L'analyse quantitative de la fonction contractile myocardique constitue un enjeu majeur pour le dépistage, le traitement et le suivi des maladies cardio-vasculaires, première cause de mortalité dans les pays développés. Dans ce contexte, l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) s'impose comme une modalité privilégiée pour l'exploration dynamique du coeur, renseignant, d'une part, sur l'évolution des parois (ciné IRM), et permettant, d'autre part, d'accéder à des informations cinématiques au sein du myocarde (IRM de marquage). L'exploitation quantitative de ces données est néanmoins actuellement limitée par la quasi-absence de méthodologies fiables, robustes et reproductibles d'estimation de mouvement non rigide à partir de séquences d'images acquises dans cette modalité.<br /><br />Cette thèse se propose de démontrer que les techniques de recalage non rigide statistique constituent un cadre approprié pour l'estimation des déformations myocardiques en IRM, leur quantification à des fins diagnostiques, et leur modélisation en vue d'établir une référence numérique de normalité. Ses contributions concernent :<br /><br /> 1. l'élaboration d'une méthode robuste non supervisée d'estimation des déplacements myocardiques à partir de séquences d'IRM de marquage. Elle permet l'obtention de mesures de mouvement fiables en tout point du myocarde, à tout instant du cycle cardiaque et sous incidence de coupe arbitraire.<br /><br /> 2. le développement d'un outil de quantification dynamique des déformations à l'échelle du pixel et du segment myocardique, intégrant un étape de segmentation automatique du coeur par recalage d'images ciné IRM acquises conjointement aux données de marquage. Pour le coeur sain, la comparaison des mesures obtenues à des valeurs de référence issues d'une synthèse approfondie de la littérature médicale démontre une excellente corrélation. Pour des coeurs pathologiques, les expériences menées ont montré la pertinence d'une analyse quantitative multiparamétrique pour localiser et caractériser les zones atteintes.<br /><br /> 3. la construction d'un modèle statistique (atlas) de contraction d'un coeur sain. Cet atlas fournit des modèles quantitatifs de référence locaux et segmentaires pour les paramètres de déformation. Son intégration, en tant que modèle de mouvement, au processus de recalage des données d'IRM de marquage conduit en outre à une description très compacte des déplacements myocardiques sans perte de précision notable.

Dans le but de vérifier l’impact d’un changement soudain dans l’agrégation érythrocytaire sur certains paramètres cardiovasculaires, une transfusion par échange sanguin du tiers du volume a été effectuée avec du sang hyperagrégeant chez le rat de souche Brown Norway. La pression caudale, le volume cardiaque systolique, la fraction d’éjection, le débit cardiaque, le rythme cardiaque et la résistance périphérique à l’écoulement sanguin ont été observés non-intrusivement sur 19 jours suite à la transfusion. Les rats ont été sacrifiés plus d’un mois suivant la transfusion et une étude ex vivo de la réponse à deux agents dilatateurs (l’acétylcholine et le nitroprussiate de sodium) a été menée sur les artérioles mésentériques. Des variations des paramètres cardiovasculaires, soit le débit, le volume systolique et la résistance périphérique, ont été remarquées dans les trois premiers jours posttransfusion. Une résistance du muscle vasculaire lisse au monoxyde d’azote a été notée chez les rats transfusés au sang hyperagrégeant alors qu’aucune dysfonction endothéliale n’était apparente en réponse à l’acétylcholine. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an acute change in erythrocyte aggregation on cardiovascular parameters by exchanging one third of the blood volume with hyperaggregating blood in the Brown Norway rat model. Values of caudal pressure, systolic cardiac volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, heart rate and peripheral resistance to blood flow were observed non-invasively over 19 days after transfusion. The rats were sacrificed after more than a month following the procedure and an ex vivo study in response to pharmacological agents (acetylcholine and sodium nitroprussiate) was performed on mesenteric arterioles. Variations in cardiac output, systolic volume and peripheral resistance were noted for the first three days post-transfusion. The vascular smooth muscles of rats transfused with the hyperaggregating erythrocytes seemed to have developed a resistance to nitric oxide but no endothelial dysfunction was observed in response to acetylcholine.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Cicogna / Resumo: A obesidade é uma doença metabólica complexa considerada uma pandemia global e associada à alta incidência de doença cardiovascular. O excesso de tecido adiposo pode promover mal adaptação que resulta em alterações na estrutura e função do coração; no entanto, os mecanismos não estão totalmente elucidados. A proteômica pode fornecer uma compreensão mais profunda do processo fisiopatológico e contribuir para a identificação de novos potenciais alvos terapêuticos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão proteica miocárdica em ratos saudáveis e obesos por dieta Ocidental, empregando duas abordagens proteômicas, para melhor compreender a rede de mecanismos inerentes à disfunção cardíaca na obesidade. Ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (C, n = 13; dieta controle) e obeso (Ob, n = 13; dieta Ocidental) alimentados por 41 semanas. A obesidade foi determinada pelo índice de adiposidade. A função cardíaca foi avaliada pelo ecocardiograma e análise do músculo papilar isolado. A proteômica foi baseada em eletroforese em gel bidimensional (2-DE) juntamente com espectrometria de massa (LC-MS/MS) e cromatografia-líquida em nanofluxo com espectrometria de massa em tandem (nanoLC-MS/MS) seguida de quantificação label-free. Ratos obesos apresentaram aumento do índice de adiposidade e disfunção cardíaca sistólica e diastólica comparados aos controles. Um total de 82 proteínas miocárdicas foram identificadas como diferencialmente expressas entre os grupos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Obesity is a complex metabolic disease considered a global pandemic and associated with high incidence of cardiovascular disease. The excess of adipose tissue may promotes maladaptation that result in alterations in structure and function of the heart; however, the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Proteomics may provide a deeper understanding into the pathophysiological process and contribute to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. Thus, the aim of this was evaluate the myocardial protein expression in healthy and obese rats, employing two proteomic approaches to better comprehend the network of mechanisms inherent to cardiac dysfunction in obesity. Male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: control (C, n=13; standard diet) and obese (Ob, n=13; Western diet) fed for 41 weeks. The obesity was determined by adipose index. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiogram and isolated papillary muscle analysis. The proteomics was based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) along with mass spectrometry identification (LC-MS/MS) and nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) followed by label-free quantification. Obese rats showed increased adiposity index and systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction. A total of 82 myocardial proteins was identified as differentially expressed between C and Ob groups using two proteomic strategies, being 43 up- and 39 down-regulated by obesity. These proteins are involved in imp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Dans le but de vérifier l’impact d’un changement soudain dans l’agrégation érythrocytaire sur certains paramètres cardiovasculaires, une transfusion par échange sanguin du tiers du volume a été effectuée avec du sang hyperagrégeant chez le rat de souche Brown Norway. La pression caudale, le volume cardiaque systolique, la fraction d’éjection, le débit cardiaque, le rythme cardiaque et la résistance périphérique à l’écoulement sanguin ont été observés non-intrusivement sur 19 jours suite à la transfusion. Les rats ont été sacrifiés plus d’un mois suivant la transfusion et une étude ex vivo de la réponse à deux agents dilatateurs (l’acétylcholine et le nitroprussiate de sodium) a été menée sur les artérioles mésentériques. Des variations des paramètres cardiovasculaires, soit le débit, le volume systolique et la résistance périphérique, ont été remarquées dans les trois premiers jours posttransfusion. Une résistance du muscle vasculaire lisse au monoxyde d’azote a été notée chez les rats transfusés au sang hyperagrégeant alors qu’aucune dysfonction endothéliale n’était apparente en réponse à l’acétylcholine. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an acute change in erythrocyte aggregation on cardiovascular parameters by exchanging one third of the blood volume with hyperaggregating blood in the Brown Norway rat model. Values of caudal pressure, systolic cardiac volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, heart rate and peripheral resistance to blood flow were observed non-invasively over 19 days after transfusion. The rats were sacrificed after more than a month following the procedure and an ex vivo study in response to pharmacological agents (acetylcholine and sodium nitroprussiate) was performed on mesenteric arterioles. Variations in cardiac output, systolic volume and peripheral resistance were noted for the first three days post-transfusion. The vascular smooth muscles of rats transfused with the hyperaggregating erythrocytes seemed to have developed a resistance to nitric oxide but no endothelial dysfunction was observed in response to acetylcholine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5111.pdf: 6171719 bytes, checksum: 0356f236abaa5b549156bc72fde00f70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-14 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Some snakes have the ability to survive long periods without food and are capable to ingest large meal size. The ingestion of proportionally large preys triggers an expressive increase on the oxidative metabolic demand (SDA Specific Dinamic Action) which can become several times higher than the resting metabolic rate. The two described extreme situations might lead to cardiac changes to adapt structure and function in order to afford these two opposite physiological demands. During long food deprivation (Phase III), the depletion of the body structure may affect the heart muscle. That should be reverted to the SDA and prevent an overload on cardiovascular system. The standard cardiac function of South-american Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus, was described as well as the changes caused by long term food deprivation and SDA. The importance of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), functionality of sarcoplasmic reticulum, extracellular calcium dependence and the effect of adrenergic stimulation were tested in adult animals at 30°C, under three different metabolic states: postabsorptive, SDA peak and food deprivation. The ventricular mass does not change after food deprivation and SDA. The force of contraction was higher in the base of the heart if compared to the apex, but there is no difference among the experimental groups and it is probably reflex of the fiber orientation in each region of the ventricle. The sarcoplasmatic reticulum is functional in all groups, but the dependence of reticular calcium is lower during starvation compared to the other groups. Muscle contraction is mostly supported by the extracellular Ca2+. The NCX have minor contribution to force generation (20%) but has a major role pumping calcium out of the cell (faster than SERCA). The increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration during digestion can augment twitch force and would represent a contractile advantage to support the increased cardiac work without the development of hypertrophy. The adrenergic stimulation produced sustained increase in Fc for a wide range of stimulation frequencies in all the tested groups. / O coração possui a importante capacidade de se remodelar diante de alterações nas demandas funcionais. Serpentes apresentam a capacidade de ingestão de grandes presas e a capacidade de sobreviver a grandes períodos de privação alimentar. A ingestão de grandes massas de alimento demanda uma elevação metabólica e leva a uma compensação na massa ventricular e um aumento na força de contração do miocárdio, evitando uma sobrecarga no sistema cardiovascular. Durante o jejum ocorre depleção da estrutura corpórea podendo também atingir o músculo cardíaco. Para descrever a função cardíaca da Cascavél Sul-americana, Crotalus durissus terrificus, e as possíveis alterações diante dos extremos metabólicos, foi testada a importância do trocador Na+/Ca2+ (NCX), a funcionalidade do retículo sarcoplasmático (RS), a dependência do Ca2+ extracelular e o efeito da estimulação adrenérgica em animais adultos à temperatura constante de 30°C em período pós-absortivo, pico de SDA e após jejum prolongado. Observou-se que a massa ventricular se mantém estável mesmo durante os extremos metabólicos. Há uma diferença na geração de tensão entre as tiras da base e ápice ventriculares, presente nos 3 grupos alimentares e que pode se dar em função da orientação das fibras nas duas regiões do ventrículo. O teste com rianodina mostrou que o RS é funcional nos 3 grupos porém a dependência do cálcio proveniente do RS é menor após o jejum prolongado quando comparado aos demais grupos. O cálcio extracelular é o principal responsável pela contração do miócito cardíaco e o NCX, que fornece uma pequena parte de cálcio para a contração, é o principal bombeador de cálcio para fora da célula e é mais rápido do que a Ca2+- ATPase do RS. O meio extracelular é a principal fonte de cálcio ativador da contração sendo que o aumento de cálcio circulante disponível para a contração nos animais durante a digestão ofereceria uma vantagem contrátil para este grupo sem necessidade de hipertrofia. A adrenalina produziu um aumento substancial na Fc capaz e ser mantido por diferentes frequências de estimulação nos 3 grupos testados.

Indications are that autonomic under-arousal exists in children with ADHD. Published results are, however, controversial and few studies examine the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and focussed attention. In line with the indications of sympathetic under-arousal, patients with the disorder are treated with sympathomimetic stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate). Since these medications stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, they possess the potential to influence cardiac function. The aims of this study were a) to assess autonomic nervous system functioning in 20 children with ADHD, as compared to controls, and to examine the effects of focussed attention and sympathomimetic medication on this system, b) to investigate cardiac functioning in 20 children with ADHD, as compared to controls, and to examine the effects of sympathomimetic medication on this system and c) to assess EEG functioning in children with ADHD, as compared to controls, and to examine the effects of sympathomimetic medication on this functioning. Children with ADHD were tested while they were stimulant-free and during a period in which they were on stimulant medication, while controls were tested once. Autonomic nervous system activity of the children was assessed at baseline and during focussed attention by means of heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductivity. Attention was evoked by means of a program on the BioGraph Infiniti biofeedback apparatus, which is used specifically to train ADHD individuals to increase their attentive abilities. HRV was determined by time-domain, frequency-domain and Poincaré analysis of RR interval data. Skin conductivity was determined by BioGraph Infiniti biofeedback apparatus. Cardiac functioning of the children was assessed at baseline by means of blood pressure recordings and electrocardiograms (ECGs). Blood pressure was measured by means of a stethoscope and mercurial sphygmomanometer. ECGs were obtained by means of a Schiller CardioLaptop AT-110 ECG recorder using the standard 12-lead cable positioning for a resting ECG and parameters measured included HR, RR, QT, JT, QTc, JTc, QTd, JTd, QTcd and JTcd. EEG values were determined at baseline and during focussed attention by means of BioGraph Infiniti biofeedback apparatus. EEG values measured in this study included theta/beta ratios, theta/SMR ratios and thalpha, low alpha and high alpha power. The main findings of this study are that: <ul> <li>Stimulant-free ADHD children show a parasympathetic dominance of the sympathovagal balance relative to controls.</li> <li>Methylphenidate usage shifts the autonomic balance of children with ADHD towards normal levels; however a normal autonomic balance is not reached.</li> <li>Stimulant-free ADHD children exhibit a shift in the sympathovagal balance towards the sympathetic nervous system from baseline to focussed attention; however, methylphenidate abolishes this shift.</li> <li>Methylphenidate usage does not, in general, cause QTc or JTc prolongation but it may cause QTc or JTc prolongation in susceptible individuals.</li> <li>Children with ADHD can not be differentiated from normal children on the basis of theta/beta ratios, theta/SMR ratios or alpha power.</li> <li>Methylphenidate increases the level of centering in children with ADHD.</li> <li>Stimulant-free ADHD children display an alpha block from baseline to focussed attention; however, methylphenidate abolishes this alpha block.</li></ul> Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Physiology / unrestricted

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Le projet de cette thèse porte sur le développement de dépôts lipidiques ectopique et leur modulation suite à des intervenions thérapeutiques par imagerie résonance magnétique.Dans notre première étude, nous avons établi l’ordre chronologique d’apparition de graisses ectopiques et d’anomalies cardiaques dans un modèle de souris soumises à un régime riche en graisse et en sucre. Un traitement de courte durée à l’exendine-4 permet une amélioration de tous les paramètres altérés. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons évalué l’impact d’un traitement de l’obésité sur les dépôts ectopique de graisse cardiaque (TAE et stéatose), hépatique et pancréatique à deux temps (6 mois et 32 mois) après chirurgie bariatrique. Nous avons montré que ce traitement chirurgical permet une réduction de tous ces dépôts, avec une cinétique différente. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet du poids de naissance sur le développement de tissu adipeux épicardique. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence qu’il existe une accumulation plus importante de TAE à l’âge adulte lorsque le poids de naissance est augmenté ; et que les paramètres poids de naissance et croissance entre 2 et 12 ans, jouent un rôle important dans la mise en place de ce dépôts de graisse ectopique. En somme, ces résultats permettent une avancée dans la compréhension du développement des dépôts de graisses et de leur modulation. / The project of this thesis mainly focuses on ectopic lipid deposition development and their flexibility following therapeutic intervention. In our first study, we set out chronological order of ectopic fat onset and cardiac abnormalities in a high fat high sucrose mice model. Short duration exendin-4 treatment reverses every altered parameter. In the second study, we assessed treatment of obesity effect on cardiac ectopic fat deposition (EAT and steatosis), as well as hepatic and pancreatic fat at two different time points (6 months and 32 months) after bariatric surgery. We show significant reduction of every ectopic fat deposition, however in different kinetic. Finally, in a third study, we investigate birth weight effect on epicardial adipose tissue development. This study demonstrate important EAT accumulation in adulthood when birth weight is increased. Furthermore, birth weight and catch up growth in childhood between 2 and 12 years parameters impact significantly the development of epicardial fat.In summary, these results provide better understanding of ectopic fat deposition development and modulation.