding the carcass characteristics, a higher amount of meat (P = 0.05), muscle percentage (P = 0.04) and greater degree of marbling (P = 0.04) were observed in animals receiving homeopathic products. It was concluded that the use of homeopathic products positively affected the performance of the animals, the percentage and quality of meat, as well as the degree of marbling of the carcasses of these animals. Therefore, they can be used in pig diets in growth and finishing stages in order to improve the quantity and quality of carcass. / Dentro da suinocultura, os estudos e inovações sobre produtos homeopáticos, fitoterápicos, simbióticos e outros aditivos têm se destacado a fim de substituir ou diminuir o uso de promotores de crescimento em todas as fases produtivas. Diante disto, visou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de produtos homeopáticos na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e digestibilidade das rações. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos inteiros, imunocastrados aos 90 e aos 120 dias de idade, com peso médio inicial de 30,91 ± 0,95 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dentro de dois tratamentos, 10 repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle e uma dieta controle mais a inclusão de 6,0 kg/tonelada de dois produtos homeopáticos comerciais (figotonus® e sanoplus®), sendo 3,0 kg de cada um deles. O desempenho dos animais foi avaliado em duas fases produtivas (crescimento e terminação) e no período total. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do programa SAS (2015) e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando-se 5,0% de probabilidade. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para os parâmetros de desempenho (P≥0,05) em nenhuma das fases, bem como para os parâmetros sanguíneos (nitrogênio ureico plasmático - NUP e enzimas aspartato aminotransferase - AST e alanina aminotransferase - ALT). Houve aumento (P≤0,05) do conteúdo do percentual de cinza insolúvel em ácido na ração (CIA-ração) e redução nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, da fibra detergente neutro, da fibra detergente ácido e da energia bruta, em ambas as fases, bem como no coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica e na energia digestível da fase de crescimento; exceto (P≥0,05) para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo, percentual de CIA-fezes e energia bruta nas duas fases analisadas, além do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica e energia digestível na fase de terminação. Quanto às características de carcaça, foi observado maior quantidade de carne (P=0,05), percentual de músculo (P=0,04) e maior grau de marmoreio (P=0,04) nos animais que receberam adição de produtos homeopáticos. Conclui-se que a utilização dos produtos homeopáticos afetou positivamente o desempenho dos animais, o percentual e a qualidade de carne, assim como o grau de marmoreio das carcaças destes animais. Por isto, podem ser utilizados nas dietas de suínos em fases de crescimento e terminação a fim de melhorar a quantidade e qualidade de carcaça. / São Cristóvão, SE

O presente trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido no período de outubro de 2007 a março de 2008 na Estação de Avaliação de Suínos em Tanquinho, Piracicaba SP, no Frigorífico BRESSIANI®, localizado na cidade de Capivari SP, e as avaliações bioquímicas, químicas, quantidade e qualidade de carne foram realizadas no mês de março a abril de 2008, no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Carnes do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, localizado na cidade de Campinas SP. Neste experimento foram testados métodos de castração de suínos objetivando avaliar a incidência do odor de macho inteiro, causado pela androstenona e escatol, presentes no tecido adiposo dos suínos machos, composição corporal e da carcaça. Entre os métodos de castração de suínos machos existentes, foram avaliados o cirúrgico e imunológico. O primeiro consistiu na remoção cirúrgica das gônadas do leitão entre 3 a 5 dias de vida e o segundo na aplicação de duas doses da forma modificada do Fator de Liberação das Gonadotropinas (GnRF) em um sistema coadjuvante de baixa reatividade, sendo a primeira dose aplicada nos animais com 15 semanas e a segunda dose com 19 semanas de idade. Após duas semanas da segunda dose foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliação de testosterona através de radioimunoensaio. No momento do abate foi realizada a coleta de parte do tecido adiposo para análise de androstenona e escatol. Nas meias carcaças esquerdas foram avaliadas a qualidade de carne (pH, temperatura, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e cor) e a quantidade (medidas lineares das carcaças e rendimentos dos cortes anatômicos). A vacinação dos animais contra o GnRF demonstrou sua eficiência em controlar os compostos responsáveis pelo odor sexual (androstenona e escatol) e em manter os níveis de testosterona comparáveis aos animais castrados cirurgicamente. A imunocastração melhorou o desempenho zootécnico e contribuiu para aumentar a quantidade de carne por animal (4,84 kg), diminuir a de gordura (1, 54 kg) e acrescentar mais carne nos cortes de maior valor comercial, como pernil (1060 g, p < 0,05), carre(400 g, p > 0,05), a barriga (840 g, p < 0,05) e paleta (1460 g, p < 0,05), que representa uma vantagem econômica para a indústria da carne, pois atende os mercados de carne fresca e de produtos industrializados (cozidos e embutidos). Em relação à avaliação sensorial foram constatadas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) para todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados em favor dos suínos imunocastrados quando comparados com os castrados cirurgicamente. Quanto à preferência, os bifes cozidos de lombo dos suínos imunocastrados obtiveram melhor preferência (66%) em comparação com os castrados cirurgicamente (34%). A intenção de compra também foi em favor dos suínos imunocastrados e refletiu os resultados dos testes de preferência e de aceitação. A maioria dos consumidores (74,8%) provavelmente (20,2%) ou certamente (54,6%) compraria a carne dos suínos imunocastrados e somente 58,4% dos consumidores provavelmente (25,2%) ou certamente (33,2%) compraria a carne dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente. A gordura total encontrada no lombo nesse experimento foi 14.67 e 12.67 g/100g para o grupo dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente e imunocastrados, respectivamente. O rendimento de cocção e os valores da força máxima de cisalhamento (Warner - Bratzler) dos suínos castrados cirurgicamente e imunocastrados não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p > 0,05) enquanto que a cor instrumental (L*, a* e b*) apresentou diferença estatística (p < 0,05) na sua composição para os tratamentos estudados. Os resultados desse trabalho permitem dizer que a imunocastração demonstrou ser eficiente em prevenir o odor sexual bem como em melhorar o desempenho zootécnico e qualidade de carcaça quando comparada com a castração cirúrgica. Quanto à qualidade de carne dos suínos imunocastrados ficou evidenciado que essa tecnologia pode melhorar os atributos sensoriais e outras características de qualidade realizadas nessa pesquisa. / The present study was carried out from October 2007 to March 2008 at the Pig Evaluation Station in Tanquinho, located in Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, in the BRESSIANI® abattoir, located in Capivai, city, São Paulo state, and the biochemical, chemical, meat quantity and meat quality assessments were carried in March 2008, at the Meat Center for Research and Development in the Institute of Food Technology, located in Campinas city, São Paulo state. In this experiment were tested castration methods applied in pigs to evaluate the incidence of the boar taint, caused by androstenone and skatole located in the fat of boars, carcass composition and meat quality. The castration methods tested were physical and immunological. In the first one pig gonads were removed physically at the age 3 to 5 days and the last one the pigs were immunocastrated (two doses, 15 and 19 weeks of age) against the modified factor gonadotropin-releasing (GnRF). After two weeks of the second dose blood samples were taken to evaluate testosterone using radioimmunoassay. At the slaughter level a portion of backfat was collected to assess androstenone and skatole. Meat quality (pH, temperature, water holding capacity, loss of weeping and color) and quantity (linear measurements of carcasses and anatomical cuts yield) were performed at left carcass side. Vaccination of animals against GnRF demonstrated its effectiveness in controlling the boar taint compounds (androstenone and skatole) and to maintain the levels of testosterone comparable to physically castrated animals. The immunocastration improved growth performance and contributed to increase the total meat quantity per animal (4.84 kg), reducing the fat (1, 54 kg) as well as added more meat in cuts of higher commercial value, such as ham (1060 g, p < 0.05), loin (400 g, p > 0.05), belly (840 g, p < 0.05) and shoulder (1460 g, p < 0.05), which represents an economic advantage for the meat industry since reaches booths markets fresh and processed meats products (sausage and cooked). Regarding the sensory evaluation were found significant differences (p < 0.05) for all sensory attributes evaluated in favor ofimmunocastrated pigs when compared with physically castrated. The preference test applied to cooked sirloin steak from immunocastrated pigs indicated better preference (66%) compared with physically castrated (34%). The panelists intent to purchase was also in favor of the immunocastrated treatment and confirmed the results from the preference and acceptance tests. The majority (74.8%) of the consumers probably (20.2%) or certainly (54.6%) would buy meat from the immunocastrated pigs compared to 58.4% of the consumers who would probably (25.2%) or certainly (33.2%) would buy meat from physically castrated pigs. Loin total fat content found in the experiment was 14.67 and 12.67 g/100g for the physical and immunocastrated groups respectively. The immunocastrated group contained 11.2% less fat than the surgical castrates. Cooking yields and peak Warner-Bratzler shear force values from physically castrated and immunocastrated pigs were not statistically different (P > 0.05) while statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the brightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) parameters were observed between the two treatments. From the above considerations it can be said that immunocastration shows very good potential for pre-venting boar taint. Pain and stress associated with physical castration can thus be avoided. It was also demonstrated that immunocastrated pigs improved some meat quality aspects evaluated. Sensory, total fat content and color were the main factors affected by immunocastration while cooking loss and instrumental tenderness had no remarkable changes. The consumers classified meat from immunocastrated pigs significantly better than physically castrated pigs as far as acceptability, preference and purchase intention are concerned. Thus, immunocastration results in production of animals with high meat quality in the carcass and still capitalizes on the growth, feed efficiency and carcass leanness of boars up to the point of immunocastration.