Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to record the number and demographics of patients presenting with maxillofacial fractures at the Garankuwa Hospital, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus. In addition, the nature of these injuries and the aetiological factors involved were recorded and analysed. Materials and methods: The approach to this study was collection of data from records of patients who were treated at the Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery Department for injuries (fractures) to facial bones. All the records for the period January 2002 to December 2005 were analysed. Results: For the period (2002-2005) under review 4000 patient files were retrieved and analysed. These consisted of 1755 (43,88%) patients with mandibular or middle or upper third cranio-facial fractures who were included in this study and 2245 (56,13%) patients who had been treated as in or out patients for other oral and maxillo-facial procedures or pathology, who were excluded. The 1755 patients consisted of 232 (13.22%) females and 1519 (86.55%) males giving a male to female ratio of 6.55:1. Seventy percent of all the patients were in the age group 20-39 years with a peak frequency in the 3rd decade. The minimum age was two years and the maximum age was 88 years. A total of 2427 fractures were recorded. Of these 2077 (85.58%) occurred in the mandible where the most common sites were the angle (28.97%), the parasymphisis (17.43%) and the body (14.75%). Nearly 80% of the fractures were caused by personal assaults, 14.87% by motor vehicle accidents, 2.34% by gunshot wounds and 3.93 % by falls. Conclusion: In conclusion this study has shown that in a South African population being studied, the leading cause of fractures to the maxillofacial skeleton were interpersonal violence (assaults and gunshots) followed by motor vehicle accidents.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / The study investigated trends of rape in Mankweng area between the years 2009 and 2012. The number of cases reported per year, age of victims, area of occurrence, victim/perpetrator relationship, month of occurrence, day and time of occurrence and the victim’s rape occurrences were investigated. Archival research design was employed by studying victim’s records at Thuthuzela Care Centre, using a self-designed data organization sheet. Descriptive statistics was applied in analysing data. The following are the findings: there is an increase in the number of rape incidents, girls aged between 13- 19 years are at risk of being raped. The victims are likely to be raped by an unknown perpetrator. Rape is more likely to take place during the month of September. Most cases occur during weekends at night in the semi-urban part of Mankweng. There are more first-time victims and rape cases involved only one perpetrator.

In South Africa, alternative care solutions such as foster homes, child-headed households, placements with relatives and Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs), are under pressure to provide for the large numbers of children who need care. Child and Youth Care Centres include facilities such as children’s homes, places of safety, secure care facilities and schools of industry or reform schools. South African legislation offers guidelines towards the fulfilment of children’s needs in CYCCs by providing them with Children’s rights. Unfortunately, not only is literature on children living in CYCCs limited both internationally and locally, existing literature regarding children’s care in CYCCs in South Africa points towards a gap between legislative guidelines and practice of care provision. For example, apparently, children in CYCCs are not afforded opportunities to voice their opinions, and many CYCCs in South Africa are not legally registered. As a result, an obvious indication of the care and interaction taking place between caregivers and children in CYCCs is not available. This inductive, qualitative study aimed to explore and describe the views of children living in Child and Youth Care Centres in the Vaal Triangle area, Gauteng, South Africa, in an effort to gain a better understanding of children’s perceptions of their interactions with their caregivers. One-on-one interviews with children from three CYCCs were conducted. Interviews were voice-recorded and later transcribed. While being interviewed, participants were asked to take part in a role-play exercise and to make a collage of their interaction and relationship with their caregivers. Data was analysed using Creswell’s spiral of analysis and Thematic Analysis by Braun and Clarke. The findings revealed four themes, which encompassed the perceptions of interactions with caregiver: 1. Daily activity with caregiver; 2. Special time with caregiver; 3. Behaviour management strategies; and, 4. Relationship with caregiver. The key findings indicate the valuable insight that was gained by affording children in CYCCs the opportunity to voice their perceptions on their interactions with their caregivers. This not only empowers children and fulfils their right to be heard, but also provides a better understanding of whether needs are being met or not. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In South Africa, alternative care solutions such as foster homes, child-headed households, placements with relatives and Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs), are under pressure to provide for the large numbers of children who need care. Child and Youth Care Centres include facilities such as children’s homes, places of safety, secure care facilities and schools of industry or reform schools. South African legislation offers guidelines towards the fulfilment of children’s needs in CYCCs by providing them with Children’s rights. Unfortunately, not only is literature on children living in CYCCs limited both internationally and locally, existing literature regarding children’s care in CYCCs in South Africa points towards a gap between legislative guidelines and practice of care provision. For example, apparently, children in CYCCs are not afforded opportunities to voice their opinions, and many CYCCs in South Africa are not legally registered. As a result, an obvious indication of the care and interaction taking place between caregivers and children in CYCCs is not available. This inductive, qualitative study aimed to explore and describe the views of children living in Child and Youth Care Centres in the Vaal Triangle area, Gauteng, South Africa, in an effort to gain a better understanding of children’s perceptions of their interactions with their caregivers. One-on-one interviews with children from three CYCCs were conducted. Interviews were voice-recorded and later transcribed. While being interviewed, participants were asked to take part in a role-play exercise and to make a collage of their interaction and relationship with their caregivers. Data was analysed using Creswell’s spiral of analysis and Thematic Analysis by Braun and Clarke. The findings revealed four themes, which encompassed the perceptions of interactions with caregiver: 1. Daily activity with caregiver; 2. Special time with caregiver; 3. Behaviour management strategies; and, 4. Relationship with caregiver. The key findings indicate the valuable insight that was gained by affording children in CYCCs the opportunity to voice their perceptions on their interactions with their caregivers. This not only empowers children and fulfils their right to be heard, but also provides a better understanding of whether needs are being met or not. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / In South Africa family foster care is the first option of alternative care for children removed from their biological parents, adoptive parents or guardians, due to neglect, abuse or abandonment. Similar to international trends, South Africa prioritises family foster care. However, when the foster care placement disintegrates, children are generally placed in child and youth care centres (CYCCs) in accordance with the South African Children’s Act 38 of 2005. This qualitative study aims to explain the adverse childhood experiences of adults regarding their transition from foster care to CYCCs, using family systems theory (FST) to contextualise these accounts. The population for this study was adults living in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB), who were formerly moved to CYCCs after the break down of their family foster care placements.

This study explores the experiences of young orphans who transition into extended families in Zimbabwe, focusing on the five- to ten-year-old age group. The study embraced a qualitative approach which is situated within the interpretivist paradigm. The choice of the qualitative mode of inquiry was to ensure that the researcher interacted with participants who were remarkably close to young orphans and, henceforth, gather as much reliable and pertinent data as possible. A multiple case study design was employed to investigate five extended family members and their five to ten-year-old young orphans, one social worker and two residential care centre administrators. All five extended families with young orphans lived in the Mutoko, Murewa, Mudzi and Uzumba Maramba Pfungwe (UMP) districts. Data were gathered through interviews, drawings, narratives, and observations. The preference for the research methods were to necessitate a high level of trustworthiness and comprehensive data. The study established that although the government is mandated to provide services in the transitioning of young orphans into extended families in Zimbabwe, lack of resources inhibit efforts to support these children. Due to lack of funds social workers seldom follow up on young orphans. Although Zimbabwe has well stipulated national, regional and international agreements in its archives on transition, this research study had established that the strained Zimbabwean economy had a negative effect on children who transitioned into extended families. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that extended family members are inadequately prepared and trained to handle young orphans who transition into their families. Furthermore, extended families also face challenges on the scarcity of resources to support young orphans. Young orphans were further challenged by the fact that people stereotyped them because they came from residential care centres. These young orphans also faced several psychological challenges. The study concluded that both young orphans and extended families are victims of a system that does not have the resources, nor the political and social will to support the transition process. Based on these findings, the recommendations were made for the attention of the government of Zimbabwe, as well as the Department of Social Welfare, who act as executive body in implementing Government’s directives. The study therefore, upholds that extended family members should have relevant skills to enable them to appropriately deal with young orphans. The study further recommends the implementation of policies to take cognisance of the needs of young orphans who transition to extended families are taken on board, as they access appropriate services and resources to mitigate their impediments. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / pt2021 / Early Childhood Education / PhD / Unrestricted

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Masters Degree in Social Work at the University of Zululand, 2010. / KwaZulu-Natal is at the heart of Aids pandemic, with HIV prevalence figures consistently higher than other provinces.The basic purpose of this research is to assess the impact of Thandukuphila HIV/AIDS Community Based - Care Centre on the lives of HIV/AIDS infected and affected people (beneficiaries), which is situated in a rural township established on the precincts of a vast tribal area in the northern part of Kwazulu-Natal province. This HIV/AIDS Community Based - Centre was initiated as a response by some community members, initially it was church based, the church was challenged by the difficult health problems and social situations experienced by some of their community people, who were being devastated by the disease, HIV/AIDS, both inside the township and the neighboring rural area. In–depth interviews were utilized to seek more information from these knowledgeable individuals regarding their own and other peoples’ experiences, who are beneficiaries of Thandukuphila and, also those involved in many other ways. A purposive sample of nine participants’ from Thandukuphila CBO, which is situated at Enseleni was purposefully selected for the study. All participants were beneficiaries of Thandukuphila Community based care centre. These individuals were identified for their potential to elicit valuable information since they are beneficiaries of the programme. The individuals were also identified according to the criteria for inclusion. There were four groups of participants: i) PLWA, ii) OVC, iii) Caregivers/Volunteers, iv) Committee members. The review of literature gives some detailed analytical views on the prevalence of the pandemic HIV/AIDs in Kwa-Zulu Natal. The aspect of community –home based care is discussed, for the role it is playing as well as the contribution it is making, albeit, in a limited manner because of resources, expertise and support from formal authority structures. The narrative discussion intertwines quotations with the author’s interpretations. Also in data analysis the researchers “seek to identify and describe patterns and themes from the perspective of the participants” Creswell (1994:167). Throughout the study report the research hints at limitations the organization has to contend with and these are briefly indicated in a nutshell towards the end. The set objectives for the study were achieved. The findings indicated that Thandukuphila Community Based -Care Centre has a positive and significant impact on the lives of HIV/AIDS infected and affected people, who are beneficiaries of the program. However, it is the researcher’s informed opinion that responsible Government Departments need to put more effort on assisting since they have professional personnel, in monitoring and evaluating the standard of services rendered by these Community Based Care Centres.

Bakgrund: I västvärlden har telefonrådgivning utvidgats för att minska onödiga sjukvårdsbesök och kostnader för sjukvården. Syftet med telefonrådgivning är att göra vården effektiv, säker och mer tillgänglig för uppringaren. Ett av de vanligaste problemen mellan uppringare och vårdgivare är bristande kommunikation, det som påverkar är när sjuksköterskan inte lyssnar noga och ställer för få frågor. Dessa faktorer ökar risken för felbehandling och misstag. Syfte: Att observera hur distriktssköterskor kommunicerar med uppringare under rådgivande samtal på vårdcentral. Metod: Studien har en deskriptiv design med kvantitativ ansats och görs i form av en empirisk observationsstudie. I studien används en deduktiv ansats då ett strukturerat observationsformulär används. Resultat: Kategori 1) Bedöma, hänvisa och ge råd användes i 96 av 96 samtal (100%). Kategori 2) Ge stöd och omvårdnad användes i 51 av 96 samtal (53%). Kategori 3) Stärka och bekräfta användes i 64 av 96 samtal (66%). Kategori 4) Undervisa och lära ut användes i 45 av 96 samtal (47%). Kategori 5) Att utgå från uppringarens förståelse av problemet användes i 90 av 96 samtal (94%).Slutsats: Distriktssköterskan har ett aktivt lyssnande med uppringaren som utgångspunkt. Distriktssköterskan kommunicerade genom öppna frågor i större delen av samtalen vilket ledde till att uppringaren fick möjlighet att sätta ord på sin situation och sitt lidande. Egenvårdsråd ges i liten utsträckning likaså guidas sällan uppringaren till annan vårdinrättning. Det rådgivande samtalet inom rekommenderad tidsgräns däremot återstår ofta dokumentation efter avslutat samtal vilket kan orsaka stress. / Background: In the Western world telephone counseling has been expanded to reduce unnecessary health care visits and healthcare costs. The purpose of telephone counseling is to make the care efficient, secure and more accessible to the population. One of the most common problems between callers and caregivers is lack of communication. Aim: Study how district nurses communicate with callers during telephone counseling at a health care center.Method: The study has a descriptive design with a quantitative approach and is done in the form of an empirical observational study of district nurse interviews with callers at a health center. In the study a deductive approach is used with a structured observation form. Result: Category 1) Assessing, referring and giving advice was used in 96 of 96 calls (100%). Category 2) Support and care was used in 51 of 96 calls (53%). Category 3) Strengthen and confirm was used in 64 of 96 calls (66%). Category 4) Teach the caller was used in 45 of 96 calls (47%). Category 5) Based on the caller's understanding of the problem was used in 90 of 96 calls (94%)Conclusion: The district nurse used active listening and communicated through open questions. This led the caller to put words to his situation and suffering. Self-care advice was given in a small extent, the caller was rarely guided to another care facility. The district nurse held the recommended time in telephone counseling, but documentation often remains after the end of the call which can cause stress.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur personer som är hemlösa och missbrukar blir behandlade i sjukvården. Hur tycker de att de har blivit bemötta och har de fått den hjälp de har efterfrågat? Utifrån detta resultat har jag tittat på vilka förutsättningar vården har att utveckla en bra behandling och bemötande. Jag har intervjuat 25 hemlösa personer med kvalitativ metod. Den innebär att alla har fått samma frågor så att svaren går att jämföra. Samtidigt har det funnits utrymme för egna reflektioner och berättelser. De flesta menar att de blir både bra och dåligt behandlade, men att de sällan får den hjälp de efterfrågar. Inom vården har enskilda sköterskor och läkare fått beröm för sina insatser, men flera intervjupersoner vittnar om att personalen har ont om tid och missar allvarliga diagnoser. Över 80 procent anser att hemlösa och missbrukare behandlas sämre som grupp. Intervjupersonerna berättar om missade diagnoser, att de hamnar efter i kön på akuten och att de får höra nedsättande kommentarer på sjukhusen. De menar att utseende, dagsform och social status spelar in i bemötandet. Utifrån dessa svar har jag intervjuat experter på vård av hemlösa personer och missbrukare. Experterna bekräftar personernas berättelser. De säger att bristerna i bemötande och hjälp kan bero på att personalen har ont om tid och kan för lite om målgruppen. Jag har jämfört resultatet med stämplingsteorin och organisationsteorin. Stämplingsteorin visar att det ofta uppstår en motsättning mellan de som känner sig som avvikare och det etablerade samhället. Organisationsteorin visar att det byggs upp en intern gruppkultur i slutna organisationer som sjukhus och att det sättet att jobba ibland krockar med verkligheten. Den tidigare forskningen visar att det finns mycket att förbättra när det gäller hemlösa personers möte med vården: Överdödligheten är två till sex gånger högre i gruppen. Många dör i behandlingsbara sjukdomar som lunginflammation. Forskningen bekräftar också personernas ovilja att gå till läkare. Till sist visar forskningen att man kan uppnå betydligt bättre resultat i sjukvården genom andra sätt att jobba.

Bakalauro darbo objektas- jaunesniųjų paauglių socialinių įgūdžių ugdymas. Tėvų emigracija, nedarbas, alkoholio vartojimas sparčiai didina gyvenimo sąlygų skirtumus tarp šeimų, išryškina silpnąsias šeimos vietas. Dėl to šeimai šiandien reikia, kur kas didesnio dėmesio ir paramos, padėti spręsti iškilusias problemas. Labiausiai socialinių įgūdžių pagalbos reikia vaikams iš socialinės rizikos šeimų. Būtent iš tokių šeimų ir ateina jaunesnieji paaugliai į vaikų dienos centrą.Tyrimu siekta ugdyti jaunesniųjų paauglių socialinius įgūdžius (programa) ir įvertinti socialinių įgūdžių dinamiką prieš ir po programos. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo sudaryta Socialinių įgūdžių programa, bei taikoma anketinė apklausa. Tiriamąją imtį sudarė 15 jaunesniųjų paauglių, lankančių vaikų dienos centrą. Teorinėje dalyje pateikiami jaunesniųjų paauglių psichosocialinės raidos ypatumai, pozityviosios socializacijos veiksniai ir galimi pavojai. Aprašoma jaunesniųjų paauglių , augančių socialinės rizikos šeimose, socialiniai įgūdžiai ir jų ugdymas. Taip pat aptariamos socialinių įgūdžių ugdymo programos Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse. / Subject of Bachelor Thesis “Development of Social Skills of the Younger Adolescents Attending Children Day Care Centre”: development of social skills of the younger adolescents. Emigration of parents, unemployment, alcohol abuse rapidly increase the differences between living conditions of families, highlight the weak points of a family. Therefore a contemporary family needs much more attention and support, provision of assistance in solving the occurring problems. Children form social risk families need most help in the sphere of social skills. The youngrt adolescents come to children day care centre exactly from such families.The aim of the research is development of social skills of the younger adolescents (program) and assessment of dynamics of social skills before and after the program. A Social Skills Program has been formed and a questionnaire survey has been applied in order to achieve the aforementioned aim. The research scope consisted of 15 younger adolescents who attended children day care centre. Peculiarities of psychosocial development of younger adolescents, positive socialisation factors, and possible hazards are provided in the theoretical part. Social skills of younger adolescents raised in social risk families as well as development thereof have been described. Programs for development of social skills in Lithuania and foreign countries have been discussed as well.